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E-raamat: Broken Movement: The Neurobiology of Motor Recovery after Stroke

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(Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine), (UCLA School of Medicine)
  • Formaat: 288 pages
  • Sari: The MIT Press
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Nov-2017
  • Kirjastus: MIT Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780262343961
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Broken Movement: The Neurobiology of Motor Recovery after StrokeSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 288 pages
  • Sari: The MIT Press
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Nov-2017
  • Kirjastus: MIT Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780262343961
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An account of the neurobiology of motor recovery in the arm and hand after stroke by two experts in the field.

Stroke is a leading cause of disability in adults and recovery is often difficult, with existing rehabilitation therapies largely ineffective. In Broken Movement, John Krakauer and S. Thomas Carmichael, both experts in the field, provide an account of the neurobiology of motor recovery in the arm and hand after stroke. They cover topics that range from behavior to physiology to cellular and molecular biology. Broken Movement is the only accessible single-volume work that covers motor control and motor learning as they apply to stroke recovery and combines them with motor cortical physiology and molecular biology. The authors cast a critical eye at current frameworks and practices, offer new recommendations for promoting recovery, and propose new research directions for the study of brain repair.

Krakauer and Carmichael discuss such subjects as the behavioral phenotype of hand and arm paresis in human and non-human primates; the physiology and anatomy of the motor system after stroke; mechanisms of spontaneous recovery; the time course of early recovery; the challenges of chronic stroke; and pharmacological and stem cell therapies. They argue for a new approach in which patients are subjected to higher doses and intensities of rehabilitation in a more dynamic and enriching environment early after stroke. Finally they review the potential of four areas to improve motor recovery: video gaming and virtual reality, invasive brain stimulation, re-opening the sensitive period after stroke, and the application of precision medicine.



An account of the neurobiology of motor recovery in the arm and hand after stroke by two experts in the field.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 The Current Landscape of Upper Limb Neurorehabilitation
1(12)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 The Many Faces of Motor Recovery
1(2)
1.3 True Recovery versus Compensation
3(1)
1.4 (Mis)measures of Arm Paresis
3(5)
1.5 Current Upper Limb Neurorehabilitation: What Is Done, and Does It Work?
8(2)
1.6 Conclusions
10(3)
2 Upper Limb Paresis: Phenotype, Anatomy, and Physiology
13(46)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 The Modern History of Hemiparesis (Part 1): Sherrington, Tower, and Walshe
13(4)
2.3 The Modern History of Hemiparesis (Part 2): The Lawrence and Kuypers Studies in the Macaque
17(3)
2.4 Weakness
20(4)
2.5 Residual Motor Control and the Idea of Synergies
24(3)
2.6 The Dissociation between Strength and Motor Control
27(6)
2.7 The Contributions of the Corticospinal and Reticulospinal Tracts to Strength and Control
33(3)
2.8 Poststroke Resting Posture
36(1)
2.9 Abnormal Postural Control Mechanisms during Movement
37(4)
2.10 Spasticity
41(5)
2.11 The Relationship between Lesion Location and Arm Paresis Phenotype after Stroke
46(1)
2.12 Remote Physiological Effects: Diaschisis
47(3)
2.13 Remote Physiological Effects: The Interhemispheric Competition Model and the Use of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Treatment of Hemiparesis
50(3)
2.14 The Ipsilateral "Unaffected" Arm
53(4)
2.15 Conclusions
57(2)
3 Acute Hemiparesis: Spontaneous Biological Recovery, the Effect of Training, Sensitive Periods, and Reorganization
59(52)
3.1 Introduction
59(1)
3.2 The Modern History of Motor Recovery after Stroke: Hughlings Jackson, Leyton and Sherrington, Ogden and Franz
59(5)
3.3 The Modern History of Motor Recovery after Stroke: Twitchell and Brunnstrom
64(3)
3.4 The Natural History of Recovery of Hand and Arm Impairment
67(1)
3.5 The Proportional Recovery Rule
68(9)
3.6 The Recovery of Motor Control in the Arm and Hand: Kinematic and Kinetic Measurement
77(7)
3.7 The Interaction between Spontaneous Recovery and Training: Repair versus Learning
84(11)
3.8 A Sensitive Period of Increased Responsiveness to Training
95(3)
3.9 Relevance of Rodent Models to Human Stroke
98(2)
3.10 Recovery and Brain Reorganization
100(6)
3.11 Conclusions
106(5)
4 The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Peri-Infarct Cortex and Beyond: Repair versus Reorganization
111(30)
4.1 Introduction
111(1)
4.2 Regions of Stroke Damage
112(4)
4.3 Triggers for Neural Repair Radiate Outward from the Infarct Core
116(3)
4.4 Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance in Peri-Infarct Cortex
119(3)
4.5 Dendritic Spine Alterations in Peri-Infarct Cortex
122(1)
4.6 Reactive Astrocytes and Extracellular Matrix Changes in Peri-Infarct Cortex
123(2)
4.7 The Effects of Ischemia on Distant Connected Brain Regions
125(1)
4.8 Axonal Sprouting
126(7)
4.9 Does Axonal Regeneration Recapitulate Development?
133(2)
4.10 Neuronal and Glial Progenitor Responses after Stroke (Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis)
135(2)
4.11 Reconciling Regeneration with (Behavioral) Recovery
137(1)
4.12 Does Activity in the Injured Brain Make the Injury Worse?
138(1)
4.13 Conclusions
139(2)
5 A Hierarchical Framework for Tissue Repair after Stroke
141(20)
5.1 First- and Second-Order Principles of Repair
141(1)
5.2 Stroke Is Not just an Acute Killer but a Chronic Disabling Disease
142(1)
5.3 Behavioral Activity Shapes Tissue Regeneration
143(2)
5.4 The Suffered Is the Learned
145(2)
5.5 The Motor Recovery Engram and CREB
147(5)
5.6 Plasticity Is a Risk for Cell Death: Timing for a Neural Repair Therapy after Stroke
152(1)
5.7 The Brain Forms Regenerative Cellular Niches during Repair and Recovery
153(2)
5.8 Engaging CNS Tissue Regeneration Is Like Activating a Cancer
155(1)
5.9 Neural Repair Therapies Must be Focused in Time and Space
155(1)
5.10 Regeneration Does Not Recapitulate Development: The Meaning of "Phenotype"
156(1)
5.11 Neuronal Networks in Motor Recovery: Second-Order Principles Interact
157(2)
5.12 Conclusions
159(2)
6 Chronic Hemiparesis: Motor Learning, Compensation, and the Challenge of Reversing Impairment in Late Stroke
161(24)
6.1 Introduction
161(1)
6.2 Motor Learning Principles for Neurorehabilitation
162(9)
6.3 Compensation
171(1)
6.4 Repetitive Task-Oriented Training
172(5)
6.5 Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy
177(3)
6.6 Robotic Therapy
180(3)
6.7 Conclusions
183(2)
7 Pharmacological and Cell Therapies for Recovery from Stroke
185(24)
7.1 Introduction
185(1)
7.2 Brief Overview of Stem Cell Therapy in Stroke
185(1)
7.3 What Is a Stem Cell?
186(1)
7.4 Types of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Brain Therapy
187(4)
7.5 Mechanisms of Stem Cell Repair in Stroke
191(2)
7.6 Translation of Stem Cell Preclinical Studies to the Clinic
193(5)
7.7 Pharmacological Therapies for Stroke Recovery
198(9)
7.8 Molecular Neurorehabilitation
207(2)
8 A Future Approach to Neurorehabilitation after Stroke: If Humans Had Wings
209(14)
8.1 Introduction
209(1)
8.2 Video Games and Virtual Reality
209(2)
8.3 Direct Physiological Interventions
211(3)
8.4 Reopening the Sensitive Period
214(6)
8.5 Precision Health and Recovery after Stroke
220(2)
8.6 Conclusions
222(1)
References 223(42)
Index 265
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