Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
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Chapter 1 Contradictions in Optical Phenomena |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 Introduction: Critical Role of Electromagnetic Waves in Advancing Fundamental Science and Various Technologies |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Contradictions and Paradoxes |
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2 | (15) |
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1.2.1 Diffractively Spreading Wave Packet versus Indivisible Photon |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2.4 Mode-Lock Phenomenon |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Dispersion Phenomenon and Time-Frequency Fourier Theorem (TF-FT) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2.6 Polarization Phenomenon |
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10 | (1) |
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1.2.7 Photoelectron Counting, Entangled Photons, Bell's Inequality, etc. |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 Recognizing NIW Property |
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17 | (20) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Evidence of NIW Property from Commonsense Observations |
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17 | (2) |
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2.3 Evidence of NIW Property from Multiple- and Two-Beam Interferometer Experiments |
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19 | (3) |
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2.3.1 Multiple-Beam Interferometer Experiment |
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19 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Two-Beam Interferometer Experiment |
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22 | (1) |
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2.4 Evidence of the NIW Property Built into the Wave Equations |
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22 | (1) |
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2.4.1 NIW Properly Built into Huygens--Fresnel Diffraction Integral |
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22 | (1) |
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2.4.2 NIW Property Built into Maxwell's Wave Equation |
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22 | (1) |
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2.5 Physical Processes behind Energy Redistribution and Redirection |
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23 | (6) |
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2.5.1 Role of Beam Splitter When Poynting Vectors of the Two Superposed Beams Are Collinear and Noncollinear |
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23 | (2) |
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2.5.2 Roles of a Parallel Pair of Beam Splitters When Used as a Fabry--Perot Interferometer |
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25 | (1) |
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2.5.3 A Simple Two-Beam Holography Experiment |
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26 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Locking Independent Laser Array by Near-Field Talbot Diffraction |
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27 | (2) |
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2.6 Conflict of the NIW Property with the Time-Frequency Fourier Theorem (TF-FT) |
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29 | (4) |
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2.6.1 Fourier Decomposition: An Amplitude-Modulated Wave Does Not Contain Fourier Frequencies |
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29 | (3) |
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2.6.2 Fourier Synthesis: Coherent Frequencies Do Not Sum to Create a New Average Frequency |
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32 | (1) |
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2.7 Other Historical Missed Opportunities to Recognize the NIW-Property |
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33 | (4) |
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35 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Emergence of Superposition Effects |
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37 | (18) |
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37 | (3) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.2 Evidence of the NIW Property Built into the Wave Equation |
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40 | (10) |
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3.2.1 Intrinsic Properties of a Wave Equation |
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40 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Intrinsic Time Averaging Built into All Photo Detectors |
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41 | (4) |
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3.2.3 Intrinsic Spatial Fringe Integration Time Built into Most Photo Detection Systems |
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45 | (5) |
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3.3 Critical Role Played by a Beam Combiner; Collinear versus Noncollinear Beam Superposition |
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50 | (5) |
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53 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Diffraction Phenomenon |
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55 | (14) |
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4.1 Introduction: The Huygens-Fresnel Principle |
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55 | (1) |
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4.2 Huygens--Fresnel (HF) Diffraction Integral |
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56 | (1) |
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4.3 Appreciating the NIW Property through Some Basic Diffraction Patterns |
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57 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Dark Fringe Locations Are Not Devoid of EM Wave Energy. Detectors Cannot Absorb Energy from Out-of-Phase Waves |
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59 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Superposed Multiple Beams Do Not Regroup Energy at Bright Fringe Locations |
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61 | (1) |
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4.4 Evolution of HF Integral to an SS-FT Integral or Space--Space Fourier Transforms |
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62 | (2) |
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4.5 A Critique against Incorporating Time-Frequency Fourier Theorem within HF Integral |
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64 | (2) |
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4.6 Visualizing Wave Propagation from Wave Equations |
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66 | (3) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (22) |
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69 | (1) |
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5.2 Grating Response Functions |
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70 | (12) |
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5.2.1 Time-Varying Grating Response Function for a Short Pulse |
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70 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Time-Integrated Grating Response Function for a Short Pulse |
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73 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Time-Integrated Grating-Response Function for Long Pulse δt > τ0 |
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76 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Deriving Traditional Grating Response Function Using a Hypothetical Continuous Wave |
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77 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Deriving CW Response Function Using Delta Impulse Response Function and Fourier Transformation |
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78 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Equivalency of Time-Integrated Pulse Response Function with Classical Concept |
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79 | (3) |
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5.3 Fabry--Perot Response Function |
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82 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Classical Derivation and Background |
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82 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Time-Varying and Time-Integrated Fabry--Perot Response Function for a Short Pulse |
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83 | (3) |
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5.4 Michelson's Fourier Transform Spectrometry (FTS) and Light-Beating Spectrometry (LBS) |
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86 | (5) |
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5.4.1 Fourier Transform Spectrometry (FTS) |
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86 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Light-Beating Spectrometry (LBS) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 "Coherence" Phenomenon |
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91 | (20) |
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91 | (1) |
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6.2 Traditional Visibility and Autocorrelation Due to a Light Pulse or Amplitude Correlation |
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92 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Recognizing the Short-Time Averaging Process Built into the Theory |
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94 | |
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6.2.2 Recognizing Long-Time Integration Process Built into the Theory |
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95 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Autocorrelation Theorem and Mathematical Fourier Frequencies |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (3) |
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6.4 Spatial or Space--Space Correlation |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (2) |
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6.6 Conceptual Contradictions Existing in Current Coherence Theory |
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107 | (2) |
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6.7 Redefining Coherence as Joint-Correlation Effect Experienced by Detectors |
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109 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Mode-Lock Phenomenon |
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111 | (18) |
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111 | (1) |
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7.2 Recognizing Conceptual Contradictions and Ambiguities in the Observed Data of Phase-Locked Lasers |
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112 | (10) |
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7.2.1 Can Superposed Modes Create a New Mean Frequency? |
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112 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Do Spectral Gain Characteristics Influence Mode-Locking Process and Output Spectra? |
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114 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Why Regular CW He-Ne Lasers Show Mode-Lock-Like Pulsations with a Fast Detector? |
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116 | (2) |
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7.2.3.1 Is Synthetic Mode Locking Possible? |
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118 | (2) |
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7.2.4 Can Autocorrelation Data Unambiguously Determine the Existence of Ultrashort Pulses? |
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120 | (2) |
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7.3 Modeling Mode Locking as an Intensity-Dependent Time-Gating Process |
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122 | (7) |
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122 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Model for Spontaneous and Stimulated Photon |
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124 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Modeling the Evolution of Resonant Time-Gating Operation |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Dispersion Phenomenon |
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129 | (18) |
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129 | (1) |
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8.2 Classifying Spectral Dispersion Based on Physical Processes in the Instruments |
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130 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Refractive Dispersion of a Prism Spectrometers and Its Resolving Power |
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130 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Interferometric Dispersion Displayed by Multibeam Fabry--Perot Interferometer and Its Resolving Power |
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131 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Diffractive Dispersion Displayed by a Grating and Its Resolving Power |
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133 | (1) |
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8.3 Physical Origin of Material Dispersion (Frequency Dependent Velocity) |
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134 | (2) |
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8.4 Does Group Velocity Correctly Depict the Broadening of Pulse Propagating through a Dispersive Medium? |
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136 | (11) |
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8.4.1 Phase and Group Velocity for Two CW Waves of Different Frequencies |
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136 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Phase and Group Velocity for N-Superposed CW Waves of Periodic Frequencies |
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138 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Appreciating the Limitation of Propagating Fourier Frequencies of Pulsed Light to Predict the Final Pulse Broadening |
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139 | (4) |
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8.4.4 A Solid Fabry--Perot Etalon to Test the Concept of Group Velocity |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Polarization Phenomenon |
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147 | (16) |
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147 | (2) |
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9.2 Polarization Interferometry: Do EM Wave Vectors Sum Themselves or Do the Detecting Dipoles? |
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149 | (8) |
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9.2.1 Generic Fringe Visibility Function for Two-Beam Superposition |
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149 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Light-Matter Interactions for Different Polarizations |
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150 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Different Possible Models for E-Vector--Dipole Response for Superposition of Two Beams with Same Optical Frequency |
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151 | (6) |
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9.3 Complexity of Interferometry with Polarized Light; Even a Fixed Polarizer Can Modulate Light |
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157 | (2) |
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9.4 Can Orthogonal Beams Combine to Make a Polarized E-Vector If the NIW Property Is Valid? |
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159 | (4) |
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161 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 A Causal Photon without Duality |
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163 | (28) |
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163 | (1) |
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10.2 Historical Origin of Wave--Particle Duality |
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164 | (9) |
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10.2.1 Has Wave--Particle Duality Enhanced Our Understanding of Photons? |
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167 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Has Wave--Particle Duality Enhanced Our Understanding of the Light--Matter Interaction Process? |
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168 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Does a Series of Clicks Validate Indivisibility of Photons? |
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169 | (3) |
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10.2.4 Why Interfering Radio Waves Do Not Produce "Quantum Clicks" |
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172 | (1) |
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10.3 Revisiting Einstein and Dirac Postulates in Light of Planck's Wave Packet and the NIW Property |
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173 | (4) |
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10.3.1 Revisiting the NIW Property |
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173 | (2) |
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10.3.2 Measured Photoelectric Current Contradicts Postulates of Einstein and Dirac |
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175 | (2) |
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10.4 Proposed Model for Semiclassical Photons |
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177 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Causal Photon Model |
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177 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Measuring the Envelope Function of a Spontaneous Photon Wave Envelope |
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178 | (2) |
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10.5 Recognizing Complexities Imposed by Mirrors and Beam Splitters in an Interferometer |
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180 | (1) |
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10.6 Information Carried by Photon Wave Packets |
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181 | (7) |
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10.6.1 Separate Physical Reality of Amplitude and Phase Information Emanating from Double Slit |
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182 | (3) |
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10.6.2 Double-Slit Fringes with Two Different Frequencies through Each One of the Slits. Resolving "Which Way"? |
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185 | (3) |
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10.7 Do We Need to Accept "Wave--Particle Duality" as Our Final Knowledge? |
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188 | (3) |
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188 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 NIW Property Requires Complex Tension Field (CTF) |
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191 | (38) |
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191 | (3) |
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11.2 Most Successful Theories Implicate Space as Possessing Some Physical Properties |
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194 | (4) |
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11.2.1 Gravitational Field |
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194 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Space--Time Four-Dimensionality of Relativity |
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195 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Electromagnetic Fields |
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196 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Modern Quantum Theories |
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197 | (1) |
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11.3 Propagation of EM Waves as Undulations of the Complex Tension Field (CTF) |
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198 | (2) |
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11.4 Cosmological Red Shift: Doppler Shift versus a Dissipative CTF |
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200 | (10) |
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11.4.1 Classical Acoustic Doppler Frequency Shifts: Source and Detector Movements Are Separable |
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200 | (3) |
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11.4.2 Relativistic Doppler Frequency Shifts: Source and Detector Movements Are Not Separable |
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203 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Origin of Longitudinal Modes in Gas Laser Cavity Helps Distinguish Doppler Shifts due to Source Moving and Detector Moving |
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204 | (4) |
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11.4.4 Expanding Universe versus Energy Dissipative CTF |
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208 | (2) |
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11.5 Massless Particles as Localized Resonant Harmonic Oscillations of the CTF |
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210 | (8) |
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11.5.1 Four Forces as Gradients Imposed on CTF around Localized Oscillations (Particles) |
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212 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Wave--Particle Duality for Particles and Locality of Superposition Effects between Particle Beams |
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213 | (5) |
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11.6 CTF-Drag and Special Relativity |
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218 | (11) |
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11.6.1 Is CTF Four Dimensional? |
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218 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Positive Fresnel's Ether-Drag, as Measured by Fizeau, Takes Place Only When Water Moves with Respect to the Light Source! |
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219 | (1) |
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11.6.3 Null Fresnel Drag in the Absence of Relative Velocity between the Interferometer Light Source and the Material in Its Arms |
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220 | (2) |
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11.6.4 Do We Really Understand the Physical Significance of the Velocity Addition Theorem? |
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222 | (1) |
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11.6.5 Existence of CTF May Be Corroborated by Atomic Corral Recorded by AFM Pictures |
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223 | (1) |
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11.6.6 Concluding Comments |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 Evolving Scientific Inquiry |
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229 | (38) |
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12.1 Introduction: Why a Chapter on Methodology of Thinking in a Basic Book on Science? |
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229 | (4) |
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12.2 Acknowledging the Outstanding Achievements of Modern Physics |
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233 | (1) |
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12.3 Taking Guidance from Newton |
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233 | (1) |
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12.4 Evolution of Our Exploring Approaches to Understand Nature |
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234 | (9) |
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12.4.1 Prehistoric Thinking (to the Extent We Can Extrapolate) |
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236 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Emergence of Modern Philosophical Approach |
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236 | (3) |
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12.4.3 Physics up to 1850 |
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239 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Rapid Expansion of Modern Physics: 1850 and Forward |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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12.5 Need for Well-Articulated Epistemology for Students |
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243 | (6) |
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12.5.1 Ad Hoc Paradigms Have Been Enforcing Highly Structured Thinking for Generations |
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243 | (2) |
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12.5.2 MDM-E Alone Is Insufficient to Provide Us with Continuously Evolving Guidance |
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245 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Broader Recognition That Progress in Physics Has Slowed Down |
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246 | (1) |
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12.5.4 Framing the Question Determines the Answer, and the Answer Is Never Final |
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247 | (1) |
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12.5.5 Culture: Its Implied Purpose and Limit, Dictating How We Frame Questions |
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248 | (1) |
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12.6 Seamlessly Connecting IPM-E with MDM-E by Dissecting the Measurement and Theorizing Processes |
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249 | (4) |
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12.6.1 Dissecting the Measurement Process |
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249 | (2) |
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12.6.2 Dissecting the Theorizing Process |
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251 | (2) |
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12.7 Highlights of the Book and Its Accomplishments |
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253 | (3) |
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12.7.1 Highlights of the Book |
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253 | (2) |
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12.7.2 Apply Occam's Razor to Reduce the Number of Hypotheses |
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255 | (1) |
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12.8 Congruency between Seeking "Ontological Reality" and "Sustained Evolution" |
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256 | (11) |
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263 | (4) |
Index |
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267 | |