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E-raamat: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Acid Gas Injection

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Carbon Dioxide Capture and Acid Gas InjectionSuurem pilt
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This is the sixth volume in a series of books on natural gas engineering, focusing carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and acid gas injection. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters on well modeling, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more.

Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most cutting-edge and state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field.  Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer working with natural gas.   

There are updates of new technologies in other related areas of natural gas, in addition to the CO2 capture and acid gas injection, including testing, reservoir simulations, and natural gas hydrate formations.  Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing series of books meant to form the basis for the working library of any engineer working in natural gas today.  Every volume is a must-have for any engineer or library.

Preface xiii
1 Enthalpies of Carbon Dioxide-Methane and Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen Mixtures: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models 1(38)
Erin L. Roberts
John J. Carroll
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Enthalpy
2(1)
1.3 Literature Review
2(3)
1.3.1 Carbon Dioxide-Methane
4(1)
1.3.2 Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen
4(1)
1.4 Calculations
5(28)
1.4.1 Benedict-Webb-Rubin
6(6)
1.4.2 Lee-Kesler
12(5)
1.4.3 Soave-Redlich-Kwong
17(6)
1.4.4 Peng-Robinson
23(5)
1.4.5 AQUAlibrium
28(5)
1.5 Discussion
33(3)
1.6 Conclusion
36(1)
References
37(2)
2 Enthalpies of Hydrogen Sulfide-Methane Mixture: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models 39(16)
Erin L. Roberts
John J. Carroll
2.1 Introduction
39(1)
2.2 Enthalpy
40(1)
2.3 Literature Review
40(1)
2.4 Calculations
41(9)
2.4.1 Lee-Kesler
41(2)
2.4.2 Benedict-Webb-Rubin
43(1)
2.4.3 Soave-Redlich-Kwong
43(4)
2.4.4 Redlich-Kwong
47(1)
2.4.5 Peng-Robinson
47(3)
2.4.6 AQUAlibrium
50(1)
2.5 Discussion
50(2)
2.6 Conclusion
52(2)
References
54(1)
3 Phase Behavior and Reaction Thermodynamics Involving Dense-Phase CO2 Impurities 55(8)
J.A. Commodore
C.E. Deering
R.A. Marriott
3.1 Introduction
55(2)
3.2 Experimental
57(1)
3.3 Results and Discussion
58(3)
3.3.1 Phase Behavior Studies of SO2 Dissolved in Dense CO2 Fluid
58(2)
3.3.2 The Densimetric Properties of CS2 and CO2 Mixtures
60(1)
References
61(2)
4 Sulfur Recovery in High Density CO2 Fluid 63(8)
S. Lee
R.A. Marriott
4.1 Introduction
64(1)
4.2 Literature Review
64(1)
4.3 Methodology
65(1)
4.4 Results and Discussion
66(1)
4.5 Conclusion and Future Directions
67(1)
References
68(3)
5 Carbon Capture Performance of Seven Novel Immidazolium and Pyridinium Based Ionic Liquids 71(20)
Mohamed Zoubeik
Mohanned Mohamedali
Amr Henni
5.1 Introduction
71(2)
5.2 Experimental Work
73(3)
5.2.1 Materials
73(1)
5.2.2 Density Measurement
73(1)
5.2.3 Solubility Measurement
73(3)
5.3 Modeling
76(1)
5.3.1 Calculation of Henry's Law Constants
76(1)
5.3.2 Critical Properties Calculations
76(1)
5.3.3 Peng Robinson EoS
76(1)
5.4 Results and Discussion
77(10)
5.4.1 Density
77(1)
5.4.2 Critical Properties
77(1)
5.4.3 CO2 Solubility
78(3)
5.4.4 The Effect of Changing the Cation
81(3)
5.4.5 The Effect of Changing the Anion
84(1)
5.4.6 Henry's Law Constant, Enthalpy and Entropy Calculations
85(1)
5.4.7 Thermodynamic Modeling of CO2 Solubility
86(1)
5.5 Conclusion
87(1)
Acknowledgements
88(1)
References
88(3)
6 Vitrisol® a 100% Selective Process for H2S Removal in the Presence of CO2 91(36)
W.N. Wermink
N. Ramachandran
G.F. Versteeg
6.1 Introduction
92(2)
6.2 Case Definition
94(1)
6.3 "Amine-Treated" Cases by PPS
95(4)
6.3.1 Introduction to PPS
95(1)
6.3.2 Process Description
96(1)
6.3.3 PFD
97(1)
6.3.4 Results
97(2)
6.3.4.1 Case 1
97(1)
6.3.4.2 Case 2
97(2)
6.4 Vitrisol® Process Extended with Regeneration of Active Component
99(6)
6.4.1 Technology Description
99(1)
6.4.2 Parameters Determining the Process Boundary Conditions
99(2)
6.4.3 Absorption Section
101(1)
6.4.4 Regeneration Section
102(2)
6.4.5 Sulphur Recovery Section
104(1)
6.4.6 CO2-Absorber
105(1)
6.4.7 PFD
105(1)
6.5 Results
105(5)
6.6 Discussion
110(3)
6.6.1 Comparison of Amine Treating Solutions to Vitrisol®
110(2)
6.6.2 Enhanced H2S Removal of Barnett Shale Gas (case 2)
112(1)
6.7 Conclusions
113(2)
6.8 Notation
115(1)
References
115(2)
Appendix 6-A: H&M Balance of Case 1 (British Columbia shale) of the Amine Process
117(2)
Appendix 6-B: H&M Balance of Case 2a (Barnett shale) of the Amine Process with Stripper Promoter
119(2)
Appendix 6-C: H&M Balance of Case 3 (Barnett shale) of the Amine Process (MEA)
121(2)
Appendix 6-D: H&M Balance of Case 1 (British Columbia shale) of the Vitrisol® process
123(2)
Appendix 6-E: H&M Balance of Case 2 (Barnett shale) of the Vitrisol® Process
125(2)
7 New Amine Based Solvents for Acid Gas Removal 127(20)
Yohann Coulier
Elise El Ahmar
Jean-Yves Coxam
Elise Provost
Didier Dalmazzone
Patrice Paricaud
Christophe Coquelet
Karine Ballerat-Busserolles
7.1 Introduction
128(3)
7.2 Chemicals and Materials
131(1)
7.3 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria
131(6)
7.3.1 LLE in {methylpiperidines - H20} and {methylpiperidines - H20- CO2}
131(4)
7.3.2 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Ternary Systems {Amine - H20- Glycol}
135(1)
7.3.3 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of the Quaternary Systems {CO2- NMPD - TEG - H20}
136(1)
7.4 Densities and Heat Capacities of Ternary Systems {NMPD - H20- Glycol}
137(2)
7.4.1 Densities
137(1)
7.4.2 Specific Heat Capacities
137(2)
7.5 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Ternary Systems {NMPD - TEG - H20- CO2}
139(1)
7.6 Enthalpies of Solution
140(3)
7.7 Discussion and Conclusion
143(1)
Acknowledgments
143(1)
References
144(3)
8 Improved Solvents for CO2 Capture by Molecular Simulation Methodology 147(14)
William R. Smith
8.1 Introduction
147(2)
8.2 Physical and Chemical Models
149(1)
8.3 Molecular-Level Models and Algorithms for Thermodynamic Property Predictions
150(3)
8.4 Molecular-Level Models and Methodology for MEA-H2O-CO2
153(4)
8.4.1 Extensions to Other Alkanolamine Solvents and Their Mixtures
155(2)
Acknowledgements
157(1)
References
157(4)
9 Strategies for Minimizing Hydrocarbon Contamination in Amine Acid Gas for Reinjection 161(24)
Mike Sheilan
Ben Spooner
David Engel
9.1 Introduction
162(1)
9.2 Amine Sweetening Process
162(2)
9.3 Hydrocarbons in Amine
164(2)
9.4 Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Acid Gas Reinjection System
166(1)
9.5 Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Amine Plant
167(4)
9.6 Minimizing Hydrocarbon Content in Amine Acid Gas
171(12)
9.6.1 Option
1. Optimization of the Amine Plant Operation
171(5)
9.6.2 Option
2. Amine Flash Tanks
176(2)
9.6.3 Option
3. Rich Amine Liquid Coalescers
178(2)
9.6.4 Option
4. Use of Skimming Devices
180(2)
9.6.5 Option
5. Technological Solutions
182(1)
References
183(2)
10 Modeling of Transient Pressure Response for CO2 Flooding Process by Incorporating Convection and Diffusion Driven Mass Transfer 185(14)
Jianli Li
Gang Zhao
10.1 Introduction
186(1)
10.2 Model Development
187(4)
10.2.1 Pressure Diffusion
187(1)
10.2.2 Mass Transfer
188(2)
10.2.3 Solutions
190(1)
10.3 Results and Discussion
191(5)
10.3.1 Flow Regimes
191(1)
10.3.2 Effect of Mass Transfer
192(3)
10.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis
195(28)
10.3.3.1 CO2 Bank
195(1)
10.3.3.2 Reservoir Outer Boundary
196(1)
10.4 Conclusions
196(1)
Acknowledgments
197(1)
References
197(2)
11 Well Modeling Aspects of CO2 Sequestration 199(22)
Liaqat Ali
Russell E. Bentley
11.1 Introduction
199(1)
11.2 Delivery Conditions
200(1)
11.3 Reservoir and Completion Data
201(1)
11.4 Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) and Injectivity Index
201(1)
11.5 Equation of State (EOS)
202(3)
11.6 Vertical Flow Performance (VFP) Curves
205(3)
11.7 Impact of the Well Deviation on CO2 Injection
208(1)
11.8 Implication of Bottom Hole Temperature (BHT) on Reservoir
209(4)
11.9 Impact of CO2 Phase Change
213(1)
11.10 Injection Rates, Facility Design Constraints and Number of Wells Required
214(1)
11.11 Wellhead Temperature Effect on VFP Curves
214(2)
11.12 Effect of Impurities in CO2 on VFP Curves
216(1)
11.13 Concluding Remarks
217(1)
Conversion Factors
218(1)
References
218(3)
12 Effects of Acid Gas Reinjection on Enhanced Natural Gas Recovery and Carbon Dioxide Geological Storage: Investigation of the Right Bank of the Amu Darya River 221(24)
Qi Li
Xiaying Li
Zhiyong Niu
Dongqin Kuang
Jianli Ma
Xuehao Liu
Yankun Sun
Xiaochun Li
12.1 Introduction
222(1)
12.2 The Amu Darya Right Bank Gas Reservoirs in Turkmenistan
223(1)
12.3 Model Development
223(4)
12.3.1 State equation
224(1)
12.3.1.1 Introduction of Traditional PR State Equation
224(1)
12.3.1.2 Modifications for the Vapor-Aqueous System
224(1)
12.3.2 Salinity
225(1)
12.3.3 Diffusion
226(1)
12.3.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients
226(1)
12.3.3.2 The Cross-Phase Diffusion Coefficients
226(1)
12.4 Simulation Model
227(3)
12.4.1 Model Parameters
227(1)
12.4.2 Grid-Sensitive Research of the Model
227(3)
12.4.3 The Development and Exploitation Mode
230(1)
12.5 Results and Discussion
230(9)
12.5.1 Reservoir Pressure
230(2)
12.5.2 Gas Sequestration
232(3)
12.5.3 Production
235(3)
12.5.4 Recovery Ratio and Recovery Percentage
238(1)
12.6 Conclusions
239(1)
12.7 Acknowledgments
240(1)
References
241(4)
Index 245
Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to 1999 she was an Assistant Professor and Researcher at Southwest Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in Petroleum Engineering from the SWPU and her BSc in Petroleum Engineering from Daqing Petroleum University in Heilongjiang, China. John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng is the Director, Geostorage Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering, Ltd. in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick in Canada.?His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the author or co-author of 50 technical publications and about 40 technical presentations.
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