Preface |
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v | |
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1 | (14) |
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0.1 Finite Models, Logic and Complexity |
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1 | (6) |
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0.1.1 Logics for Complexity Classes |
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1 | (3) |
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0.1.2 Semantically Defined Classes |
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4 | (3) |
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0.1.3 Which Logics Are Natural? |
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7 | (1) |
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0.2 Natural Levels of Expressiveness |
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7 | (5) |
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0.2.1 Fixed-Point Logics and Their Counting Extensions |
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8 | (1) |
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0.2.2 The Framework of Infinitary Logic |
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9 | (2) |
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0.2.3 The Role of Order and Canonization |
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11 | (1) |
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0.3 Guide to the Exposition |
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12 | (3) |
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1 Definitions and Preliminaries |
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15 | (36) |
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15 | (6) |
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15 | (2) |
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1.1.2 Queries and Global Relations |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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1.2 Algorithms on Structures |
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21 | (3) |
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1.2.1 Complexity Classes and Presentations |
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22 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Logics for Complexity Classes |
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23 | (1) |
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1.3 Some Particular Logics |
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24 | (11) |
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1.3.1 First-Order Logic and Infinitary Logic |
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24 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Fragments of Infinitary Logic |
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25 | (5) |
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30 | (3) |
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1.3.4 Fixed-Point Logics and the L |
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33 | (2) |
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1.4 Types and Definability in the L and C |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (5) |
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1.5.1 Variants of Interpretations |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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1.5.3 Interpretations and Definability |
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41 | (2) |
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1.6 Lindstrom Quantifiers and Extensions |
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43 | (4) |
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1.6.1 Cardinality Lindstrom Quantifiers |
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43 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Aside on Uniform Families of Quantifiers |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (4) |
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1.7.1 Canonization and Invariants |
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47 | (2) |
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1.7.2 Orderings and Pre-Orderings |
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49 | (1) |
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1.7.3 Lexicographic Orderings |
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49 | (2) |
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2 The Games and Their Analysis |
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51 | (28) |
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2.1 The Pebble Games for L and C |
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51 | (16) |
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2.1.1 Examples and Applications |
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54 | (6) |
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2.1.2 Proof of Theorem 2.2 |
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60 | (2) |
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2.1.3 Further Analysis of the Ck-Game |
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62 | (4) |
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2.1.4 The Analogous Treatment for Lk |
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66 | (1) |
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2.2 Colour Refinement and the Stable Colouring |
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67 | (6) |
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2.2.1 The Standard Case: Colourings of Finite Graphs |
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67 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Definability of the Stable Colouring |
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68 | (3) |
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2.2.3 C2 and the Stable Colouring |
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71 | (1) |
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2.2.4 A Variant Without Counting |
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72 | (1) |
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2.3 Order in the Analysis of the Games |
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73 | (6) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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2.3.3 The Analogous Treatment for Lk |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (18) |
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3.1 Complete Invariants for Lk and Ck |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (4) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (6) |
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3.4.1 Fixed-Points and the Invariants |
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87 | (3) |
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3.4.2 The Abiteboul-Vianu Theorem |
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90 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Comparison of IC and IL |
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91 | (2) |
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3.5 A Partial Reduction to Two Variables |
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93 | (4) |
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4 Fixed-Point Logic with Counting |
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97 | (18) |
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4.1 Definition of FP+C and PFP+C |
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98 | (8) |
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4.2 FP+C and the Ck-Invariants |
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106 | (3) |
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4.3 The Separation from PTIME |
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109 | (2) |
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4.4 Other Characterizations of FP+C |
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111 | (4) |
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5 Related Lindstrom Extensions |
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115 | (16) |
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5.1 A Structural Padding Technique |
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117 | (7) |
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5.2 Cardinality Lindstrom Quantifiers |
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124 | (4) |
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5.2.1 Proof of Theorem 5.1 |
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125 | (3) |
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5.3 Aside on Further Applications |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (18) |
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131 | (3) |
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6.2 PTIME Canonization and Fragments of PTIME |
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134 | (2) |
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6.3 Canonization and Inversion of the Invariants |
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136 | (3) |
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6.4 A Reduction to Three Variables |
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139 | (10) |
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6.4.1 The Proof of Theorems 6.16 and 6.17 |
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141 | (6) |
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6.4.2 Remarks on Further Reduction |
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147 | (2) |
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7 Canonization for Two Variables |
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149 | (28) |
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7.1 Game Tableaux and the Inversion Problem |
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150 | (10) |
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7.1.1 Modularity of Realizations |
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156 | (4) |
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160 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Necessary Conditions |
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160 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Realizations of the Off-Diagonal Boxes |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
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7.2.4 Realizations of the Diagonal Boxes |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions |
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169 | (5) |
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7.3.2 On the Special Nature of Two Variables |
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174 | (3) |
Bibliography |
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177 | (4) |
Index |
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181 | |