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1 Lawyering in the Digital Age |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Scope and Structure of the Book |
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2 | (7) |
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1.2.1 Effects of Technology on Legal Practice |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Legal Tech and Alternative Dispute Resolution |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Legal Tech in Consumer Relations and Small Claims |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Legal Tech and Public Law |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Legal Ethics and Societal Values Confront Technology |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.6 Fate of the Legal Professions |
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6 | (3) |
Part I Effects Of Technology On Legal Practice |
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2 Disruptive Effects of Legal Tech |
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9 | (29) |
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9 | (3) |
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2.2 Legal Practice before the Age of Information |
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12 | (2) |
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2.2.1 Dawning of a New Era: Pre-1970s |
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12 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Advent of the Internet and the First Legal Databases |
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12 | (2) |
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2.3 Twenty-First Century: Interface of Legal Practice and Technology |
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14 | (12) |
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2.3.1 Baby Steps: E-Discovery and Early Staged Automation |
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15 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Legal Tech: Augmenting the Lawyers' Work |
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16 | (4) |
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2.3.2.1 Drafting Legal Documents |
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17 | (1) |
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2.3.2.2 Analyzing Legal Documents |
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17 | (1) |
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2.3.2.3 Measuring Legal Performance |
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18 | (1) |
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2.3.2.4 Structuring and Management of Legal Workflows |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Technology as a Legal Substitute |
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20 | (6) |
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2.3.3.1 Online Pseudo-law Services |
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20 | (1) |
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2.3.3.2 Internet Courts and the Use of Tamper-Proof Evidence |
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21 | (2) |
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2.3.3.3 Notary Publics and the Blockchain |
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23 | (2) |
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2.3.3.4 Smart Contracts and the Challenges of Implementation |
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25 | (1) |
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2.4 Future of Legal Practice |
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26 | (4) |
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2.4.1 Advanced Al: Thinking and Performing like a Lawyer? |
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27 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Smart Contracts and the Blockchain: Executable Law? |
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28 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Future of Legal Ethics |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (7) |
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2.5.1 Using Technology to Make Lawyering More Efficient |
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31 | (2) |
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2.5.2 Retaining the Human Dimension of Lawyering |
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33 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Reforming Legal Education |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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3 The Effects of Technology on Legal Practice: From Punch Card to Artificial Intelligence? |
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38 | (19) |
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38 | (1) |
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3.2 Law and Technology: Two Opposing Worlds Colliding? |
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39 | (7) |
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3.2.1 Traditional Character of Law as an 'Analogous' Field of Expertise |
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39 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Entrenched Working Methods, Unwillingness to Change and Scepticism: Prejudice or Real Phenomenon? |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Established Main Features of Working Methods and Methodology within Legal Practice: Lack of Formal Logic |
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42 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Expectations of a Lawyer in the Course of Time: Yesterday and Tomorrow |
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43 | (3) |
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3.2.4.1 Legal Practitioners and Law Firms |
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43 | (1) |
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3.2.4.2 State Courts, Arbitral Tribunals and Other Means of Private Dispute Resolution |
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44 | (2) |
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3.3 Artificial Intelligence: Lawyers in the Grip of Technological Change |
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46 | (3) |
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3.3.1 The Gradual Embedding of Technology in Legal Practice |
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46 | (3) |
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3.3.1.1 First Steps: Electronic Data Processing and Computing |
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46 | (2) |
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3.3.1.2 Big Data and Modern Telecommunication |
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48 | (1) |
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3.3.1.3 Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms and Automated Decision-Making (Legal Tech 3.0, ODR and Robo-judges) |
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49 | (1) |
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3.4 Some Problems and Threats Identified |
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49 | (6) |
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3.4.1 Lack of Legislative Will to Prepare Legal Practice for the Digital Age: The Example of Germany |
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49 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Failure to Make Full Use of the Existing Legal Possibilities |
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51 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Inequality of Arms: Disparities in Resources and Know-How for Investment in Digital Infrastructure |
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52 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Possible Consequences for the Legal Service Market: The Human Lawyer at Risk of Becoming a Discontinued Model? |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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4 Legal Drafting and Automation |
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57 | (20) |
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57 | (3) |
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4.1.1 Automation and Legal Tech |
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57 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Automation in the Context of AI |
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58 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Automation and Blockchain |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (6) |
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4.2.1 Drafting Background |
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60 | (1) |
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4.2.1.1 Document Purposes |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Quality Criteria for Contracts |
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61 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Internal Drafting Requirements |
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63 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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4.2.4.1 Essential Rights and Obligations |
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65 | (1) |
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4.2.4.2 Ancillary Rights and Obligations |
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66 | (1) |
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4.2.4.3 Modifications and Business Logic |
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66 | (1) |
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4.2.4.4 Boilerplate Provisions |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (9) |
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4.3.1 Evolution of Contract Automation |
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67 | (2) |
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4.3.1.1 Use of Precedents and Templates |
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67 | (1) |
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4.3.1.2 Questionnaires and Annotations |
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68 | (1) |
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4.3.1.3 Automated Templates (Contract Generators) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Document Automation Requirements |
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69 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Automation Instruments |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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4.3.3.2 Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain |
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71 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Best Practices for Contract Automation |
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72 | (7) |
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4.3.4.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis (80/20 Rule) |
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72 | (1) |
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4.3.4.2 User-Centric Contract Design |
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73 | (1) |
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4.3.4.3 Open Source Practices |
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74 | (1) |
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4.4 Conclusion and Outlook |
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75 | (2) |
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5 Emerging Rules on Artificial Intelligence: Trojan Horses of Ethics in the Realm of Law? |
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77 | (22) |
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77 | (2) |
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5.2 Variety of Emerging Rules |
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79 | (4) |
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5.2.1 International Level |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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5.3 Converging Substance of Emerging Rules |
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83 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Control and Controllability |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Safeguarding Individual Rights |
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86 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Public Good Requirements |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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5.4.1 Distinguishing between Law and Ethics |
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87 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Formal Classification |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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5.5 Fields of Application |
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89 | (6) |
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5.5.1 Company Law (Robo-directors) |
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89 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Securities Law (Robo-advisors) |
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91 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Rules of Professional Conduct (Robo-lawyers) |
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92 | (11) |
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5.5.3.1 Impact on Permissibility of Legal Tech |
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94 | (1) |
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5.5.3.2 Impact on Standards of Ethical Conduct |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
Part II Legal Tech And ADR |
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99 | (23) |
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99 | (2) |
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6.2 ODR, ADR, DR and Courts: Navigating the Terminological Minefield |
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101 | (2) |
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6.3 Technology as a Key to Dissemination of Effective Justice |
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103 | (10) |
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103 | (5) |
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108 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Blockchain: A Thorn in ADR's Side |
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110 | (2) |
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6.3.4 Technology: ADR's Saviour or Undertaker? |
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112 | (1) |
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6.4 Technology in Practice: Examples of 'New' ADR |
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113 | (7) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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6.4.8 Multi-signature Smart Contract |
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119 | (1) |
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6.4.9 Blockchain Arbitration Forum |
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119 | (1) |
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6.4.10 ClickNSettle and Others |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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7 A Blockchain-Based Smart Dispute Resolution Method |
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122 | (18) |
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122 | (1) |
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7.2 Arbitration and ADR: Current Status |
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122 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Scope of Arbitration and ADR |
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123 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Sovereign Jurisdictional Authority and Private Autonomy |
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123 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Existing Framework and International Conventions |
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124 | (2) |
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7.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Arbitration and ADR |
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126 | (1) |
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7.3 Advent of Blockchain-Based ODR |
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127 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Brief Introduction to Blockchain and Stuart Contract |
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127 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Smart (Legal) Contracts and Their Inherent Limits |
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128 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Smart Dispute Resolution: State of the Art |
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129 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Limitations of Oracles-Based SDR Systems |
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131 | (1) |
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7.3.4.1 Impartiality and Expertise of the Decision-Maker versus Economic Incentives Systems |
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131 | (1) |
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7.3.4.2 Due Process and Legal Validity of the Decision |
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131 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Advantages of the Oracles-Based SDR Systems |
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132 | (2) |
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7.3.5.1 Small Claims Courts |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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7.3.6 Summary of Oracle-Based SDR Systems |
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134 | (1) |
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7.4 Proposal for Legally Binding SDR |
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134 | (3) |
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7.4.1 Designing Decentralized Smart Arbitration |
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135 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Economic Sustainability of the System |
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136 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Anti-corruption Measures and Reserve Account |
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136 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Preemptive Review on the Merits and Case Reassignment |
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137 | (1) |
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7.5 Proposing a New Lex Mercatoria via Blockchain |
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137 | (1) |
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7.5.1 Fairness and Best Practices for Smart Arbitration and Trade |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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8 Digital Dispute Resolution: Blurring the Boundaries of ADR |
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140 | (19) |
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140 | (2) |
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8.2 Traditional Modes of Boundaries in ADR |
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142 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Quasi-monopoly to Delegation: Courts and Arbitration |
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142 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Enforceability without Adjudication: Rise of Mediation |
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144 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Bounded Autonomy: Judicial Intervention and Review as Boundary-Defining |
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145 | (1) |
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8.3 Rise of New Forms of Digital Dispute Resolution |
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146 | (6) |
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8.3.1 Origins of Technology-Driven Self-Enforcement: Domain Name Dispute Resolution |
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147 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Platforms as Dispute Resolution Service Providers |
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148 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Smart Contracts and Settlement Agreements |
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150 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Smart Online Dispute Resolution |
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151 | (1) |
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8.4 Increasing Porousness of Procedural Law in Times of Technological Acceleration |
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152 | (4) |
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8.4.1 Self-Enforcing Adjudication, Due Process and Judicial Review |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Public Policy and the Enforcement of Substantive Law |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
Part III Legal Tech In Consumer Relations And Small Claims |
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9 Legal Tech in Consumer Relations and Small-Value Claims: A Survey |
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159 | (20) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (7) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (6) |
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9.2.2.1 Companies by Sector |
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161 | (2) |
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9.2.2.2 Self-Assessment of Automation |
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163 | (1) |
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9.2.2.3 Degrees of Automation and Control of the Self-Assessment Exercise: Technology and Success Rates in Court |
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163 | (3) |
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9.2.2.4 Applicable Law and Automation |
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166 | (1) |
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9.3 A Qualitative Assessment of the Survey |
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167 | (11) |
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9.3.1 Classification of Companies by Degree of Automation |
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168 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Suitability of Law for Automation and Variations in Technological Efficiency |
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169 | (2) |
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9.3.3 How Law Determines Automation |
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171 | (8) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (3) |
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9.3.3.3 Tenancy in Germany |
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176 | (1) |
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9.3.3.4 Telecommunications |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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10 Regulation of Legal Services and Access to Justice in the Digital Age: A War Report |
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179 | (16) |
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179 | (2) |
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10.1.1 Global Access to Justice |
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179 | (1) |
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10.1.2 New Delivery Concepts |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (2) |
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11 Legal Tech and EU Consumer Law |
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195 | (25) |
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195 | (5) |
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11.1.1 Rise of LT in Consumer Markets |
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195 | (2) |
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11.1.2 Underlying Technology: From Hand-Coded to Data-Learned Knowledge |
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197 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Opportunities for Consumers |
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198 | (1) |
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11.1.4 Risks for Consumers |
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199 | (1) |
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11.2 Current Regulatory Framework in a Nutshell |
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200 | (2) |
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11.2.1 The Interplay between Legal Services Regulation, EU Consumer and Data Protection Law |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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11.3 Legal Services Regulations and LT |
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202 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Regulation of Legal Services in the EU |
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202 | (1) |
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11.3.2 LT as a Challenge for Legal Services Regulation |
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203 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Contract Generators as Unauthorized Practice of Law? |
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204 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Risks from Unregulated LT Providers |
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205 | (1) |
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11.4 EU Consumer Law and LT |
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205 | (8) |
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11.4.1 Regulation of Consumer Law in the EU |
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205 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Applicability of EU Consumer Law to LT |
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206 | (2) |
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11.4.3 Prohibition of Unfair Commercial Practices |
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208 | (1) |
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11.4.4 Information Requirements and the Right of Withdrawal |
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208 | (1) |
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11.4.5 Quality of Service |
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209 | (1) |
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11.4.6 Legal Ethics and Fairness |
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210 | (2) |
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11.4.7 Further Gaps in Consumer Protection |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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11.5 EU Data Protection Law and LT |
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213 | (3) |
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11.5.1 Legal Services Regulation and Data Protection Law |
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213 | (1) |
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11.5.2 LT and Data Protection under the GDPR |
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213 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Limits of the GDPR |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (4) |
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11.6.1 Unresolved Questions |
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216 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Current Approaches of Regulators |
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216 | (1) |
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11.6.3 Alternative Approaches: Regulatory Sandboxes |
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217 | (1) |
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11.6.4 The Future (European) Legal Framework |
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218 | (2) |
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12 The Two Faces of Legal Tech in B2C Relations |
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220 | (19) |
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220 | (1) |
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12.2 The Promise of Legal Tech in B2C Relations |
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221 | (3) |
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12.2.1 General Considerations regarding Legal Tech in Businesses |
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221 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Customer Communications |
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221 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Business Protocols |
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222 | (2) |
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12.2.4 IT to Execute and Enforce Contracts |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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12.3 Consequences of Legal Tech in B2C |
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224 | (4) |
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228 | (2) |
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12.5 Traditional View of Regulation of Complaint Handling |
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230 | (1) |
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12.6 Legal Regulation of B2C Relations: Bad Faith Insurance |
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231 | (2) |
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12.7 Professional Diligence as Fundamental Principle for Legal Tech |
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233 | (1) |
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12.8 Toward Developmental Diligence |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (4) |
Part IV Legal Tech And Public Law |
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13 Blockchain's Heterotopia: Technological Infrastructures and Lawyering in the Public Sector |
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239 | (18) |
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239 | (3) |
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13.2 Blockchain and the "Infrastructural Paradox" of Contemporary Public Law |
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242 | (6) |
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13.2.1 Conflicting Trends in Public Law |
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242 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Rise of Physical Infrastructure in Public Law |
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244 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Infrastructural Dimension of Blockchain |
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245 | (3) |
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13.2.3.1 Physical Manifestations |
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246 | (1) |
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13.2.3.2 Effects on the Individual and Society |
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247 | (1) |
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13.2.3.3 Blockchain as a Technological Infrastructure |
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248 | (1) |
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13.3 Law and Lawyering in the Digital Age of Blockchain |
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248 | (7) |
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13.3.1 Law's Stance and Regulatory Reaction to the Rise of Blockchain |
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249 | (2) |
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13.3.2 Lawyering in the Digital Age: Reconciling Antitheses |
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251 | (8) |
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13.3.2.1 Reconciling Innovation with Regulation |
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251 | (1) |
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13.3.2.2 Reconciling Decentralization with Accountability |
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252 | (2) |
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13.3.2.3 Reconciling the Coexistence of Multiple Infrastructures |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (2) |
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14 Fundamental Rights and the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Court |
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257 | (15) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (6) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (5) |
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14.3 Impartiality and Presumption of Innocence |
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265 | (4) |
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265 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Impartiality and Presumption of Innocence and AI |
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266 | (3) |
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14.4 Equal Access to Justice |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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15 Legal Tech in Public Administration: Prospects and Challenges |
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272 | (11) |
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272 | (1) |
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15.2 The Prospect of Legal Tech in Public Administration |
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273 | (4) |
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15.3 Publictech Challenged: Concerns Coming from Case Law and Theory |
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277 | (2) |
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15.4 Preliminary Review and Scrutiny of Publictech |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (3) |
Part V Legal Ethics And Societal Values Confront Technology |
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16 Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI |
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283 | (15) |
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16.1 Introduction: Artificial Intelligence but Real Concerns |
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283 | (2) |
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16.2 Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI: An Inflationary Trend |
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285 | (8) |
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16.2.1 Definition of Trustworthy AI |
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285 | (3) |
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16.2.2 Focus on Human Rights and Privacy |
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288 | (2) |
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16.2.3 Response Still under Construction |
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290 | (3) |
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16.3 Impact on the Law: Some Examples |
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293 | (3) |
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16.3.1 New Civil Liability Framework |
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293 | (2) |
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16.3.2 New Professional Framework |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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17 Ethical Digital Lawyering: From Technical to Philosophical Insights |
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298 | (14) |
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298 | (1) |
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17.2 Ethical Evaluation of New (Legal) Technologies: Need for Contextualization |
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299 | (5) |
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17.2.1 Insights from Technical Realities: Gain in (Economic) Efficiency? |
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300 | (1) |
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17.2.2 Gain in Objectivity, Rationality, or Neutrality? |
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301 | (3) |
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17.3 Influence of Theoretical Backgrounds and Debates |
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304 | (6) |
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17.3.1 Argument of Standardization |
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304 | (3) |
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17.3.2 Purging Subjectivity as a Gain in Rationality |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (2) |
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18 Law, Disintermediation and the Future of Trust |
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312 | (15) |
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312 | (2) |
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18.2 Peer-to-Peer: Allure of Trustlessness |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (2) |
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18.4 Reliance, Kantian Trust and Human Nature |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (4) |
Part VI Fate Of The Legal Professions |
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19 Lawyering Somewhere between Computation and the Will to Act: A Digital Age Reflection |
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327 | (31) |
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327 | (4) |
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19.2 Digital Capability and Lawyering |
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331 | (6) |
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19.2.1 Algorithmic Decision-Making Tools Generally |
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332 | (1) |
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19.2.2 State of the Art in Algorithmic Lawyering |
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333 | (4) |
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19.2.2.1 Well-Established Usages |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
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19.3 Ends, Thought, and Action |
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337 | (20) |
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19.3.1 Segue (or a Leap) from Algorithms (Machines) to Ends (Minds) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (6) |
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19.3.2.1 Evolution of Ends |
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339 | (4) |
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19.3.2.2 Telos of System 1 Thinking |
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343 | (2) |
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19.3.3 Intuition as More Than Mere Thought |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (5) |
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19.3.4.1 Difference between Intuition and Insight |
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347 | (2) |
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19.3.4.2 Non-deliberation as Insight or Inspiration |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (2) |
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19.3.6 Lawyering in the Face of Irreconcilable Complementarities |
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354 | (2) |
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19.3.7 Rest of the Caregiving Story (a Microcosm in Lawyering) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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20 Surviving the Digital Transformation: A Method for Lawyers to Approach Legal Tech |
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358 | (14) |
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20.1 Scope and Perspective |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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20.3 Developing or Adapting Legal Tech in a Law Firm |
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363 | (7) |
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363 | (3) |
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20.3.1.1 Getting the Right People: Facilitator and the Participants |
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363 | (1) |
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20.3.1.2 Getting the Ideas |
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364 | (2) |
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20.3.1.3 Selecting the Good Ones |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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20.3.2.1 Going from the Solution to the How |
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366 | (1) |
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20.3.3 Minimum Variable Product |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (9) |
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20.3.5.1 Inclusion from Beginning to End |
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369 | (1) |
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20.3.5.2 Right Users at the Right Time |
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369 | (1) |
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20.3.5.3 Implementation after Going Live |
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370 | (1) |
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20.3.5.4 Handoff to Operations and Maintenance |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (2) |
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21 Road Forward: Promise and Danger |
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372 | |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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21.3 Legal Practice and Competition |
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373 | (1) |
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21.4 Consumers, Access to Justice, and Regulation |
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374 | (3) |
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377 | (1) |
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21.6 LT, Legal Education, and Legal Ethics |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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21.6.2 LT and Legal Ethics |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | |