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E-raamat: Border Communities at the Edge of the Roman Empire: Processes of Change in the Civitas Cananefatium

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Border Communities at the Edge of the Roman Empire: Processes of Change in the Civitas CananefatiumSuurem pilt
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In Roman times, the area between the Lower Rhine and the Meuse in the present day province of South Holland in the Netherlands, was known as the administrative district of the community of the Cananefates (the civitas Cananefatium). The formation of this community, as well as the changes that took place within this group, were researched by means of a systematic analysis of the archaeological remains. In order to understand the role of the Roman state in these processes, the urban and military communities were also studied. In this way an overview was created of an administrative region in which aspects such as the interaction between the different groups, the character of the rural community and the differences with other rural groups along the borders of the Roman Empire could be studied.

Arvustused

Border Communities delivers an interesting insight into the formation of communities during Roman times. The book is a useful and valuable English-language contribution to the complex subject of regional diversity and identity in the Roman empire. - Jeroen van Zoolingen, Britannia, Vol. 53

Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 The Cananefates
2(2)
1.2 Theme, aims and main research questions
4(2)
1.3 Rural versus Roman
6(1)
1.4 Migration and ethnogenesis
6(1)
1.5 Becoming Roman?
7(1)
1.6 Returning auxiliary veterans
8(4)
1.7 Community
12(1)
1.8 Research history and strategy
13(1)
1.9 Structure of the text
14(3)
2 Landscape and habitation
17(14)
2.1 Brief geological history of the area from the Iron Age to the beginning of the Roman period
17(2)
2.2 The landscape according to historical sources
19(1)
2.3 The landscape according to geological and archaeological sources
19(4)
2.4 The `Woudgronden' (`Forest soils')
23(1)
2.5 Post-Roman erosion and disturbances
24(1)
2.6 Perception of the landscape
25(1)
2.7 The settlements
25(4)
2.8 Administrative division of the area
29(2)
3 The roman military community
31(84)
3.1 Development of the limes
31(14)
3.1.1 Introduction
31(3)
3.1.2 Military developments in the research area until 70
34(5)
3.1.3 The period 70-238
39(3)
3.1.4 The period 238-400
42(3)
3.2 Military structures along the limes
45(23)
3.2.1 Castella
45(15)
3.2.2 Other military fortifications
60(8)
3.3 Secondary military structures along the limes
68(10)
3.3.1 Via
69(2)
3.3.2 Bathhouses
71(1)
3.3.3 Cult places
72(4)
3.3.4 Cemeteries
76(1)
3.3.5 Synthesis of secondary military structures
77(1)
3.4 Military Infrastructure
78(16)
3.4.1 The Corbulo Canal
78(6)
3.4.2 The limes road
84(4)
3.4.3 Quay constructions
88(1)
3.4.4 Boats
89(4)
3.4.5 Synthesis of infrastructure
93(1)
3.5 Rural settlements in the limes zone
94(3)
3.6 Military structures in the coastal area south of the limes
97(14)
3.6.1 Den Haag-Ockenburgh
98(5)
3.6.2 Den Haag-Scheveningseweg
103(2)
3.6.3 Voorburg
105(1)
3.6.4 Naaldwijk-Hoogwerf and its surroundings
105(4)
3.6.5 De Lier-Leehove
109(1)
3.6.6 A coastal limes?
109(2)
3.7 The military economy
111(3)
3.8 The military community: a synthesis
114(1)
4 The urban community
115(28)
4.1 Roads
115(7)
4.1.1 Milestones
115(3)
4.1.2 The appearance of the road
118(2)
4.1.3 Other (possible) roads
120(1)
4.1.4 Tributary paths of the main road?
121(1)
4.1.5 Roads in the allotment system of the countryside
122(1)
4.2 The administrative center in Voorburg
122(17)
4.2.1 Choice of location
123(1)
4.2.2 Problematic nature of interpreting the archaeological evidence
123(2)
4.2.3 Development of the settlement
125(10)
4.2.4 Religion in the town
135(1)
4.2.5 The economy of the town
136(1)
4.2.6 The town in Voorburg
137(2)
4.3 The urban community
139(4)
5 The Rural Community
143(80)
5.1 Introduction
143(1)
5.2 The Late Iron Age (250 BC - 1AD)
143(2)
5.3 A habitation hiatus?
145(2)
5.4 New inhabitants in the 1st century
147(9)
5.4.1 Starting date of the habitation
148(1)
5.4.2 Origin of the inhabitants
149(7)
5.5 The rural settlements between 50 and 275/300
156(22)
5.5.1 Rural settlements in the micro-region Schiedam
156(6)
5.5.2 Rural settlements in the micro-region Naaldwijk
162(7)
5.5.3 Rural settlements in The Hague region
169(8)
5.5.4 The micro-regions
177(1)
5.6 Burials and cemeteries
178(7)
5.6.1 The burial ritual
179(1)
5.6.2 `Individual' burials
180(1)
5.6.3 Small clusters of graves
181(1)
5.6.4 Graves along the Roman road
182(1)
5.6.5 Inhumations and single skeleton parts in settlements
183(1)
5.6.6 Burial rituals
184(1)
5.7 Religion
185(7)
5.7.1 Rural cult places
186(1)
5.7.2 Depositions
187(4)
5.7.3 Religion in the rural area
191(1)
5.8 Ditch systems, dams, and culverts
192(6)
5.8.1 Ditch systems
192(4)
5.8.2 Dams and culverts
196(1)
5.8.3 Cultivation and water control
197(1)
5.9 The rural economy
198(15)
5.9.1 Arable farming
198(1)
5.9.2 Horticulture
199(1)
5.9.3 Wood
200(3)
5.9.4 Animal husbandry
203(1)
5.9.5 Fishing
203(1)
5.9.6 Hunting
204(1)
5.9.7 Surplus production
205(3)
5.9.8 Craft activities
208(2)
5.9.9 Salt refining
210(1)
5.9.10 Synthesis rural economy
211(2)
5.10 The end of the rural habitation
213(8)
5.10.1 Settlements that end around the beginning of the 3rd century
213(2)
5.10.2 Settlements that end after 250
215(3)
5.10.3 Reasons for the abandonment of the sites in the 3rd century
218(1)
5.10.4 Habitation in the 4th century
219(2)
5.11 Continuity into the Early Middle Ages
221(1)
5.12 The rural community
221(2)
6 Synthesis
223(20)
6.1 The first half of the 1st century
223(1)
6.2 The second half of the 1st century
224(1)
6.3 The first half of the 2nd century
225(3)
6.4 The second half of the 2nd century
228(6)
6.5 The first half of the 3rd century
234(3)
6.6 The second half of the 3rd century
237(2)
6.7 The 4th century and later
239(1)
6.8 Synopsis
240(3)
7 Conclusions
243(4)
Bibliography 247(1)
Abbreviations 247(2)
References 249(1)
Classical sources 249(1)
Modern sources 250(39)
Appendix 1 Roman period settlements in the research area 289(6)
MAPS 295(1)
Map 1 Settlements, plotted onto a topographical map 296(1)
Map 2 Detail of the south-western part of the research area, with a cluster of settlements, plotted onto a topographical map of the research area 297
Dr. Jasper de Bruin (1976) graduated in Archaeology of the Roman period at the University of Amsterdam and started working as a lecturer at Leiden University in 2006, where he completed his Ph.D. thesis in 2017. Currently, he is employed as assistant professor at Leiden University, where he teaches about and researches the Roman period in Northwestern Europe.
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