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E-raamat: Carrier's Liability for Deck Cargo: A Comparative Study on English and Nordic Law with General Remarks for Future Legislation

  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs 33
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-May-2015
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783662468517
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Carrier's Liability for Deck Cargo: A Comparative Study on English and Nordic Law with General Remarks for Future LegislationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs 33
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-May-2015
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783662468517
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This book deals with the carrier’s liability for deck cargo in the Nordic countries and England as state parties of the Hague-Visby Rules. The comparative method serves to illustrate two widely differing methods of dealing with, first, the exclusion of certain deck cargo from the scope of the Hague-Visby Rules and, second, where not excluded, the Rules failure to include a special deck cargo liability regime. Various solutions similar to the English or Nordic approach, or a combination of the two, have also been adopted in a large number of other jurisdictions. Taking into consideration the massive quantities of cargo that are carried on deck today, the subject is more topical than ever.

The complexity of the problem stems from the way in which the deck has, over the years, gradually become a common place to stow cargo. When the Hague Rules were introduced in 1924, deck stowage was an absolute exception due to the great risks involved. As such, the topic must first be looked at in the context of the shipping realities in which the Hague Rules were drafted and then in terms of today’s shipping realities. The comparative analysis leading up to the author’s conclusions and general remarks for future legislation consists of two parts, the first dealing with the situations in which the carrier is permitted to stow cargo on deck, and the second with the carrier’s liability for deck cargo where he has stowed cargo on deck with, or as the case may be, without such permission.

1 Introduction
1(4)
Reference
3(2)
2 Background
5(10)
2.1 Definition of Deck Cargo
5(2)
2.2 The Impact of Deck Stowage on Other Fields of Law
7(3)
2.2.1 Insurance
8(1)
2.2.2 Letters of Credit (UCP 600)
9(1)
2.3 Why Stow on Deck?
10(1)
2.4 Containerisation
10(5)
References
13(2)
3 Treaty Law
15(16)
3.1 A Brief Chronology: From the Hague to the Rotterdam Rules
16(3)
3.2 Deck Cargo Under the Conventions
19(9)
3.2.1 The 1924 Hague and the 1968 Hague-Visby Rules
19(2)
3.2.2 The 1978 Hamburg Rules
21(3)
3.2.3 The 2008 Rotterdam Rules
24(4)
3.3 Interpretation of International Conventions
28(3)
References
28(3)
4 National Law
31(26)
4.1 Nordic Law
31(18)
4.1.1 The Nordic Maritime Law Collaboration
32(2)
4.1.2 The Earlier Nordic Maritime Codes
34(1)
4.1.2.1 The Fifth
Chapter: On the Carriage of Goods
35(1)
4.1.2.2 When Goods Could Be Carried on Deck
36(2)
4.1.2.3 Liability for Deck Cargo
38(1)
4.1.2.3.1 Exclusion of Liability
38(3)
4.1.2.3.2 When the Contract Was Not Excluded from the 1891 Code
41(1)
4.1.2.3.2.1 Authorised Deck Carriage
41(1)
4.1.2.3.2.2 Unauthorised Deck Stowage
42(1)
4.1.2.4 The Need for a Reform
42(1)
4.1.3 General Features of the Current 1994 Nordic Maritime Codes
43(1)
4.1.4
Chapter 13 on the Carriage of General Cargo
43(1)
4.1.4.1 Scope of Application
44(1)
4.1.4.2 A Grey Area Between
Chapters 13 and 14
45(1)
4.1.4.3 The Hague-Visby Rules Dressed in the Clothing of the Hamburg Rules
46(2)
4.1.4.4 Two Brief Points on the Interpretation of
Chapter 13
48(1)
4.1.4.5 Adoption of the Rotterdam Rules?
48(1)
4.2 English Law
49(8)
4.2.1 Common Law
49(1)
4.2.1.1 One Default Regime and One Collection of Principles of Interpretation
49(1)
4.2.1.2 When the Hague Rules Regime Has Been Incorporated Purely by Contract
50(1)
4.2.2 Statutory Law: The 1971 COGSA
50(1)
4.2.2.1 Application by Virtue of Section 1(2)
51(1)
4.2.2.2 Extended Application by Virtue of Section 1(3)-(6)
51(1)
4.2.2.3 The Meaning of Having the Force of Law
52(2)
4.2.2.4 Scope of the Contract Service
54(1)
References
55(2)
5 When Goods May Be Carried on Deck
57(40)
5.1 The Main Rule: Cargo May Not Be Stowed on Deck
58(1)
5.1.1 Nordic Law
58(1)
5.1.2 English Law
58(1)
5.2 Agreement
59(16)
5.2.1 Nordic Law
59(1)
5.2.1.1 How Can the Parties Agree on Deck Stowage?
60(2)
5.2.1.2 Standard Terms in a Bill of Lading: Part of the Contract of Carriage?
62(3)
5.2.1.3 Liberty to Stow on Deck
65(1)
5.2.1.4 Third Party Protection
66(1)
5.2.2 English Law
67(1)
5.2.2.1 The Bill of Lading: Containing or Evidencing the Contract?
68(1)
5.2.2.2 How Can the Parties Agree on Deck Stowage?
69(1)
5.2.2.3 Standard Terms in a Bill of Lading: Part of the Contract of Carriage?
70(2)
5.2.2.4 Liberty to Stow on Deck
72(2)
5.2.2.5 Third Party Protection
74(1)
5.3 Custom
75(11)
5.3.1 Nordic Law
75(1)
5.3.1.1 What Is Custom?
76(3)
5.3.1.2 Containerised Deck Cargo
79(3)
5.3.2 English Law
82(1)
5.3.2.1 What Is a Custom?
82(3)
5.3.2.2 Containerised Deck Cargo
85(1)
5.4 Law or Statutory Provision
86(2)
5.4.1 Nordic Law
86(1)
5.4.2 English Law
87(1)
5.5 Whether Deck Stowage Against an Express Agreement Can Be Authorised by Custom or Law
88(1)
5.6 Conclusions
89(8)
5.6.1 Summary
89(1)
5.6.2 Observations
90(1)
5.6.2.1 Liberty Clauses
91(2)
5.6.2.2 Containerised Cargo
93(1)
References
94(3)
6 Liability for Deck Cargo
97(72)
6.1 The Nordic (Statutory) Approach: A Special Deck Cargo Liability Regime
98(25)
6.1.1 Liability for Authorised Deck Cargo
99(1)
6.1.1.1 Presumption of Liability
100(3)
6.1.1.2 The Carrier's Obligations Towards the Shipper
103(1)
6.1.1.3 The Standard of Care
104(2)
6.1.1.4 Special Risk Involved in Deck Stowage v. Negligence
106(2)
6.1.1.5 The Carrier's Duty to Examine Containers Packed by the Shipper
108(4)
6.1.1.6 Two Carrier Liability Reliefs
112(1)
6.1.1.6.1 Exclusion of Liability: Damage Caused by Error in Navigation or Fire
112(2)
6.1.1.6.2 Limitation of Liability
114(1)
6.1.1.6.2.1 Package or Unit?
115(1)
6.1.1.6.2.2 The Relevant Package or Unit in the Case of Consolidated Goods
116(3)
6.1.2 Liability for Unauthorised Deck Cargo
119(1)
6.1.2.1 "Exclusively" a Consequence of the Deck Carriage
119(2)
6.1.2.2 Unauthorised Deck Stowage: A Fundamental Breach of Contract?
121(1)
6.1.3 Liability for Cargo Carried on Deck Contrary to an Express Agreement
122(1)
6.2 The English (Judicial) Approach: Freedom of Contract with Certain Restrictions
123(33)
6.2.1 Deck Cargo Falling Under the Mandatory Scope of the 1971 COGS A
124(1)
6.2.1.1 First Exception: Application Through Art. 1(c)
124(1)
6.2.1.2 Second Exception: Application Through Incorporation
125(1)
6.2.2 Liability Under Common Law
125(1)
6.2.2.1 The Default Regime
126(1)
6.2.2.2 Principles of Interpretation
127(1)
6.2.2.2.1 The Duty to Care for the Cargo
128(1)
6.2.2.2.2 The Duty to Provide a Seaworthy Vessel
128(1)
6.2.2.2.3 The Duty Not to Deviate
129(1)
6.2.2.3 The Doctrine of Deviation: From Rule of Law to Principle of Interpretation?
130(1)
6.2.2.3.1 The Doctrine of Fundamental Breach
131(1)
6.2.2.3.2 Does Deviation Compose a Special Case?
132(1)
6.2.2.3.3 The Further Issue of Unauthorised Deck Carriage as a "Quasi-Deviation"
133(1)
6.2.2.3.4 As a Principle of Interpretation
134(1)
6.2.2.4 The 1977 UCTA
134(1)
6.2.3 Liability Under the 1971 COGSA
135(1)
6.2.3.1 The Hague-Visby Catalogue
135(2)
6.2.3.1.1 The Allocation of Proof in Theory
137(2)
6.2.3.1.2 The Allocation of Proof in Practice
139(1)
6.2.3.2 The Carrier's Obligations Towards the Shipper
140(3)
6.2.3.3 The Standard of Care
143(1)
6.2.3.4 When Deck Stowage Is Negligent
144(2)
6.2.3.5 Special Risk Involved in Deck Stowage v. Negligence
146(2)
6.2.3.6 The Carrier's Duty to Examine Containers Packed by the Shipper
148(1)
6.2.3.7 Two Carrier Liability Reliefs
149(1)
6.2.3.7.1 Exclusion of Liability: Damage Caused by Error in Navigation or Fire
149(2)
6.2.3.7.2 Liability Limitation
151(1)
6.2.3.7.2.1 "In Any Event"
152(1)
6.2.3.7.2.2 Package or Unit?
153(1)
6.2.3.7.2.3 The Relevant Package or Unit in the Case of Consolidated Goods
154(2)
6.3 Conclusions
156(13)
6.3.1 Comparative Evaluation
157(1)
6.3.1.1 A Presumed Liability Regime
158(1)
6.3.1.1.1 A Catalogue of Illusionary Reliefs of the Burden of Proof
158(2)
6.3.1.1.2 A Not-so-Special "Special Deck Cargo Liability Regime"
160(1)
6.3.1.2 Limitation of Liability
161(3)
6.3.1.3 Exclusion of Liability
164(1)
6.3.2 Legislative Recommendations
164(2)
References
166(3)
Table of Cases 169(8)
About the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs at the University of Hamburg 177
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