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E-raamat: Bridge Aeroelasticity

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This book is dedicated to the study of an aeroelastic phenomenon of cable-supported long-span bridges known as flutter, and proposes very innovative design methodologies, such as sensitivity analysis and optimization techniques, already utilized successfully in automobile and aerospace industries. The topic of long-span suspension and cable-stayed bridges is currently of great importance. These types of bridge pose great technical difficulties due to their slenderness and often great dimension. Therefore, these bridges tend to have problems caused by natural forces such as wind loads, some of which we have witnessed in our history, and we are currently seeing a very high incidence of bridge construction to overcome geographical obstacles such as bays, straits, or great estuaries. Therefore, it seems very appropriate to write a book showing the current capability of analysis and design, when up until now, the information could only be found partially in technical articles. This book will be useful for bridge design engineers as well as researchers working in the field.This book only requires previous knowledge of structural finite element models and dynamics, and it is advisable to have some previous knowledge in bridge engineering. Nevertheless, this book is very self-contained in such a way that all the information necessary to understand the theoretical developments is presented without the need of additional bibliography.
Preface xv
Chapter 1 Aeroelastic analysis and design optimization of cable-supported bridges
1(14)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Aeroelastic phenomena
3(2)
1.3 Methodologies of flutter analysis
5(4)
1.4 Sensitivity analysis: a design tool
9(3)
1.5 Optimum design in engineering: application to bridge aeroelasticity
12(2)
1.6 References
14(1)
Chapter 2 Cable-supported bridges since 1940: The Tacoma effect
15(62)
2.1 Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge
15(7)
2.2 The "Tacoma effect"
22(7)
2.3 Recent history (1966-1988)
29(4)
2.3.1 Decks with aerodynamic sections
29(2)
2.3.2 Cable-stayed bridges
31(2)
2.4 Recent history (1989-1999)
33(20)
2.4.1 Bridges of the Honshu-Shikoku route in Japan
33(9)
2.4.2 European bridges
42(5)
2.4.3 Bridges in China: networks in Hong Kong
47(6)
2.5 The 21st century: achievements and projects
53(22)
2.5.1 Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong
54(1)
2.5.2 Bridge over the Gulf of Corinth, linking Rion and Antirion
55(2)
2.5.3 Sutong Bridge in China
57(1)
2.5.4 Xihoumen Bridge in China
58(1)
2.5.5 Bridge project over the Strait of Messina
58(1)
2.5.6 Fehmarn Strait link project
59(3)
2.5.7 Projects to link Japanese islands
62(1)
2.5.7.1 Bridge planned for the entrance of Tokyo Bay
63(1)
2.5.7.2 Ise Bay Bridge project
64(2)
2.5.7.3 Link over the Kitan Strait
66(1)
2.5.7.4 Project for Ho-Yo Strait link
66(1)
2.5.7.5 Project for the Tsugaru Strait link
67(2)
2.5.8 Bridge project over the Chacao Channel
69(1)
2.5.9 The Rias Altas Link in Spain
69(3)
2.5.9.1 Suspension bridges
72(1)
2.5.9.2 Arch bridge
73(2)
2.6 References
75(2)
Chapter 3 Methodologies of flutter analysis for cable-supported bridges
77(32)
3.1 Introduction
77(1)
3.2 Experimental aeroelasticity in long-span bridges
78(9)
3.2.1 Applications of wind-tunnel testing on bridge engineering
78(3)
3.2.2 Types of wind tunnel
81(4)
3.2.3 Sectional tests of bridge decks
85(1)
3.2.3.1 Aerodynamic tests
85(1)
3.2.3.2 Aeroelastic testing
86(1)
3.3 Basic principles of analytical aeroelasticity
87(7)
3.3.1 Theodorsen's theory applied to flutter in flat plates
88(2)
3.3.2 Linearization of aeroelastic loads through flutter derivatives
90(2)
3.3.3 Bridge flutter considering three aeroelastic forces
92(2)
3.4 Movement equations for bridge decks
94(3)
3.5 Modal analysis
97(3)
3.6 Aeroelastic response of a bridge
100(3)
3.7 Wind speed and frequency at the outset of flutter
103(2)
3.8 Existence of simultaneous flutter frequencies
105(2)
3.9 References
107(2)
Chapter 4 Flutter analysis of suspension bridges during construction
109(22)
4.1 Introduction
109(1)
4.2 Hoga Kusten Bridge in its construction phase
110(10)
4.2.1 Construction phases of the Hoga Kusten Bridge
111(1)
4.2.1.1 Phase 1: 18% of the main span
112(3)
4.2.1.2 Phase 2: 51% of the central span
115(1)
4.2.1.3 Phase 3: 68% of the central span
115(1)
4.2.1.4 Phase 4: 97% of the main span
116(3)
4.2.2 Flutter parameter evolution in the construction phase of the Hoga Kusten Bridge
119(1)
4.3 The Great Belt Bridge in its construction phase
120(9)
4.3.1 Construction phases of the Great Belt Bridge
122(5)
4.3.2 Flutter parameter evolution in the construction phase of the Great Belt Bridge
127(2)
4.4 References
129(2)
Chapter 5 Flutter analysis of completed cable-supported bridges
131(52)
5.1 Introduction
131(1)
5.2 Great Belt Bridge
131(14)
5.2.1 Frequencies and natural modes for the Great Belt Bridge
132(6)
5.2.2 Aeroelastic analysis of the Great Belt Bridge
138(7)
5.3 Bridge over the Akashi Strait
145(14)
5.3.1 Natural frequencies and modes for the Akashi Strait Bridge
147(4)
5.3.2 Aeroelastic analysis of the Akashi Strait Bridge
151(8)
5.4 Original Tacoma Bridge
159(9)
5.4.1 Frequencies and natural modes for the Tacoma Bridge
160(3)
5.4.2 Aeroelastic analysis of the Tacoma Bridge
163(5)
5.5 The Vasco da Gama Bridge
168(13)
5.5.1 Frequencies and natural modes for the Vasco da Gama Bridge
170(3)
5.5.2 Aeroelastic analysis of the Vasco da Gama Bridge
173(8)
5.6 References
181(2)
Chapter 6 Sensitivity analysis of eigenvalue problems
183(10)
6.1 Introduction
183(1)
6.2 Approximation by finite difference
184(1)
6.3 Analytical sensitivity for eigenvalue problems
185(6)
6.3.1 Sensitivity derivatives in case of vibration and buckling
185(4)
6.3.2 Sensitivity derivatives for non-Hamiltonian eigenvalue problems
189(2)
6.4 References
191(2)
Chapter 7 Analytical sensitivity analysis of free vibration problems
193(42)
7.1 Introduction
193(6)
7.1.1 Matrix calculation for bar structures in linear, second-order theory
193(5)
7.1.2 Frequencies and natural vibration modes in linear and second-order theories
198(1)
7.2 Sensitivity analysis of frequencies and vibration eigen modes in linear and second-order theories
199(5)
7.2.1 Sensitivity analysis in linear theory
201(1)
7.2.2 Sensitivity analysis in second-order theory
202(2)
7.3 Description of the "ADISNOL3D" code
204(5)
7.4 Practical examples with ADISNOL3D
209(22)
7.4.1 Example 1: main cable of the Golden Gate Bridge
209(1)
7.4.2 Example 2: suspension bridge over the Great Belt
210(1)
7.4.2.1 Caracteristics of the Great Belt suspension bridge
210(2)
7.4.2.2 Free vibration analysis of the Great Belt Bridge
212(1)
7.4.2.3 Free vibration sensitivity analysis of the suspension bridge over the Great Belt
213(18)
7.5 References
231(4)
Chapter 8 Sensitivity analysis of flutter response for cable-supported bridges
235(16)
8.1 Introduction
235(1)
8.2 Obtaining flutter speed
235(1)
8.3 Sensitivity analysis of the flutter parameters in a bridge
236(8)
8.3.1 Design variables x
240(1)
8.3.2 Calculating ∂A/∂x
240(2)
8.3.3 Calculating ∂A/∂Uf
242(1)
8.3.4 Calculating ∂A/∂Kf/
243(1)
8.4 Solving the eigenvalue problem
244(4)
8.5 FLAS Code
248(2)
8.6 References
250(1)
Chapter 9 Sensitivity of flutter response for suspension bridges under construction
251(16)
9.1 Introduction
251(1)
9.2 Example 1: Hoga Kusten Bridge at the construction phase
252(8)
9.3 Example 2: Great Belt suspension bridge under construction
260(5)
9.4 References
265(2)
Chapter 10 Flutter response sensitivity of completed cable-supported bridges
267(32)
10.1 Example
1. Great Belt Bridge
267(8)
10.1.1 Sensitivity of the aeroelastic analysis with 2 modes for the Great Belt
269(2)
10.1.2 Sensitivity of the aeroelastic analysis of the Great Belt using 18 modes
271(2)
10.1.3 Comparison of the sensitivity analyses for the Great Belt
273(1)
10.1.4 Flutter speed in modified designs for the Great Belt Bridge
273(2)
10.2 Example
2. Akashi Strait Bridge
275(9)
10.2.1 Sensitivity of aeroelastic analysis using two modes for the Akashi Strait Bridge
277(2)
10.2.2 Sensitivities from the 17-mode aeroelastic analysis of the Akashi Strait Bridge
279(3)
10.2.3 Comparing the sensitivity analyses for the Akashi Strait Bridge
282(1)
10.2.4 Flutter speed in modified designs of the Akashi Strait Bridge
283(1)
10.3 Example
3. Original Tacoma Bridge
284(7)
10.3.1 Sensitivity from bimodal aeroelastic analysis of the Tacoma Bridge
285(2)
10.3.2 Sensitivity from the aeroelastic analysis using 10 modes for the Tacoma Bridge
287(2)
10.3.3 Comparing sensitivity analyses for the Tacoma Bridge
289(1)
10.3.4 Flutter speed within modified designs of the Tacoma Bridge
290(1)
10.4 Example
4. Vasco Da Gama Bridge
291(7)
10.4.1 Sensitivity from the bimodal aeroelastic analysis of the Vasco da Gama Bridge
292(2)
10.4.2 11-mode sensitivity aeroelastic analysis for the Vasco da Gama Bridge
294(1)
10.4.3 Comparing the sensitivity analyses for the Vasco da Gama Bridge
295(2)
10.4.4 Flutter speed in the modified design of the Vasco da Gama Bridge
297(1)
10.5 References
298(1)
Chapter 11 A formulation of optimization in bridge aeroelasticity
299(20)
11.1 Introduction
299(1)
11.2 Conventional design method
299(1)
11.3 Sensitivity analysis
300(1)
11.4 Optimum design
301(1)
11.5 Suspension bridges optimum design
302(14)
11.5.1 Formulation of the optimum design problem
304(3)
11.5.2 Extensions of the sensitivity analysis formulation due to the assumption of variable mass
307(1)
11.5.3 Solving the optimum design problem: description of the DIOPTICA code
308(5)
11.5.4 Symmetric box cross section: geometric properties and analytical derivatives with regard to thicknesses
313(3)
11.6 References
316(3)
Chapter 12 Optimization of suspension bridges with aeroelastic and kinematic constraints
319
12.1 Introduction
319(1)
12.2 Messina Strait Bridge general description
319(6)
12.3 Messina Strait Bridge optimum design formulation
325(1)
12.4 Messina Strait Bridge sensitivities results
326(1)
12.5 Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem C
327(3)
12.6 Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem L
330(3)
12.7 Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem CL
333(4)
12.8 Conclusions
337(1)
12.9 References
337
Santiago HERNANDEZ IBANEZ has been a professor of bridge engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Universidade da Coruna since 1993, where he is in charge of the aerodynamic wind tunnel. He has over 25 years of experience in teaching, research, and writing on structural optimization and has also conducted research on the aeroelastic design of cable suspension bridges. Hernandez has worked on the structural restoration of buildings of historical importance, including a number of well known churches. Well known as a lecturer throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas and has been a pioneer in structural engineering education in Europe.