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E-raamat: Castable Polyurethane Elastomers

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-May-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498726399
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Castable Polyurethane ElastomersSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-May-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498726399
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Castable Polyurethane Elastomers is a practical guide to the production of castable polyurethane articles, from simple doorstops to complex items used in the military and nuclear industries. The book shows the progression from raw materials to prepolymer production, including the chemistry and functionality of the production processes. It provides a comprehensive look at various problem-solving and processing techniques, examining the selection of different types of systems on both the micro and macro levels. It also discusses curing and post-curing operations, conveying the importance of using the correct property for the application.

Reorganized for better flow, this Second Edition:

  • Describes new methods in the processing of castable polyurethanes
  • Expands coverage of health and safety aspects
  • Brings all standards up to date

Castable Polyurethane Elastomers, Second Edition explains the production of polyurethane components, filling the gap between pure chemistry and trade information.

Arvustused

"Whether you are an experienced technologist or a beginner, this how-to book will serve as your bible. Castable polyurethane elastomers are an important and growing worldwide industry. The extent of the growth is due to constant improvements and innovations in both technology and manufacturing procedures. The reader will benefit from the logical sequence of polyurethane chemistry to the formulation of world-class castable elastomers." Michael Szycher, Ph.D, President, Sterling Biomedical, Inc., Lynnfield, Massachusetts, USA

"Written in simple language for hands-on practice. Provides details of processes and also solutions to problems. Safety and health is emphasized throughout the whole book." Wei Min Huang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

"Whether you are an experienced technologist or a beginner, this how-to book will serve as your bible. ... The reader will benefit from the logical sequence of polyurethane chemistry to the formulation of world-class castable elastomers." FAPU European Polyurethane Journal - July 2015

Preface xiii
About the Author xv
Symbols and Acronyms xvii
I Introduction to Polyurethanes 1(46)
1 Introduction to Polyurethanes
3(10)
1.1 Background
3(1)
1.2 History
3(10)
1.2.1 Timeline
4(2)
1.2.2 Nomenclature
6(1)
1.2.3 Nature of Polymer
6(1)
1.2.4 Applications
6(2)
1.2.5 "CASE" Elastomers
8(5)
2 Chemistry of Polyurethanes
13(34)
2.1 Introduction
13(6)
2.1.1 Background
13(2)
2.1.2 Basic Reactions of Urethanes
15(2)
2.1.3 Side Reactions
17(1)
2.1.4 Polyureas
17(1)
2.1.5 Water Reactions
18(1)
2.2 Raw Materials
19(12)
2.2.1 Polyols
19(3)
2.2.2 Diisocyanates
22(3)
2.2.3 Chain Extenders
25(5)
2.2.4 Other Chemicals
30(1)
2.3 Prepolymers
31(3)
2.3.1 Introduction
31(1)
2.3.2 Prepolymer Variants
31(2)
2.3.3 One-Shot Systems
33(1)
2.4 Urea and Urethane Reactions
34(2)
2.4.1 Introduction
34(1)
2.4.2 Reaction Speed
35(1)
2.5 Chain Extension
36(8)
2.5.1 Urea
36(1)
2.5.2 Urethane
37(1)
2.5.3 Hydrogen Bonding
38(3)
2.5.4 Three-Dimensional Cross-Linking
41(1)
2.5.5 Catalysts
42(2)
2.6 Degradation
44(1)
2.6.1 Prepolymers
44(1)
2.6.2 Polyester Elastomers
44(1)
References
45(2)
II Health and Safety 47(22)
3 Health and Safety
49(20)
3.1 Introduction
49(1)
3.1.1 Rationale
49(1)
3.1.2 Work Environment
50(1)
3.1.3 Acute Exposure
50(1)
3.1.4 Chronic Exposure
50(1)
3.2 Workplace
50(3)
3.2.1 Information Sources
51(2)
3.2.2 Signage
53(1)
3.3 Prepolymer Preparation
53(7)
3.3.1 Isocyanate
53(1)
3.3.2 Polyols
54(1)
3.3.3 Prepolymers
55(1)
3.3.4 Curatives
55(1)
3.3.5 Catalysts
56(1)
3.3.6 Other Additives
57(1)
3.3.7 Solvents
58(1)
3.3.8 Heat
59(1)
3.4 Engineering
60(3)
3.4.1 Gasses
60(2)
3.4.2 Workplace
62(1)
3.5 Safety Data Sheet Format
63(4)
References
67(2)
III Processing 69(90)
4 Prepolymer Production
71(28)
4.1 Prepolymers
71(3)
4.1.1 Ease of Production
72(1)
4.1.2 Isocyanate Levels
72(1)
4.1.3 Structure of Polyurethane
73(1)
4.1.4 Reduction in Final Exotherm
73(1)
4.1.5 Easier Handling of Components
73(1)
4.1.6 Final Properties
74(1)
4.2 Laboratory Preparation
74(4)
4.2.1 Equipment
75(1)
4.2.2 Reactions
76(1)
4.2.3 Monitoring Reaction
77(1)
4.2.4 Prepolymer Storage
78(1)
4.3 Commercial Preparation
78(16)
4.3.1 Safety
79(2)
4.3.2 Raw Material Storage
81(1)
4.3.3 Raw Material Preparation
82(2)
4.3.4 Reactor
84(3)
4.3.5 Nitrogen
87(1)
4.3.6 Heating/Cooling
88(1)
4.3.7 Process Control
89(1)
4.3.8 Vacuum
90(1)
4.3.9 Discharging Batch
91(1)
4.3.10 Quality Control and Assurance
92(1)
4.3.11 Typical Process
93(1)
4.4 One-Shot System
94(1)
4.5 Quasiprepolymers
95(1)
References
96(3)
5 Processing Fundamentals
99(26)
5.1 Introduction
99(4)
5.1.1 Process Definition
99(1)
5.1.2 Importance of the Process
99(1)
5.1.3 Changes in Material Properties Before, During, and After Curing.
100(1)
5.1.4 Stages of Curing and Factors Affecting Cure
101(2)
5.2 Introduction to Molding Process
103(4)
5.3 Health and Safety Concerns during Casting
107(1)
5.4 Mold Preparation
108(2)
5.4.1 Molds
108(1)
5.4.2 Cleaning and Repair
109(1)
5.4.3 Mold Release
109(1)
5.4.4 Assembly
110(1)
5.5 Batch Size Adjustment
110(1)
5.5.1 Quantity of Polyurethane
110(1)
5.5.2 Weight Calculations
110(1)
5.6 Prepolymer
111(5)
5.6.1 Calculations
114(2)
5.7 Pigments and Additives
116(1)
5.8 Curatives
117(2)
5.9 Degassing
119(1)
5.10 Mixing and Casting
120(3)
5.10.1 Premixing
120(1)
5.10.2 Curatives
121(1)
5.10.3 Mixing
121(1)
5.10.4 Casting
122(1)
5.11 Curing and Post Curing
123(2)
6 Processing
125(20)
6.1 Molding Methods
125(5)
6.1.1 Rotational Casting
125(1)
6.1.2 Centrifugal Casting
126(1)
6.1.3 Vacuum Casting
127(1)
6.1.4 Compression Molding
127(2)
6.1.5 Liquid Injection
129(1)
6.1.6 Complex Shapes
129(1)
6.2 Bonding
130(3)
6.2.1 Precasting Preparation
130(1)
6.2.2 Chemical Treatment
131(1)
6.2.3 Bonding Primer
132(1)
6.2.4 Casting and Curing of Bonded Prepolymer
132(1)
6.2.5 Post Casting
133(1)
6.2.6 General
133(1)
6.3 Finishing
133(5)
6.3.1 Differences from Metals
134(1)
6.3.2 Machining Conditions
135(3)
6.3.3 Painting
138(1)
6.4 Plasticized Polyurethanes
138(2)
6.5 Epoxy Polyurethane Blends
140(2)
6.5.1 Curing Basics
140(1)
6.5.2 Processing
141(1)
6.6 Cellular Polyurethane Elastomers
142(3)
6.6.1 Rationale
143(1)
6.6.2 Basic Methods
143(1)
6.6.3 Quasiprepolymer and the One-Shot Route
144(1)
7 Polyurethane Processing Problems
145(14)
7.1 Introduction
145(1)
7.2 Observed Problems with Potential Causes
145(3)
7.3 General Problem Solving
148(4)
7.3.1 Avoid Forming Air Pockets
148(1)
7.3.2 Casting Technique
148(1)
7.3.3 Curative Contamination
149(1)
7.3.4 Dirty Molds
149(1)
7.3.5 High Exotherm
149(1)
7.3.6 Insufficient Cure
150(1)
7.3.7 Green Strength, Low
150(1)
7.3.8 Low NCO Level
150(1)
7.3.9 Mixing. Poor
150(1)
7.3.10 Off-Ratio
151(1)
7.3.11 Ratios
152(1)
7.3.12 Temperature Incorrect
152(1)
7.4 Mold Design
152(3)
7.4.1 Use the Right Material and Finish for the Job
154(1)
7.4.2 Demolding Problems
154(1)
7.4.3 Shrinkage of System
154(1)
7.5 Bond Failure
155(6)
7.5.1 Bond Failures at the Metal-to-Primer Interface
155(1)
7.5.2 Bond Failures at the Polyurethane — Cement Interface
155(4)
IV Properties 159(86)
8 Properties
161(32)
8.1 Introduction
161(2)
8.1.1 Type of Backbone
161(1)
8.1.2 Backbone Length
162(1)
8.1.3 Type of Isocyanate
162(1)
8.1.4 Ratio of Reactants
162(1)
8.1.5 Type and Concentration of Curative
163(1)
8.1.6 Final Processing Conditions
163(1)
8.2 Physical Properties
163(12)
8.2.1 Temperature
163(2)
8.2.2 Resilience
165(2)
8.2.3 Thermal Conductivity
167(1)
8.2.4 Stress-Strain Properties
167(2)
8.2.5 Compressive Strain
169(1)
8.2.6 Hardness
170(1)
8.2.7 Tensile Strength
171(1)
8.2.8 Tear Strength
172(1)
8.2.9 Coefficient of Friction
173(1)
8.2.10 Compression Set
173(1)
8.2.11 Permeability to Water
174(1)
8.3 Environmental
175(3)
8.3.1 Thermal
175(2)
8.3.2 Ozone Resistance
177(1)
8.3.3 Hydrolysis
177(1)
8.4 Electrical
178(2)
8.5 Radiation
180(1)
8.6 Chemical
181(5)
8.6.1 Inorganic Chemicals
181(2)
8.6.2 Organic Chemicals
183(3)
8.7 Wear
186(5)
8.7.1 Abrasive Wear
186(2)
8.7.2 Erosive Wear
188(3)
8.7.3 Summary
191(1)
References
191(2)
9 Applications
193(18)
9.1 Introduction
193(1)
9.2 Major Type and Grade Selection
194(2)
9.3 Polyurethane's Role in the Materials Field
196(4)
9.3.1 Comparison to Metals
196(1)
9.3.2 Advantages over Plastics
197(1)
9.3.3 Advantages over Rubber
198(1)
9.3.4 Limitations of Polyurethanes
199(1)
9.4 Polyurethane Selection Criteria
200(8)
9.4.1 Applications in Tension
201(1)
9.4.2 Load-Bearing
201(3)
9.4.3 Applications in Shear
204(1)
9.4.4 Wear Resistance
205(1)
9.4.5 Vibration Damping
206(1)
9.4.6 Electrical
207(1)
9.5 Design
208(2)
9.5.1 Bonding
208(1)
9.5.2 Fillets
209(1)
9.5.3 Shape
209(1)
9.6 Summary
210(1)
10 Tools for Evaluation
211(34)
10.1 Introduction
211(1)
10.2 Verification of Selected Grade
212(1)
10.3 Quality Control Tests
212(5)
10.3.1 Weighing Equipment
212(1)
10.3.2 Temperature
212(1)
10.3.3 Linear Dimensions
213(1)
10.3.4 Density
214(1)
10.3.5 Hardness
215(1)
10.3.6 Curative Level
216(1)
10.3.7 Surface Porosity (Spark Test)
216(1)
10.4 Type Tests
217(20)
10.4.1 Tensile Stress-Strain
217(2)
10.4.2 Set — Tension and Compression
219(1)
10.4.3 Tear Strength
220(2)
10.4.4 Adhesion
222(2)
10.4.5 Shear Tests
224(1)
10.4.6 Compression Modulus
225(1)
10.4.7 Shear Modulus
226(1)
10.4.8 Dynamic Mechanical Testing
226(1)
10.4.9 Resilience
227(2)
10.4.10 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
229(2)
10.4.11 Electrical Properties
231(1)
10.4.12 Environmental Resistance
232(3)
10.4.13 Wear Resistance
235(2)
10.4.14 Dynamic Heat Buildup
237(1)
10.5 Prototype and Service Tests
237(2)
10.5.1 First Part Evaluation
237(1)
10.5.2 Verification of Design
238(1)
10.5.3 Simulated Tests
238(1)
10.5.4 Field Trials
239(1)
10.6 Investigative Research
239(5)
10.6.1 Infrared Studies
239(3)
10.6.2 Gas Chromatography
242(1)
10.6.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
242(1)
10.6.4 X-Ray Diffraction
242(1)
10.6.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
243(1)
10.6.6 Atomic Force Microscopy
243(1)
10.6.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
243(1)
10.6.8 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
243(1)
10.6.9 Size Exclusion Chromatography
244(1)
References
244(1)
V Appendices 245(30)
Appendix A Abbreviations and Trade Names
247(2)
Appendix B Polyurethane Curatives
249(2)
Appendix C Mold Release Agents
251(2)
Appendix D Calculations
253(6)
D.1 Molecular Weight
253(1)
D.2 Equivalent Weight
253(1)
D.3 Equivalent Weight of Blends of Polyols or Curatives
254(1)
D.4 Weight Calculations
255(2)
D.5 Acid Levels
257(2)
Appendix E Isocyanate Calculation
259(2)
Appendix F Chemical Structures
261(12)
Appendix G Applications
273(2)
Glossary 275(12)
Index 287
I.R. Clemitson has worked in the chemical industry for 45 years. Predominantly, he worked in the polymer industry, both in production and development, concentrating on rubbers and polyurethanes. In 1999, he received a masters degree from the University of Technology in Sydney, Australia. His thesis was titled "The Influence of Polyurethane Chemistry on Erosive Wear." During this time, he was working at the R and D laboratory of Warman International in Sydney, Australia doing research into polyurethanes and other elastomers. In the concluding years of his full-time work, he was employed in the development and manufacture of polyurethane elastomers and foams. He also gave lectures at the local training institute and to industry on aspects of polyurethane and rubber technology. He has authored two books on polyurethane elastomers, namely Castable Polyurethane Elastomers and Polyurethane Casting Primer.
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