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E-raamat: Carbon: The Black, the Gray and the Transparent

  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Oct-2017
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319664057
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Carbon: The Black, the Gray and the TransparentSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Oct-2017
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319664057
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All living things contain carbon in some form, as it is the primary component of macromolecules including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), and carbohydrates. As a matter of fact, it is the backbone of all organic (chemistry) compounds forming different kinds of bonds. Carbon: The Black, the Gray and the Transparent is not a complete scientific history of the material, but a book that describes key discoveries about this old faithful element while encouraging broader perspectives and approaches to its research due to its vast applications. All allotropes of carbon are described in this book, along with their properties, uses, and methods of procurement or manufacturing. Black carbon is represented by coal, gray carbon is represented by graphite, and transparent carbon is represented by diamond.

1 Carbon (C) the Nacre and Its Allotropes
1(46)
1.1 Coal
6(1)
1.2 Graphite
7(1)
1.3 Fullerene
7(2)
1.4 Diamond
9(2)
1.5 Soot and Light-Absorbing Carbon (LAC)
11(2)
1.6 Carbon Cycle
13(1)
1.7 Photosynthesis
13(2)
1.8 Enzymes
15(2)
1.9 Bio-organic--Inorganic Materials
17(5)
1.10 Polymers
22(3)
1.11 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
25(1)
1.12 Organic Molecules
26(5)
1.13 Proteins
31(5)
1.14 DNA
36(2)
1.15 DNA and Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
38(2)
1.16 Summary
40(7)
References
41(6)
2 Historical Production and Use of Carbon Materials: The Activated Carbon
47(24)
2.1 Introduction (Activated Carbon)
47(24)
2.1.1 Activated Carbon (AC)
48(5)
2.1.2 Adsorption-Desorption
53(5)
2.1.3 Kinetic Theory of Adsorption
58(1)
2.1.4 Carbon Molecular Sieves (CMS)
59(3)
2.1.5 Applications of Activated Carbon
62(3)
2.1.6 Summary
65(2)
References
67(4)
3 Carbon Composites and Related Metal Matrix
71(18)
3.1 Introduction: History of Carbon Composites
71(1)
3.2 Fabrication of Carbon Composites
72(2)
3.3 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
74(3)
3.4 Composite Carbon Fibers
77(3)
3.5 Metal Matrix Composites
80(5)
3.6 Summary
85(4)
References
85(4)
4 Polymer Families and Their Extended Activities
89(50)
4.1 Introduction
89(2)
4.2 Different Varieties of Polymers and Their Applications
91(4)
4.3 Structure of Special Type of Polymers
95(4)
4.4 Branched Polymers
99(2)
4.5 Different Types of Polymers
101(2)
4.6 Biopolymers
103(7)
4.7 Polymerization and Long-Chain Hydrocarbons
110(4)
4.8 Innovation of a Special Type of Polymer: The Photoresists
114(8)
4.9 Coordination Polymers and Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF)
122(1)
4.10 Fuel Cells
123(4)
4.11 Polymer Electrolytes
127(4)
4.12 Summary
131(8)
References
132(7)
5 Coal, the Black Carbon
139(36)
5.1 Introduction
139(1)
5.2 Types of Coal and Its Structure
140(5)
5.3 Characteristics of Coal
145(1)
5.4 Uses of Coal
146(6)
5.5 Carbon Black
152(6)
5.6 Coal Products
158(5)
5.7 Pyrolysis of Coal
163(6)
5.8 Summary
169(6)
References
170(5)
6 Graphite: Carbon the Gray
175(22)
6.1 Introduction
175(1)
6.2 Graphite Mining, Beneficiation, and Milling
176(4)
6.3 Graphitization
180(2)
6.4 Molded Graphite
182(3)
6.5 Pyrolytic Graphite
185(1)
6.6 Experimental
186(4)
6.7 Nuclear Graphite
190(3)
6.8 Summary
193(4)
References
194(3)
7 Graphene
197(32)
7.1 Introduction
197(2)
7.2 Optical Phenomena
199(10)
7.2.1 Dynamical Conductance
199(5)
7.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy
204(5)
7.3 Photonics and Optoelectronics Applications
209(1)
7.4 Electrical Phenomena
210(3)
7.5 Physical Characteristics
213(4)
7.6 Methods toward the Preparation of Graphene and Its Unique Properties
217(6)
7.7 Summary
223(6)
References
224(5)
8 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
229(30)
8.1 Introduction
229(1)
8.2 CNTs: The Allotropes of Carbon
230(2)
8.3 Construction of the Carbon Nanotubes
232(1)
8.4 Processing of CNTs
233(10)
8.4.1 Arc Evaporation or Arc Discharge Method
234(1)
8.4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition of CNTs
235(3)
8.4.3 Laser Ablation
238(2)
8.4.4 Flame Synthesis
240(1)
8.4.5 Pyrolysis
241(1)
8.4.6 Floating Catalyst CVD
242(1)
8.5 Properties of CNTs
243(4)
8.5.1 Superconductor
243(1)
8.5.2 Optical Properties of CNTs
244(1)
8.5.3 Electrical Properties and Photoconductivity of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
244(3)
8.6 Uses of CNTs
247(3)
8.6.1 Medical Science
247(3)
8.6.2 Use of CNTs in Batteries
250(1)
8.6.3 Chirality-Controlled CNTs
250(1)
8.7 Summary
250(9)
References
251(8)
9 The Transparent Carbon: the Diamond
259(40)
9.1 Introduction (Diamond)
259(2)
9.2 Structure of Diamond
261(1)
9.3 History of Diamond
262(3)
9.4 Early History and Production of Synthetic Diamonds
265(10)
9.4.1 HPHT Process
265(2)
9.4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method (CVD)
267(1)
9.4.3 Characterization of CVD Films
268(1)
9.4.4 Plasma-Enhanced CVD
269(2)
9.4.5 Hot Wire CVD
271(1)
9.4.6 Microwave Plasma-Assisted CVD (MWPECVD)
271(4)
9.5 Growth Mechanism and Properties of Diamond
275(3)
9.6 Nanodiamonds
278(1)
9.6.1 History of Nanodiamonds
278(1)
9.7 Synthesis of Nanodiamonds
279(4)
9.7.1 Low-Pressure CVD
280(1)
9.7.2 Characteristics of Nanodiamonds
280(3)
9.8 Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC)
283(8)
9.8.1 Synthesis of DLC
284(1)
9.8.2 Ion Beam Evaporation
284(1)
9.8.3 Magnetron Sputtering
284(2)
9.8.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)
286(1)
9.8.5 Filtered Cathodic Arc Deposition
287(3)
9.8.6 Special Applications of Diamond
290(1)
9.9 Summary
291(8)
References
292(7)
10 Fullerene
299(16)
10.1 Introduction
299(1)
10.2 Synthesis of Fullerenes
300(5)
10.2.1 Arc Vaporization
300(1)
10.2.2 Laser Ablation
301(2)
10.2.3 Flame Combustion Method
303(2)
10.3 Separation and Purification of Fullerenes
305(2)
10.4 NMR Spectroscopy
307(1)
10.5 Mass Spectroscopy
307(2)
10.6 Optical Spectroscopy
309(1)
10.7 High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
310(1)
10.8 Characteristics of Fullerenes
311(1)
10.9 Doped Fullerenes
312(3)
10.10 Summary
315(1)
References 315
Dr. Tapan Gupta has a Ph. D degree and a M.S degree in solid state physics, with four years undergraduate physics (Hons), mathematics, chemistry, and biology. His postdoctoral training was on polymers chemistry and its applications in CD technology and related devices, such as integrated circuits. He was with the Research and Development department of the Zenith Radio Corp. in Chicago, IL and did research on integrated circuits and related materials (photoresists and metal silicon alloys). His academic qualifications, together with his experience, enable him to teach courses on VLSI and thick thin film hybrid circuits to graduate students at Tufts University, Medford, MA as an Analog Devices Career Development Professor. He has also worked as a consultant at the SIPEX Corporation, where he developed an alloy of silicon and chromium called Sichrome that is currently being used in MOSFET technology.





Recently, Dr. Gupta has been engaged in research within the field of nuclear medicine, funded by the NIH, DOD, NSF, and NIST. He has 79 peer reviewed publications in J. Appl. Phys, Phys. Rev., IEEE Trans on Nuclr. Sci, IEEE Trans. On Comp. Hybrids, and Manuf. Technol., J. Mater. Sci., and Euro. J. Poly. Sci. He has 22 years of teaching and research experience at various universities and industries.
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