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E-raamat: Camera Trapping for Wildlife Research

Foreword by , Edited by , Edited by
  • Formaat: 312 pages
  • Sari: Data in the Wild
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jun-2016
  • Kirjastus: Pelagic Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781784270667
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  • Formaat: 312 pages
  • Sari: Data in the Wild
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jun-2016
  • Kirjastus: Pelagic Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781784270667

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Camera trapping is a powerful and now widely used tool in scientific research on wildlife ecology and management. It provides a unique opportunity for collecting knowledge, investigating the presence of animals, or recording and studying behaviour. Its visual nature makes it easy to successfully convey findings to a wide audience.





This book provides a much-needed guide to the sound use of camera trapping for the most common ecological applications to wildlife research. Each phase involved in the use of camera trapping is covered:





- Selecting the right camera type

- Set-up and field deployment of your camera trap

- Defining the sampling design: presence/absence, species inventory, abundance; occupancy at species level; capture-mark-recapture for density estimation; behavioural studies; community-level analysis

- Data storage, management and analysis for your research topic, with illustrative examples for using R and Excel

- Using camera trapping for monitoring, conservation and public engagement.





Each chapter in this edited volume is essential reading for students, scientists, ecologists, educators and professionals involved in wildlife research or management.

Arvustused

...a thorough, concise handbook on how to design and conduct a study involving camera traps. It would be very useful for both under- and post-graduates and for those, like me, who are new to the subject, so I thoroughly recommend it for a university library and for anyone who is considering using camera traps as a component of a study. -- Siân Waters, Barbary Macaque Awareness & Conservation * Primate Eye * If you are surveying in a systematic way through trail cameras you will need to structure the sampling and analyse the results in methodical ways. It is here that a recent book from Pelagic Publishing, Camera Trapping for Wildlife Research, provides much use. With a scholarly approach and abundant references, the book has detailed advice on camera trapping for faunal inventories, occupancy studies, capture-recapture methods, and behavioural studies. The book excels in its detail on survey design, sampling design, and data management. There is an extended case study of Eurasian lynx abundance and density estimation in the NW Swiss Alps, while the behavioural studies section looks at Eurasian lynx scent marking as well as the tree rubbing behaviour of brown bears. -- Rick Minter * ECOS * An in-depth overview of the logistics of studies that use camera traps and provides numerous real-world examples of analyzing data collected by camera traps using contemporary approaches. I believe that the book is a must for wildlife researchers considering the use of camera traps. -- Adam Duarte, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University * Journal of Wildlife Management * It is well-written, and its few images are well chosen to illustrate and clarify relevant concepts. The structure is sensible, taking the reader from introductory chapters about camera types, deployment and survey design through to more in-depth chapters describing how this information can be analysed and interpreted. -- Mark Wilson * BTO About Birds * As Professor Luigi Boitani states in his foreword, "This book is exactly what all field biologists need to have to learn about the current state of development of the technique". Based on decades of direct experience, well before the arrival of the modern digital camera trap, the book covers almost all the facets of using "photographic trapping" to obtain data on wildlife.





The entire text is written with a direct approach, taking into account the real-world problems (and their solutions, that the Authors devised in several years of practice) occurring to anyone using camera trapping, from trapping scheme design to data analysis, not excluding new developments such as large-scale monitoring and citizen science.





The impressive, thorough coverage of so many different topics has been achieved thanks to the active participation of other contributors (Jorge A. Ahumada, Eric Fergus, Danilo Foresti, Johanna Hurtado Astaiza, James MacCarthy, Paul Meek, Badru Mugerwa, Timothy G. O'Brien, Daniel Spitale and Simone Tenan, to name a few), that shared their direct experience in the field.





Notwithstanding the practical approach, in each case (and in particiular in the chapters dealing with experimental design and data analysis applications) the theoretical background is just there, briefly recapitulated in a way useful to beginners as an introduction to more in-depth references, but also useful to the expert, as a beneficial refresher. * Hystrix - Italian Journal of Mammalogy *

About the editors ix
About the contributors x
Foreword xii
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xvi
Online resources xvii
1 Introduction
1(7)
Francesco Rovero
Fridolin Zimmermann
1.1 A brief history of camera trapping
1(2)
1.2 Efficiency of camera trapping and advantages over other wildlife detection methods
3(5)
2 Camera features related to specific ecological applications
8(14)
Francesco Rovero
Fridolin Zimmermann
2.1 Introduction
8(1)
2.2 Camera trap systems
8(2)
2.3 Camera features to consider when choosing models
10(4)
2.4 Camera performance in relation to study designs
14(2)
2.4.1 Faunal inventories
14(1)
2.4.2 Occupancy studies (species and community-level)
15(1)
2.4.3 Capture--recapture
15(1)
2.4.4 Behavioural studies
16(1)
2.5 Review of currently available camera trap models and comparative performance tests
16(2)
2.6 Limitations and future developments of camera technology
18(4)
3 Field deployment of camera traps
22(11)
Fridolin Zimmermann
Francesco Rovero
3.1 Pre-field planning
22(3)
3.2 Setting camera traps in the field
25(6)
3.2.1 Site selection and placement
25(1)
3.2.2 Trail settings
25(5)
3.2.3 Checklist of actions to activate the camera trap
30(1)
3.2.4 Checking and retrieving camera traps
30(1)
3.2.5 Checklist of actions when checking and removing the camera trap
31(1)
3.3 After the fieldwork
31(2)
4 Camera trap data management and interoperability
33(10)
Eric Fegraus
James MacCarthy
4.1 Introduction
33(1)
4.2 Camera trap data
34(1)
4.2.1 Camera trap conceptual components
34(1)
4.3 Managing camera trap data: Wild.ID
35(6)
4.3.1 Setting up a camera trap project
35(2)
4.3.2 Processing camera trap data
37(3)
4.3.3 Retrofitting legacy camera trap data
40(1)
4.3.4 Additional camera trap data management tools
40(1)
4.4 Camera trap data interoperability
41(1)
4.5 Wildlife Insights -- the camera trap data network
41(1)
4.6 The future: more repositories, better data management and analytical services
42(1)
5 Presence/absence and species inventory
43(25)
Francesco Rovero
Daniel Spitale
5.1 Introduction
43(1)
5.2 Raw descriptors: naive occupancy and detection rate as a relative abundance index
44(2)
5.3 Sampling design
46(2)
5.4 Sampling completeness
48(1)
5.5 Case study
49(16)
5.5.1 Raw data format (.CSV file)
49(1)
5.5.2 Importing data in R
50(5)
5.5.3 Deriving sampling effort, events and species' list
55(3)
5.5.4 Naive occupancy
58(1)
5.5.5 Species accumulation
59(1)
5.5.6 Activity pattern
60(1)
5.5.7 Presentation and interpretation of results
61(4)
5.6 Conclusions
65(3)
6 Species-level occupancy analysis
68(27)
Francesco Rovero
Daniel Spitale
6.1 Introduction
68(1)
6.2 Theoretical framework and modelling approach
69(5)
6.2.1 Basic single-season model
69(3)
6.2.2 Covariate modeling and assessing model fit
72(2)
6.2.3 Multi-season occupancy models
74(1)
6.3 Sampling design
74(2)
6.4 Survey effort and sampling completeness
76(3)
6.4.1 Deciding the best number of sites and sampling duration
76(2)
6.4.2 Post-hoc discretisation of sampling duration in sampling occasions
78(1)
6.5 Case study
79(13)
6.5.1 Single-season occupancy analysis
79(8)
6.5.2 Multi-season occupancy analysis
87(5)
6.6 Conclusions
92(3)
7 Capture-recapture methods for density estimation
95(47)
Fridolin Zimmermann
Danilo Foresti
7.1 Introduction
95(2)
7.2 Equipment and field practices
97(3)
7.2.1 Camera traps
97(1)
7.2.2 Focal species and other members of its guild
97(1)
7.2.3 Camera trap sites and camera trap placement
97(3)
7.3 Survey design
100(7)
7.3.1 Season, survey duration and demographic closure
100(1)
7.3.2 Spatial sampling and geographic closure
101(6)
7.4 Case study: the Eurasian lynx
107(26)
7.4.1 Analytical steps during field work
108(5)
7.4.2 Dates and times in R
113(3)
7.4.3 Analysis with secr
116(16)
7.4.4 Abundance and density estimation in conventional (i.e. non-spatial) capture--recapture models
132(1)
7.5 Conclusions
133(9)
8 Behavioural studies
142(26)
Fridolin Zimmermann
Danilo Foresti
Francesco Rovero
8.1 Introduction
142(1)
8.2 Advantages and disadvantages of camera trapping compared to other technologies used to study animal behaviour
142(3)
8.3 Application of camera trapping in behavioural studies
145(1)
8.4 The importance of choosing the site in relation to a variety of study aims
145(1)
8.5 Diel activity pattern and activity pattern overlap between species
146(3)
8.5.1 Definition and assumptions of the activity level measured by means of camera traps
147(1)
8.5.2 Overlap between pairs of activity patterns
148(1)
8.6 Case studies
149(13)
8.6.1 Marking behaviour studies in Eurasian lynx and brown bear
149(4)
8.6.2 Comparison of activity patterns
153(9)
8.7 Conclusions
162(6)
9 Community-level occupancy analysis
168(28)
Simone Tenan
9.1 Introduction
168(1)
9.2 Measuring biodiversity while accounting for imperfect detection
169(1)
9.3 Static (or single-season) multi-species occupancy models
170(8)
9.3.1 Case study
173(5)
9.4 Dynamic (or multi-season) multi-species occupancy models
178(14)
9.4.1 Case study
180(12)
9.5 Conclusions
192(4)
10 Camera trapping as a monitoring tool at national and global levels
196(23)
Jorge A. Ahumada
Timothy G. O'Brien
Badru Mugerwa
Johanna Hurtado
10.1 Introduction
196(3)
10.2 A national monitoring system for wildlife: from idea to a functioning system
199(14)
10.2.1 A global model for national monitoring: The TEAM Camera Trap Network
200(1)
10.2.2 Goals and targets of a national monitoring system for wildlife
201(1)
10.2.3 Design of a national monitoring system
202(3)
10.2.4 Implementation
205(5)
10.2.5 Cost components
210(3)
10.3 How a wildlife monitoring system can improve protected area effectiveness: examples from the TEAM Network
213(3)
10.3.1 African golden cats in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
214(1)
10.3.2 Effects of hunting at the Volcan Barva transect, Costa Rica
215(1)
10.4 Conclusions
216(3)
11 Camera traps and public engagement
219(18)
Paul Meek
Fridolin Zimmermann
11.1 Introduction
219(1)
11.2 Principles in citizen science
220(1)
11.2.1 Categories of public participation in scientific research
220(1)
11.2.2 General approaches to programme development
220(1)
11.3 Citizen science research process with a special focus on camera trapping studies
221(1)
11.3.1 Data collection and identification
221(1)
11.3.2 Data management and cyber-infrastructure
222(1)
11.4 Examples of camera trap citizen science projects
222(3)
11.5 What is the future of citizen science camera trapping?
225(6)
11.5.1 Training
226(1)
11.5.2 Data integrity
227(1)
11.5.3 Motivation, engagement and retention in citizen science
228(1)
11.5.4 Cultural sensitivity and privacy
229(1)
11.5.5 Technology and e-innovations in camera trapping
230(1)
11.6 Conclusions
231(6)
Appendices 237(36)
Glossary 273(6)
Index 279
Francesco Rovero is an ecologist and conservation scientist with a PhD in animal ecology. He is currently the Curator for Tropical Biodiversity at MUSE Science Museum in Trento, Italy. 





Fridolin Zimmermann is a carnivore conservation scientist with a PhD on Eurasian lynx conservation and ecology. He is currently coordinator of the large carnivore monitoring in Switzerland at Carnivore Ecology and Wildlife Management (KORA).





Collectively they have nearly 30 years of professional experience in the use of camera trapping for wildlife research, and have worked on a range of species, habitat and study types.