Preface |
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xv | |
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Chapter 1 Aeroelastic analysis and design optimization of cable-supported bridges |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Aeroelastic phenomena |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 Methodologies of flutter analysis |
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5 | (4) |
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1.4 Sensitivity analysis: a design tool |
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9 | (3) |
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1.5 Optimum design in engineering: application to bridge aeroelasticity |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Cable-supported bridges since 1940: The Tacoma effect |
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15 | (62) |
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2.1 Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge |
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15 | (7) |
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22 | (7) |
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2.3 Recent history (1966-1988) |
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29 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Decks with aerodynamic sections |
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29 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Cable-stayed bridges |
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31 | (2) |
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2.4 Recent history (1989-1999) |
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33 | (20) |
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2.4.1 Bridges of the Honshu-Shikoku route in Japan |
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33 | (9) |
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42 | (5) |
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2.4.3 Bridges in China: networks in Hong Kong |
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47 | (6) |
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2.5 The 21st century: achievements and projects |
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53 | (22) |
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2.5.1 Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong |
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54 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Bridge over the Gulf of Corinth, linking Rion and Antirion |
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55 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Sutong Bridge in China |
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57 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Xihoumen Bridge in China |
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58 | (1) |
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2.5.5 Bridge project over the Strait of Messina |
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58 | (1) |
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2.5.6 Fehmarn Strait link project |
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59 | (3) |
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2.5.7 Projects to link Japanese islands |
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62 | (1) |
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2.5.7.1 Bridge planned for the entrance of Tokyo Bay |
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63 | (1) |
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2.5.7.2 Ise Bay Bridge project |
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64 | (2) |
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2.5.7.3 Link over the Kitan Strait |
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66 | (1) |
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2.5.7.4 Project for Ho-Yo Strait link |
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66 | (1) |
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2.5.7.5 Project for the Tsugaru Strait link |
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67 | (2) |
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2.5.8 Bridge project over the Chacao Channel |
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69 | (1) |
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2.5.9 The Rias Altas Link in Spain |
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69 | (3) |
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2.5.9.1 Suspension bridges |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Methodologies of flutter analysis for cable-supported bridges |
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77 | (32) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.2 Experimental aeroelasticity in long-span bridges |
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78 | (9) |
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3.2.1 Applications of wind-tunnel testing on bridge engineering |
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78 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Types of wind tunnel |
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81 | (4) |
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3.2.3 Sectional tests of bridge decks |
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85 | (1) |
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3.2.3.1 Aerodynamic tests |
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85 | (1) |
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3.2.3.2 Aeroelastic testing |
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86 | (1) |
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3.3 Basic principles of analytical aeroelasticity |
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87 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Theodorsen's theory applied to flutter in flat plates |
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88 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Linearization of aeroelastic loads through flutter derivatives |
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90 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Bridge flutter considering three aeroelastic forces |
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92 | (2) |
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3.4 Movement equations for bridge decks |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (3) |
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3.6 Aeroelastic response of a bridge |
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100 | (3) |
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3.7 Wind speed and frequency at the outset of flutter |
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103 | (2) |
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3.8 Existence of simultaneous flutter frequencies |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Flutter analysis of suspension bridges during construction |
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109 | (22) |
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109 | (1) |
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4.2 Hoga Kusten Bridge in its construction phase |
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110 | (10) |
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4.2.1 Construction phases of the Hoga Kusten Bridge |
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111 | (1) |
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4.2.1.1 Phase 1: 18% of the main span |
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112 | (3) |
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4.2.1.2 Phase 2: 51% of the central span |
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115 | (1) |
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4.2.1.3 Phase 3: 68% of the central span |
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115 | (1) |
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4.2.1.4 Phase 4: 97% of the main span |
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116 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Flutter parameter evolution in the construction phase of the Hoga Kusten Bridge |
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119 | (1) |
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4.3 The Great Belt Bridge in its construction phase |
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120 | (9) |
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4.3.1 Construction phases of the Great Belt Bridge |
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122 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Flutter parameter evolution in the construction phase of the Great Belt Bridge |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Flutter analysis of completed cable-supported bridges |
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131 | (52) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (14) |
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5.2.1 Frequencies and natural modes for the Great Belt Bridge |
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132 | (6) |
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5.2.2 Aeroelastic analysis of the Great Belt Bridge |
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138 | (7) |
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5.3 Bridge over the Akashi Strait |
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145 | (14) |
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5.3.1 Natural frequencies and modes for the Akashi Strait Bridge |
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147 | (4) |
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5.3.2 Aeroelastic analysis of the Akashi Strait Bridge |
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151 | (8) |
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5.4 Original Tacoma Bridge |
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159 | (9) |
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5.4.1 Frequencies and natural modes for the Tacoma Bridge |
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160 | (3) |
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5.4.2 Aeroelastic analysis of the Tacoma Bridge |
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163 | (5) |
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5.5 The Vasco da Gama Bridge |
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168 | (13) |
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5.5.1 Frequencies and natural modes for the Vasco da Gama Bridge |
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170 | (3) |
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5.5.2 Aeroelastic analysis of the Vasco da Gama Bridge |
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173 | (8) |
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181 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Sensitivity analysis of eigenvalue problems |
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183 | (10) |
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183 | (1) |
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6.2 Approximation by finite difference |
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184 | (1) |
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6.3 Analytical sensitivity for eigenvalue problems |
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185 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Sensitivity derivatives in case of vibration and buckling |
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185 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Sensitivity derivatives for non-Hamiltonian eigenvalue problems |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Analytical sensitivity analysis of free vibration problems |
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193 | (42) |
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193 | (6) |
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7.1.1 Matrix calculation for bar structures in linear, second-order theory |
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193 | (5) |
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7.1.2 Frequencies and natural vibration modes in linear and second-order theories |
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198 | (1) |
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7.2 Sensitivity analysis of frequencies and vibration eigen modes in linear and second-order theories |
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199 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Sensitivity analysis in linear theory |
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201 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Sensitivity analysis in second-order theory |
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202 | (2) |
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7.3 Description of the "ADISNOL3D" code |
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204 | (5) |
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7.4 Practical examples with ADISNOL3D |
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209 | (22) |
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7.4.1 Example 1: main cable of the Golden Gate Bridge |
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209 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Example 2: suspension bridge over the Great Belt |
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210 | (1) |
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7.4.2.1 Caracteristics of the Great Belt suspension bridge |
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210 | (2) |
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7.4.2.2 Free vibration analysis of the Great Belt Bridge |
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212 | (1) |
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7.4.2.3 Free vibration sensitivity analysis of the suspension bridge over the Great Belt |
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213 | (18) |
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231 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Sensitivity analysis of flutter response for cable-supported bridges |
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235 | (16) |
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235 | (1) |
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8.2 Obtaining flutter speed |
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235 | (1) |
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8.3 Sensitivity analysis of the flutter parameters in a bridge |
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236 | (8) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Calculating ∂A/∂Kf/ |
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243 | (1) |
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8.4 Solving the eigenvalue problem |
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244 | (4) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Sensitivity of flutter response for suspension bridges under construction |
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251 | (16) |
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251 | (1) |
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9.2 Example 1: Hoga Kusten Bridge at the construction phase |
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252 | (8) |
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9.3 Example 2: Great Belt suspension bridge under construction |
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260 | (5) |
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265 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Flutter response sensitivity of completed cable-supported bridges |
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267 | (32) |
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10.1 Example 1. Great Belt Bridge |
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267 | (8) |
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10.1.1 Sensitivity of the aeroelastic analysis with 2 modes for the Great Belt |
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269 | (2) |
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10.1.2 Sensitivity of the aeroelastic analysis of the Great Belt using 18 modes |
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271 | (2) |
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10.1.3 Comparison of the sensitivity analyses for the Great Belt |
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273 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Flutter speed in modified designs for the Great Belt Bridge |
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273 | (2) |
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10.2 Example 2. Akashi Strait Bridge |
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275 | (9) |
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10.2.1 Sensitivity of aeroelastic analysis using two modes for the Akashi Strait Bridge |
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277 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Sensitivities from the 17-mode aeroelastic analysis of the Akashi Strait Bridge |
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279 | (3) |
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10.2.3 Comparing the sensitivity analyses for the Akashi Strait Bridge |
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282 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Flutter speed in modified designs of the Akashi Strait Bridge |
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283 | (1) |
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10.3 Example 3. Original Tacoma Bridge |
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284 | (7) |
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10.3.1 Sensitivity from bimodal aeroelastic analysis of the Tacoma Bridge |
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285 | (2) |
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10.3.2 Sensitivity from the aeroelastic analysis using 10 modes for the Tacoma Bridge |
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287 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Comparing sensitivity analyses for the Tacoma Bridge |
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289 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Flutter speed within modified designs of the Tacoma Bridge |
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290 | (1) |
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10.4 Example 4. Vasco Da Gama Bridge |
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291 | (7) |
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10.4.1 Sensitivity from the bimodal aeroelastic analysis of the Vasco da Gama Bridge |
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292 | (2) |
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10.4.2 11-mode sensitivity aeroelastic analysis for the Vasco da Gama Bridge |
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294 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Comparing the sensitivity analyses for the Vasco da Gama Bridge |
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295 | (2) |
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10.4.4 Flutter speed in the modified design of the Vasco da Gama Bridge |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 A formulation of optimization in bridge aeroelasticity |
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299 | (20) |
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299 | (1) |
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11.2 Conventional design method |
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299 | (1) |
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11.3 Sensitivity analysis |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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11.5 Suspension bridges optimum design |
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302 | (14) |
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11.5.1 Formulation of the optimum design problem |
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304 | (3) |
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11.5.2 Extensions of the sensitivity analysis formulation due to the assumption of variable mass |
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307 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Solving the optimum design problem: description of the DIOPTICA code |
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308 | (5) |
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11.5.4 Symmetric box cross section: geometric properties and analytical derivatives with regard to thicknesses |
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313 | (3) |
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316 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Optimization of suspension bridges with aeroelastic and kinematic constraints |
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319 | |
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319 | (1) |
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12.2 Messina Strait Bridge general description |
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319 | (6) |
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12.3 Messina Strait Bridge optimum design formulation |
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325 | (1) |
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12.4 Messina Strait Bridge sensitivities results |
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326 | (1) |
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12.5 Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem C |
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327 | (3) |
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12.6 Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem L |
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330 | (3) |
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12.7 Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem CL |
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333 | (4) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | |