About the editors |
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ix | |
About the contributors |
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x | |
Foreword |
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xii | |
Preface |
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xiv | |
Acknowledgements |
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xvi | |
Online resources |
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xvii | |
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1 | (7) |
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1.1 A brief history of camera trapping |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Efficiency of camera trapping and advantages over other wildlife detection methods |
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3 | (5) |
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2 Camera features related to specific ecological applications |
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8 | (14) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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2.3 Camera features to consider when choosing models |
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10 | (4) |
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2.4 Camera performance in relation to study designs |
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14 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Occupancy studies (species and community-level) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Behavioural studies |
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16 | (1) |
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2.5 Review of currently available camera trap models and comparative performance tests |
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16 | (2) |
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2.6 Limitations and future developments of camera technology |
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18 | (4) |
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3 Field deployment of camera traps |
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22 | (11) |
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22 | (3) |
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3.2 Setting camera traps in the field |
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25 | (6) |
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3.2.1 Site selection and placement |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (5) |
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3.2.3 Checklist of actions to activate the camera trap |
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30 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Checking and retrieving camera traps |
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30 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Checklist of actions when checking and removing the camera trap |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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4 Camera trap data management and interoperability |
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33 | (10) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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4.2.1 Camera trap conceptual components |
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34 | (1) |
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4.3 Managing camera trap data: Wild.ID |
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35 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Setting up a camera trap project |
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35 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Processing camera trap data |
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37 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Retrofitting legacy camera trap data |
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40 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Additional camera trap data management tools |
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40 | (1) |
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4.4 Camera trap data interoperability |
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41 | (1) |
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4.5 Wildlife Insights -- the camera trap data network |
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41 | (1) |
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4.6 The future: more repositories, better data management and analytical services |
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42 | (1) |
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5 Presence/absence and species inventory |
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43 | (25) |
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43 | (1) |
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5.2 Raw descriptors: naive occupancy and detection rate as a relative abundance index |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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5.4 Sampling completeness |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (16) |
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5.5.1 Raw data format (.CSV file) |
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49 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Importing data in R |
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50 | (5) |
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5.5.3 Deriving sampling effort, events and species' list |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Species accumulation |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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5.5.7 Presentation and interpretation of results |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (3) |
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6 Species-level occupancy analysis |
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68 | (27) |
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68 | (1) |
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6.2 Theoretical framework and modelling approach |
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69 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Basic single-season model |
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69 | (3) |
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6.2.2 Covariate modeling and assessing model fit |
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72 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Multi-season occupancy models |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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6.4 Survey effort and sampling completeness |
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76 | (3) |
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6.4.1 Deciding the best number of sites and sampling duration |
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76 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Post-hoc discretisation of sampling duration in sampling occasions |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (13) |
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6.5.1 Single-season occupancy analysis |
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79 | (8) |
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6.5.2 Multi-season occupancy analysis |
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87 | (5) |
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92 | (3) |
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7 Capture-recapture methods for density estimation |
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95 | (47) |
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95 | (2) |
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7.2 Equipment and field practices |
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97 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Focal species and other members of its guild |
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97 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Camera trap sites and camera trap placement |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Season, survey duration and demographic closure |
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100 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Spatial sampling and geographic closure |
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101 | (6) |
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7.4 Case study: the Eurasian lynx |
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107 | (26) |
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7.4.1 Analytical steps during field work |
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108 | (5) |
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7.4.2 Dates and times in R |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (16) |
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7.4.4 Abundance and density estimation in conventional (i.e. non-spatial) capture--recapture models |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (9) |
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142 | (26) |
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142 | (1) |
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8.2 Advantages and disadvantages of camera trapping compared to other technologies used to study animal behaviour |
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142 | (3) |
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8.3 Application of camera trapping in behavioural studies |
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145 | (1) |
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8.4 The importance of choosing the site in relation to a variety of study aims |
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145 | (1) |
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8.5 Diel activity pattern and activity pattern overlap between species |
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146 | (3) |
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8.5.1 Definition and assumptions of the activity level measured by means of camera traps |
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147 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Overlap between pairs of activity patterns |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (13) |
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8.6.1 Marking behaviour studies in Eurasian lynx and brown bear |
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149 | (4) |
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8.6.2 Comparison of activity patterns |
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153 | (9) |
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162 | (6) |
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9 Community-level occupancy analysis |
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168 | (28) |
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168 | (1) |
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9.2 Measuring biodiversity while accounting for imperfect detection |
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169 | (1) |
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9.3 Static (or single-season) multi-species occupancy models |
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170 | (8) |
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173 | (5) |
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9.4 Dynamic (or multi-season) multi-species occupancy models |
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178 | (14) |
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180 | (12) |
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192 | (4) |
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10 Camera trapping as a monitoring tool at national and global levels |
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196 | (23) |
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196 | (3) |
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10.2 A national monitoring system for wildlife: from idea to a functioning system |
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199 | (14) |
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10.2.1 A global model for national monitoring: The TEAM Camera Trap Network |
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200 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Goals and targets of a national monitoring system for wildlife |
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201 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Design of a national monitoring system |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (5) |
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210 | (3) |
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10.3 How a wildlife monitoring system can improve protected area effectiveness: examples from the TEAM Network |
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213 | (3) |
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10.3.1 African golden cats in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda |
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214 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Effects of hunting at the Volcan Barva transect, Costa Rica |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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11 Camera traps and public engagement |
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219 | (18) |
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219 | (1) |
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11.2 Principles in citizen science |
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220 | (1) |
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11.2.1 Categories of public participation in scientific research |
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220 | (1) |
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11.2.2 General approaches to programme development |
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220 | (1) |
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11.3 Citizen science research process with a special focus on camera trapping studies |
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221 | (1) |
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11.3.1 Data collection and identification |
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221 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Data management and cyber-infrastructure |
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222 | (1) |
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11.4 Examples of camera trap citizen science projects |
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222 | (3) |
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11.5 What is the future of citizen science camera trapping? |
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225 | (6) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Motivation, engagement and retention in citizen science |
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228 | (1) |
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11.5.4 Cultural sensitivity and privacy |
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229 | (1) |
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11.5.5 Technology and e-innovations in camera trapping |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (6) |
Appendices |
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237 | (36) |
Glossary |
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273 | (6) |
Index |
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279 | |