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xii | |
| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
| The Path to Biological Numeracy |
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xxiii | |
| Why We Should Care About the Numbers |
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xxiii | |
| The BioNumbers Resource |
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xxvi | |
| How to Make Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations |
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xxvii | |
| Order-of-Magnitude Biology Toolkit |
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xxix | |
| Rigorous Rules for Sloppy Calculations |
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xxxii | |
| The Geography of the Cell |
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xxxvi | |
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Chapter 1 Size and Geometry |
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3 | (62) |
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5 | (4) |
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How big is an E. coli cell and what is its mass? |
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9 | (3) |
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How big is a budding yeast cell? |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (3) |
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How big is a photoreceptor? |
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17 | (4) |
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What is the range of cell sizes and shapes? |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (4) |
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How big is the endoplasmic reticulum of cells? |
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28 | (4) |
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How big are mitochondria? |
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32 | (2) |
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How big are chloroplasts? |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (3) |
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How big are biochemical nuts and bolts? |
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40 | (3) |
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Which is bigger, mRNA or the protein it codes for? |
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43 | (2) |
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How big is the "average" protein? |
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45 | (5) |
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How big are the molecular machines of the central dogma? |
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50 | (4) |
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What is the thickness of the cell membrane? |
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54 | (3) |
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How big are the cell's filaments? |
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57 | (8) |
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Chapter 2 Concentrations and Absolute Numbers |
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65 | (88) |
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What is the elemental composition of a cell? |
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68 | (3) |
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What is the mass density of cells? |
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71 | (3) |
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What are environmental O2 and CO2 concentrations? |
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74 | (6) |
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What quantities of nutrients need to be supplied in growth media? |
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80 | (4) |
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What is the concentration of bacterial cells in a saturated culture? |
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84 | (3) |
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What is the pH of a cell? |
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87 | (4) |
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What are the concentrations of different ions in cells? |
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91 | (3) |
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What are the concentrations of free metabolites in cells? |
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94 | (5) |
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What lipids are most abundant in membranes? |
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99 | (5) |
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How many proteins are in a cell? |
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104 | (4) |
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What are the most abundant proteins in a cell? |
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108 | (4) |
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How much cell-to-cell variability exists in protein expression? |
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112 | (3) |
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What are the concentrations of cytoskeletal molecules? |
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115 | (5) |
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How many mRNAs are in a cell? |
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120 | (4) |
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What is the protein-to-mRNA ratio? |
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124 | (4) |
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What is the macromolecular composition of the cell? |
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128 | (4) |
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What are the copy numbers of transcription factors? |
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132 | (3) |
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What are the absolute numbers of signaling proteins? |
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135 | (7) |
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How many rhodopsin molecules are in a rod cell? |
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142 | (5) |
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How many ribosomes are in a cell? |
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147 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Energies and Forces |
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153 | (56) |
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What is the thermal energy scale and how is it relevant to biology? |
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154 | (5) |
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What is the energy of a hydrogen bond? |
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159 | (4) |
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What is the energy scale associated with the hydrophobic effect? |
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163 | (2) |
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How much energy is carried by photons used in photosynthesis? |
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165 | (4) |
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What is the entropy cost when two molecules form a complex? |
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169 | (3) |
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How much force is applied by cytoskeletal filaments? |
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172 | (3) |
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What are the physical limits for detection by cells? |
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175 | (7) |
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Energy currencies and budgets |
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How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis? |
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182 | (3) |
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What is the energy in transfer of a phosphate group? |
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185 | (3) |
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What is the free energy released upon combustion of sugar? |
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188 | (1) |
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What is the redox potential of a cell? |
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189 | (7) |
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What is the electric potential difference across membranes? |
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196 | (3) |
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What is the power consumption of a cell? |
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199 | (5) |
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How does metabolic rate scale with size? |
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204 | (5) |
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Chapter 4 Rates and Durations |
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209 | (74) |
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Time scales for small molecules |
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What are the time scales for diffusion in cells? |
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211 | (4) |
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How many reactions do enzymes carry out each second? |
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215 | (5) |
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How does temperature affect rates and affinities? |
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220 | (3) |
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What are the rates of membrane transporters? |
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223 | (3) |
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How many ions pass through an ion channel per second? |
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226 | (2) |
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What is the turnover time of metabolites? |
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228 | (3) |
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Which is faster: transcription or translation? |
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231 | (6) |
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What is the maturation time for fluorescent proteins? |
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237 | (4) |
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How fast do proteasomes degrade proteins? |
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241 | (3) |
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How fast do RNAs and proteins degrade? |
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244 | (5) |
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How fast are electrical signals propagated in cells? |
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249 | (5) |
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What is the frequency of rotary molecular motors? |
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254 | (4) |
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What are the rates of cytoskeleton assembly and disassembly? |
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258 | (5) |
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How fast do molecular motors move on cytoskeletal filaments? |
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263 | (5) |
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268 | (4) |
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How long does it take cells to copy their genomes? |
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272 | (3) |
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How long do the different stages of the cell cycle take? |
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275 | (3) |
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How quickly do different cells in the body replace themselves? |
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278 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Information and Errors |
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283 | (30) |
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284 | (3) |
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How many chromosomes are found in different organisms? |
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287 | (4) |
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How many genes are in a genome? |
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291 | (4) |
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How genetically similar are two random people? |
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295 | (2) |
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What is the mutation rate during genome replication? |
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297 | (6) |
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What is the error rate in transcription and translation? |
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303 | (3) |
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What is the rate of recombination? |
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306 | (7) |
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Chapter 6 A Quantitative Miscellany |
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313 | (22) |
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How many cells are there in an organism? |
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314 | (5) |
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How many chromosome replications occur per generation? |
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319 | (3) |
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How many ribosomal RNA gene copies are in the genome? |
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322 | (4) |
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What is the permeability of the cell membrane? |
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326 | (4) |
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How many photons does it take to make a cyanobacterium? |
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330 | (2) |
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How many virions result from a single viral infection? |
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332 | (3) |
| Epilogue |
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335 | (4) |
| Index |
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339 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta