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E-raamat: Cambridge Handbook of Lawyering in the Digital Age

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Nov-2021
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  • ISBN-13: 9781108936415
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Cambridge Law Handbooks
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Nov-2021
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108936415

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This book gives legal practitioners, academics, and law students a comprehensive look at the main impacts of artificial intelligence use in legal practice. Contributors identify the main challenges surrounding a legally compliant and ethical development of AI and craft a framework for analyzing the costs and benefits of new technology.

With increasing digitalization and the evolution of artificial intelligence, the legal profession is on the verge of being transformed by technology (legal tech). This handbook examines these developments and the changing legal landscape by providing perspectives from multiple interested parties, including practitioners, academics, and legal tech companies from different legal systems. Scrutinizing the real implications posed by legal tech, the book advocates for an unbiased, cautious approach for the engagement of technology in legal practice. It also carefully addresses the core question of how to balance fears of industry takeover by technology with the potential for using legal tech to expand services and create value for clients. Together, the chapters develop a framework for analyzing the costs and benefits of new technologies before they are implemented in legal practice. This interdisciplinary collection features contributions from lawyers, social scientists, institutional officials, technologists, and current developers of e-law platforms and services.

Arvustused

'I recommend this book for all academic law libraries, law society libraries, legislative libraries, and the libraries or collections of other organizations wanting to develop a greater understanding of legal technology.' Sandra Geddes, Canadian Law Library Review

Muu info

A comprehensive analysis of the practical and theoretical challenges surrounding the use of technology in legal practice.
1 Lawyering in the Digital Age
1(8)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Scope and Structure of the Book
2(7)
1.2.1 Effects of Technology on Legal Practice
3(1)
1.2.2 Legal Tech and Alternative Dispute Resolution
4(1)
1.2.3 Legal Tech in Consumer Relations and Small Claims
4(1)
1.2.4 Legal Tech and Public Law
5(1)
1.2.5 Legal Ethics and Societal Values Confront Technology
5(1)
1.2.6 Fate of the Legal Professions
6(3)
Part I Effects Of Technology On Legal Practice
2 Disruptive Effects of Legal Tech
9(29)
2.1 Introduction
9(3)
2.2 Legal Practice before the Age of Information
12(2)
2.2.1 Dawning of a New Era: Pre-1970s
12(1)
2.2.2 Advent of the Internet and the First Legal Databases
12(2)
2.3 Twenty-First Century: Interface of Legal Practice and Technology
14(12)
2.3.1 Baby Steps: E-Discovery and Early Staged Automation
15(1)
2.3.2 Legal Tech: Augmenting the Lawyers' Work
16(4)
2.3.2.1 Drafting Legal Documents
17(1)
2.3.2.2 Analyzing Legal Documents
17(1)
2.3.2.3 Measuring Legal Performance
18(1)
2.3.2.4 Structuring and Management of Legal Workflows
18(1)
2.3.2.5 Legal Research
19(1)
2.3.3 Technology as a Legal Substitute
20(6)
2.3.3.1 Online Pseudo-law Services
20(1)
2.3.3.2 Internet Courts and the Use of Tamper-Proof Evidence
21(2)
2.3.3.3 Notary Publics and the Blockchain
23(2)
2.3.3.4 Smart Contracts and the Challenges of Implementation
25(1)
2.4 Future of Legal Practice
26(4)
2.4.1 Advanced Al: Thinking and Performing like a Lawyer?
27(1)
2.4.2 Smart Contracts and the Blockchain: Executable Law?
28(1)
2.4.3 Future of Legal Ethics
28(2)
2.5 Co-opting Legal Tech
30(7)
2.5.1 Using Technology to Make Lawyering More Efficient
31(2)
2.5.2 Retaining the Human Dimension of Lawyering
33(2)
2.5.3 Reforming Legal Education
35(2)
2.6 Conclusion
37(1)
3 The Effects of Technology on Legal Practice: From Punch Card to Artificial Intelligence?
38(19)
3.1 Introduction
38(1)
3.2 Law and Technology: Two Opposing Worlds Colliding?
39(7)
3.2.1 Traditional Character of Law as an 'Analogous' Field of Expertise
39(2)
3.2.2 Entrenched Working Methods, Unwillingness to Change and Scepticism: Prejudice or Real Phenomenon?
41(1)
3.2.3 Established Main Features of Working Methods and Methodology within Legal Practice: Lack of Formal Logic
42(1)
3.2.4 Expectations of a Lawyer in the Course of Time: Yesterday and Tomorrow
43(3)
3.2.4.1 Legal Practitioners and Law Firms
43(1)
3.2.4.2 State Courts, Arbitral Tribunals and Other Means of Private Dispute Resolution
44(2)
3.3 Artificial Intelligence: Lawyers in the Grip of Technological Change
46(3)
3.3.1 The Gradual Embedding of Technology in Legal Practice
46(3)
3.3.1.1 First Steps: Electronic Data Processing and Computing
46(2)
3.3.1.2 Big Data and Modern Telecommunication
48(1)
3.3.1.3 Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms and Automated Decision-Making (Legal Tech 3.0, ODR and Robo-judges)
49(1)
3.4 Some Problems and Threats Identified
49(6)
3.4.1 Lack of Legislative Will to Prepare Legal Practice for the Digital Age: The Example of Germany
49(2)
3.4.2 Failure to Make Full Use of the Existing Legal Possibilities
51(1)
3.4.3 Inequality of Arms: Disparities in Resources and Know-How for Investment in Digital Infrastructure
52(1)
3.4.4 Possible Consequences for the Legal Service Market: The Human Lawyer at Risk of Becoming a Discontinued Model?
53(2)
3.5 Outlook
55(2)
4 Legal Drafting and Automation
57(20)
4.1 Introduction
57(3)
4.1.1 Automation and Legal Tech
57(1)
4.1.2 Automation in the Context of AI
58(1)
4.1.3 Automation and Blockchain
59(1)
4.2 Legal Drafting
60(6)
4.2.1 Drafting Background
60(1)
4.2.1.1 Document Purposes
60(1)
4.2.1.2 Expectations
60(1)
4.2.1.3 Contract Logic
61(1)
4.2.2 Quality Criteria for Contracts
61(2)
4.2.2.1 Legal Validity
61(1)
4.2.2.2 Transparency
62(1)
4.2.2.3 Consistency
63(1)
4.2.3 Internal Drafting Requirements
63(2)
4.2.3.1 Precise Language
63(1)
4.2.3.2 Clear Structure
63(1)
4.2.3.3 Compliance
64(1)
4.2.3.4 Velocity
65(1)
4.2.4 Contract Content
65(1)
4.2.4.1 Essential Rights and Obligations
65(1)
4.2.4.2 Ancillary Rights and Obligations
66(1)
4.2.4.3 Modifications and Business Logic
66(1)
4.2.4.4 Boilerplate Provisions
66(1)
4.3 Automation
66(9)
4.3.1 Evolution of Contract Automation
67(2)
4.3.1.1 Use of Precedents and Templates
67(1)
4.3.1.2 Questionnaires and Annotations
68(1)
4.3.1.3 Automated Templates (Contract Generators)
68(1)
4.3.1.4 Robo-lawyers
69(1)
4.3.2 Document Automation Requirements
69(2)
4.3.2.1 Interface
69(1)
4.3.2.2 Logic
70(1)
4.3.2.3 Maintenance
70(1)
4.3.2.4 Compatibility
70(1)
4.3.3 Automation Instruments
71(1)
4.3.3.1 Expert Systems
71(1)
4.3.3.2 Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain
71(1)
4.3.4 Best Practices for Contract Automation
72(7)
4.3.4.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis (80/20 Rule)
72(1)
4.3.4.2 User-Centric Contract Design
73(1)
4.3.4.3 Open Source Practices
74(1)
4.4 Conclusion and Outlook
75(2)
5 Emerging Rules on Artificial Intelligence: Trojan Horses of Ethics in the Realm of Law?
77(22)
5.1 Introduction
77(2)
5.2 Variety of Emerging Rules
79(4)
5.2.1 International Level
79(1)
5.2.2 European Level
80(1)
5.2.3 National Level
81(1)
5.2.4 Self-Regulation
82(1)
5.3 Converging Substance of Emerging Rules
83(4)
5.3.1 Control and Controllability
84(1)
5.3.2 Disclosure
85(1)
5.3.3 Safeguarding Individual Rights
86(1)
5.3.4 Public Good Requirements
86(1)
5.4 Legal Relevance
87(2)
5.4.1 Distinguishing between Law and Ethics
87(1)
5.4.2 Formal Classification
88(1)
5.4.3 Effective Impact
88(1)
5.5 Fields of Application
89(6)
5.5.1 Company Law (Robo-directors)
89(2)
5.5.2 Securities Law (Robo-advisors)
91(1)
5.5.3 Rules of Professional Conduct (Robo-lawyers)
92(11)
5.5.3.1 Impact on Permissibility of Legal Tech
94(1)
5.5.3.2 Impact on Standards of Ethical Conduct
94(1)
5.6 Conclusion
95(4)
Part II Legal Tech And ADR
6 Legal Tech in ADR
99(23)
6.1 Introduction
99(2)
6.2 ODR, ADR, DR and Courts: Navigating the Terminological Minefield
101(2)
6.3 Technology as a Key to Dissemination of Effective Justice
103(10)
6.3.1 Access to Justice
103(5)
6.3.2 Efficiency
108(2)
6.3.3 Blockchain: A Thorn in ADR's Side
110(2)
6.3.4 Technology: ADR's Saviour or Undertaker?
112(1)
6.4 Technology in Practice: Examples of 'New' ADR
113(7)
6.4.1 Kleros
113(2)
6.4.2 Juris
115(1)
6.4.3 Mattereum
116(1)
6.4.4 JUR
116(1)
6.4.5 Jury Online
117(1)
6.4.6 Aragon
117(1)
6.4.7 RHUbarb
118(1)
6.4.8 Multi-signature Smart Contract
119(1)
6.4.9 Blockchain Arbitration Forum
119(1)
6.4.10 ClickNSettle and Others
120(1)
6.5 Conclusion
120(2)
7 A Blockchain-Based Smart Dispute Resolution Method
122(18)
7.1 Introduction
122(1)
7.2 Arbitration and ADR: Current Status
122(5)
7.2.1 Scope of Arbitration and ADR
123(1)
7.2.2 Sovereign Jurisdictional Authority and Private Autonomy
123(1)
7.2.3 Existing Framework and International Conventions
124(2)
7.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Arbitration and ADR
126(1)
7.3 Advent of Blockchain-Based ODR
127(7)
7.3.1 Brief Introduction to Blockchain and Stuart Contract
127(1)
7.3.2 Smart (Legal) Contracts and Their Inherent Limits
128(1)
7.3.3 Smart Dispute Resolution: State of the Art
129(2)
7.3.3.1 Kleros
130(1)
7.3.3.2 Mattereum
130(1)
7.3.4 Limitations of Oracles-Based SDR Systems
131(1)
7.3.4.1 Impartiality and Expertise of the Decision-Maker versus Economic Incentives Systems
131(1)
7.3.4.2 Due Process and Legal Validity of the Decision
131(1)
7.3.5 Advantages of the Oracles-Based SDR Systems
132(2)
7.3.5.1 Small Claims Courts
133(1)
7.3.5.2 Mediation
133(1)
7.3.5.3 Arbitration
133(1)
7.3.6 Summary of Oracle-Based SDR Systems
134(1)
7.4 Proposal for Legally Binding SDR
134(3)
7.4.1 Designing Decentralized Smart Arbitration
135(1)
7.4.2 Economic Sustainability of the System
136(1)
7.4.3 Anti-corruption Measures and Reserve Account
136(1)
7.4.4 Preemptive Review on the Merits and Case Reassignment
137(1)
7.5 Proposing a New Lex Mercatoria via Blockchain
137(1)
7.5.1 Fairness and Best Practices for Smart Arbitration and Trade
138(1)
7.5.2 Potential Benefits
138(1)
7.6 Conclusion
138(2)
8 Digital Dispute Resolution: Blurring the Boundaries of ADR
140(19)
8.1 Introduction
140(2)
8.2 Traditional Modes of Boundaries in ADR
142(4)
8.2.1 Quasi-monopoly to Delegation: Courts and Arbitration
142(2)
8.2.2 Enforceability without Adjudication: Rise of Mediation
144(1)
8.2.3 Bounded Autonomy: Judicial Intervention and Review as Boundary-Defining
145(1)
8.3 Rise of New Forms of Digital Dispute Resolution
146(6)
8.3.1 Origins of Technology-Driven Self-Enforcement: Domain Name Dispute Resolution
147(1)
8.3.2 Platforms as Dispute Resolution Service Providers
148(2)
8.3.3 Smart Contracts and Settlement Agreements
150(1)
8.3.4 Smart Online Dispute Resolution
151(1)
8.4 Increasing Porousness of Procedural Law in Times of Technological Acceleration
152(4)
8.4.1 Self-Enforcing Adjudication, Due Process and Judicial Review
153(1)
8.4.2 End of Finality?
154(1)
8.4.3 Public Policy and the Enforcement of Substantive Law
155(1)
8.5 Conclusion
156(3)
Part III Legal Tech In Consumer Relations And Small Claims
9 Legal Tech in Consumer Relations and Small-Value Claims: A Survey
159(20)
9.1 Introduction
159(1)
9.2 Survey
160(7)
9.2.1 Methodology
160(1)
9.2.2 Results
161(6)
9.2.2.1 Companies by Sector
161(2)
9.2.2.2 Self-Assessment of Automation
163(1)
9.2.2.3 Degrees of Automation and Control of the Self-Assessment Exercise: Technology and Success Rates in Court
163(3)
9.2.2.4 Applicable Law and Automation
166(1)
9.3 A Qualitative Assessment of the Survey
167(11)
9.3.1 Classification of Companies by Degree of Automation
168(1)
9.3.2 Suitability of Law for Automation and Variations in Technological Efficiency
169(2)
9.3.3 How Law Determines Automation
171(8)
9.3.3.1 Air Carriage
171(2)
9.3.3.2 Banking
173(3)
9.3.3.3 Tenancy in Germany
176(1)
9.3.3.4 Telecommunications
177(1)
9.4 Conclusion
178(1)
10 Regulation of Legal Services and Access to Justice in the Digital Age: A War Report
179(16)
10.1 Dal Introduction
179(2)
10.1.1 Global Access to Justice
179(1)
10.1.2 New Delivery Concepts
180(1)
10.1.3 What Now?
181(1)
10.2 LegalZoom
181(2)
10.3 LegalDutch
183(2)
10.4 WenigerMiete
185(2)
10.5 Doctrine
187(2)
10.6 Demander Justice
189(4)
10.7 Concluding Remarks
193(2)
11 Legal Tech and EU Consumer Law
195(25)
11.1 Introduction
195(5)
11.1.1 Rise of LT in Consumer Markets
195(2)
11.1.2 Underlying Technology: From Hand-Coded to Data-Learned Knowledge
197(1)
11.1.3 Opportunities for Consumers
198(1)
11.1.4 Risks for Consumers
199(1)
11.2 Current Regulatory Framework in a Nutshell
200(2)
11.2.1 The Interplay between Legal Services Regulation, EU Consumer and Data Protection Law
200(1)
11.2.2 Evaluation
201(1)
11.3 Legal Services Regulations and LT
202(3)
11.3.1 Regulation of Legal Services in the EU
202(1)
11.3.2 LT as a Challenge for Legal Services Regulation
203(1)
11.3.3 Contract Generators as Unauthorized Practice of Law?
204(1)
11.3.4 Risks from Unregulated LT Providers
205(1)
11.4 EU Consumer Law and LT
205(8)
11.4.1 Regulation of Consumer Law in the EU
205(1)
11.4.2 Applicability of EU Consumer Law to LT
206(2)
11.4.3 Prohibition of Unfair Commercial Practices
208(1)
11.4.4 Information Requirements and the Right of Withdrawal
208(1)
11.4.5 Quality of Service
209(1)
11.4.6 Legal Ethics and Fairness
210(2)
11.4.7 Further Gaps in Consumer Protection
212(1)
11.4.8 Summary
212(1)
11.5 EU Data Protection Law and LT
213(3)
11.5.1 Legal Services Regulation and Data Protection Law
213(1)
11.5.2 LT and Data Protection under the GDPR
213(1)
11.5.3 Limits of the GDPR
214(2)
11.5.4 Summary
216(1)
11.6 Outlook
216(4)
11.6.1 Unresolved Questions
216(1)
11.6.2 Current Approaches of Regulators
216(1)
11.6.3 Alternative Approaches: Regulatory Sandboxes
217(1)
11.6.4 The Future (European) Legal Framework
218(2)
12 The Two Faces of Legal Tech in B2C Relations
220(19)
12.1 Introduction
220(1)
12.2 The Promise of Legal Tech in B2C Relations
221(3)
12.2.1 General Considerations regarding Legal Tech in Businesses
221(1)
12.2.2 Customer Communications
221(1)
12.2.3 Business Protocols
222(2)
12.2.4 IT to Execute and Enforce Contracts
224(1)
12.2.5 Summary
224(1)
12.3 Consequences of Legal Tech in B2C
224(4)
12.4 Case of eBay
228(2)
12.5 Traditional View of Regulation of Complaint Handling
230(1)
12.6 Legal Regulation of B2C Relations: Bad Faith Insurance
231(2)
12.7 Professional Diligence as Fundamental Principle for Legal Tech
233(1)
12.8 Toward Developmental Diligence
234(1)
12.9 Conclusion
235(4)
Part IV Legal Tech And Public Law
13 Blockchain's Heterotopia: Technological Infrastructures and Lawyering in the Public Sector
239(18)
13.1 Introduction
239(3)
13.2 Blockchain and the "Infrastructural Paradox" of Contemporary Public Law
242(6)
13.2.1 Conflicting Trends in Public Law
242(2)
13.2.2 Rise of Physical Infrastructure in Public Law
244(1)
13.2.3 Infrastructural Dimension of Blockchain
245(3)
13.2.3.1 Physical Manifestations
246(1)
13.2.3.2 Effects on the Individual and Society
247(1)
13.2.3.3 Blockchain as a Technological Infrastructure
248(1)
13.3 Law and Lawyering in the Digital Age of Blockchain
248(7)
13.3.1 Law's Stance and Regulatory Reaction to the Rise of Blockchain
249(2)
13.3.2 Lawyering in the Digital Age: Reconciling Antitheses
251(8)
13.3.2.1 Reconciling Innovation with Regulation
251(1)
13.3.2.2 Reconciling Decentralization with Accountability
252(2)
13.3.2.3 Reconciling the Coexistence of Multiple Infrastructures
254(1)
13.4 Conclusion
255(2)
14 Fundamental Rights and the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Court
257(15)
14.1 Introduction
257(2)
14.2 Transparency
259(6)
4.2.1 Principles
259(1)
4.2.2 Transparency of Al
260(5)
14.3 Impartiality and Presumption of Innocence
265(4)
14.3.1 Principle
265(1)
14.3.2 Impartiality and Presumption of Innocence and AI
266(3)
14.4 Equal Access to Justice
269(1)
14.5 Further Processing
270(1)
14.6 Conclusion
271(1)
15 Legal Tech in Public Administration: Prospects and Challenges
272(11)
15.1 Introduction
272(1)
15.2 The Prospect of Legal Tech in Public Administration
273(4)
15.3 Publictech Challenged: Concerns Coming from Case Law and Theory
277(2)
15.4 Preliminary Review and Scrutiny of Publictech
279(1)
15.5 Conclusion
280(3)
Part V Legal Ethics And Societal Values Confront Technology
16 Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI
283(15)
16.1 Introduction: Artificial Intelligence but Real Concerns
283(2)
16.2 Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI: An Inflationary Trend
285(8)
16.2.1 Definition of Trustworthy AI
285(3)
16.2.2 Focus on Human Rights and Privacy
288(2)
16.2.3 Response Still under Construction
290(3)
16.3 Impact on the Law: Some Examples
293(3)
16.3.1 New Civil Liability Framework
293(2)
16.3.2 New Professional Framework
295(1)
16.4 Conclusion
296(2)
17 Ethical Digital Lawyering: From Technical to Philosophical Insights
298(14)
17.1 Introduction
298(1)
17.2 Ethical Evaluation of New (Legal) Technologies: Need for Contextualization
299(5)
17.2.1 Insights from Technical Realities: Gain in (Economic) Efficiency?
300(1)
17.2.2 Gain in Objectivity, Rationality, or Neutrality?
301(3)
17.3 Influence of Theoretical Backgrounds and Debates
304(6)
17.3.1 Argument of Standardization
304(3)
17.3.2 Purging Subjectivity as a Gain in Rationality
307(3)
17.4 Conclusion
310(2)
18 Law, Disintermediation and the Future of Trust
312(15)
18.1 Introduction
312(2)
18.2 Peer-to-Peer: Allure of Trustlessness
314(3)
18.3 Limits of Smartness
317(2)
18.4 Reliance, Kantian Trust and Human Nature
319(3)
18.5 Trust and the Law
322(1)
18.6 Conclusion
323(4)
Part VI Fate Of The Legal Professions
19 Lawyering Somewhere between Computation and the Will to Act: A Digital Age Reflection
327(31)
19.1 Introduction
327(4)
19.2 Digital Capability and Lawyering
331(6)
19.2.1 Algorithmic Decision-Making Tools Generally
332(1)
19.2.2 State of the Art in Algorithmic Lawyering
333(4)
19.2.2.1 Well-Established Usages
333(1)
19.2.2.2 Cutting Edge
334(3)
19.3 Ends, Thought, and Action
337(20)
19.3.1 Segue (or a Leap) from Algorithms (Machines) to Ends (Minds)
337(2)
19.3.2 Embodied Telos
339(6)
19.3.2.1 Evolution of Ends
339(4)
19.3.2.2 Telos of System 1 Thinking
343(2)
19.3.3 Intuition as More Than Mere Thought
345(2)
19.3.4 Insight
347(5)
19.3.4.1 Difference between Intuition and Insight
347(2)
19.3.4.2 Non-deliberation as Insight or Inspiration
349(3)
19.3.5 Action and Will
352(2)
19.3.6 Lawyering in the Face of Irreconcilable Complementarities
354(2)
19.3.7 Rest of the Caregiving Story (a Microcosm in Lawyering)
356(1)
19.4 Conclusion
357(1)
20 Surviving the Digital Transformation: A Method for Lawyers to Approach Legal Tech
358(14)
20.1 Scope and Perspective
358(2)
20.2 Buzzwords
360(3)
20.2.1 Fake Tech
360(1)
20.2.2 Hype Tech
361(1)
20.2.3 Actual Legal Tech
361(1)
20.2.4 Typical Lawyer
362(1)
20.3 Developing or Adapting Legal Tech in a Law Firm
363(7)
20.3.1 Ideation
363(3)
20.3.1.1 Getting the Right People: Facilitator and the Participants
363(1)
20.3.1.2 Getting the Ideas
364(2)
20.3.1.3 Selecting the Good Ones
366(1)
20.3.2 Business Case
366(1)
20.3.2.1 Going from the Solution to the How
366(1)
20.3.3 Minimum Variable Product
367(1)
20.3.4 Sprinting!
368(1)
20.3.5 Implementation
369(9)
20.3.5.1 Inclusion from Beginning to End
369(1)
20.3.5.2 Right Users at the Right Time
369(1)
20.3.5.3 Implementation after Going Live
370(1)
20.3.5.4 Handoff to Operations and Maintenance
370(1)
20.4 Conclusion
370(2)
21 Road Forward: Promise and Danger
372
21.1 Introduction
372(1)
21.2 Law and Technology
373(1)
21.3 Legal Practice and Competition
373(1)
21.4 Consumers, Access to Justice, and Regulation
374(3)
21.5 Technology and ADR
377(1)
21.6 LT, Legal Education, and Legal Ethics
378(1)
21.6.1 Legal Education
378(1)
21.6.2 LT and Legal Ethics
378(1)
21.7 Conclusion
379
Larry A. DiMatteo is the Huber Hurst Professor of Contract Law at the Warrington College of Business and Levin College of Law, University of Florida. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the American Business Law Journal, a 2012 Fulbright Professor, and author of fourteen books. His most recent publications include The Cambridge Handbook of Smart Contracts, Blockchain Technology and Digital Platforms (with Michel Cannarsa and Cristina Poncibò, Cambridge, 2019) and The Cambridge Handbook of Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards (with Marta Infantino and Nathalie M-P Potin, Cambridge, 2021). André Janssen is a chair professor at Radboud University, The Netherlands. He has held previous positions at multiple international institutions, including the Universities of Münster, Oxford, Turin, and the City University of Hong Kong. Professor Janssen is also a member of several international research networks and has published more than 130 books and articles in the fields of private, European, comparative and international sales law, and artificial intelligence and law. He is the co-editor-in-chief of the European Review of Private Law (ERPL) and is a member of the editorial board of the International Arbitration Law Review (IALR). Pietro Ortolani is Professor of Digital Conflict Resolution at Radboud University, The Netherlands. Before joining Radboud University, he was a Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law and a Law Research Associate at Queen Mary, University of London. In 2016, Pietro won the James Crawford Prize. He has also contributed to a European Parliament Study concerning the legal instruments and practice of arbitration in the EU. Francisco de Elizalde is the Chair of Legal Studies at IE Law School, IE University (Spain). He focuses on Comparative Private Law, especially Contracts and the Law of Property. He is a Visiting Professor at Koç University (Turkey) and has lectured at the City University of Hong Kong and FGV Sao Paulo (Brazil). He is a member of the Madrid Bar Association, the American Society of Comparative Law and the European Law Institute. Professor Elizalde is also the head of the EU-financed Jean Monnet Module 'Liability of Robots: a European Vision for a New Legal Regime'. Michel Cannarsa is Professor and Dean of Law at UCLy. His areas of research include product liability, law of new technologies, comparative law, consumer law and law of obligations. He has published recent books and articles on the interaction between law and technology, contract law and products liability law. Mateja Durovic is a Reader in Contract and Commercial Law and Deputy Director of the Centre for Technology, Ethics, Law and Society at King's College London. He had held previous positions at the City University of Hong Kong, the EUI, Italy, Stanford Law School, USA, and the Max Planck Institute of Private International and Comparative Law, Hamburg, Germany.