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E-raamat: Chalcogenide: From 3D to 2D and Beyond

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Edited by (Professor, Korea University, Korea), Edited by (School of Materials Science and Eng), Edited by (Professor, University of Notre Dame, USA), Edited by (Research Associate Professor, University of Notre Dame, USA), Edited by (Associate Professor, University of Notre Dame, USA)
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Chalcogenide: From 3D to 2D and BeyondSuurem pilt
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Chalcogenide: From 3D to 2D and Beyond reviews graphene-like 2D chalcogenide systems that include topological insulators, interesting thermoelectric structures, and structures that exhibit a host of spin phenomena that are unique to 2D and lower-dimensional geometries. The book describes state-of-the-art materials in growth and fabrication, magnetic, electronic and optical characterization, as well as the experimental and theoretical aspects of this family of materials. Bulk chalcogenides, chalcogenide films, their heterostructures and low-dimensional chalcogenide-based quantum structures are discussed. Particular attention is paid to findings that are relevant to the continued search for new physical phenomena and new functionalities.

Finally, the book covers the enormous opportunities that have emerged as it has become possible to achieve lower-dimensional chalcogenide structures by epitaxial techniques.

  • Provides readers with foundational information on the materials growth, fabrication, magnetic, electronic and optical characterization of chalcogenide materials
  • Discusses not only bulk chalcogenides and chalcogenide thin films, but also two-dimensional chalcogenide materials systems
  • Reviews the most important applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics and thermoelectrics
List of contributors
xi
1 The Ubiquitous Nature Of Chalcogenides In Science And Technology
1(30)
J.K. Furdyna
S.-N. Dong
S. Lee
X. Liu
M. Dobrowolska
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Chalcogenides in 3D form
2(7)
1.2.1 Monocrystalline CdTe solar cells
2(1)
1.2.2 II-VI magnetic semiconductors
3(1)
1.2.3 Electronic and optical effects in II1-xMnxVI alloys
4(1)
1.2.4 Miscellaneous II-Vl-based diluted magnetic semiconductors
5(2)
1.2.5 Chalcogenide lead salts
7(2)
1.2.6 Chalcogenide spinels
9(1)
1.3 Two-dimensional chalcogenide structures
9(10)
1.3.1 Epitaxially-formed chalcogenides
9(3)
1.3.2 2D "van der Waals" chalcogenides
12(3)
1.3.3 Interface phenomena in chalcogenide structures
15(4)
1.4 Chalcogenides beyond 2D
19(3)
1.4.1 One-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional chalcogenides
19(1)
1.4.2 Zero-dimensional chalcogenide structures
20(2)
1.5 Concluding remarks
22(1)
References
23(8)
2 Thermoelectric Applications Of Chalcogenides
31(26)
Han Meng
Meng An
Tengfei Luo
Nuo Yang
2.1 Introduction
31(3)
2.1.1 Thermoelectric effect
32(1)
2.1.2 Thermoelectric efficiency
32(2)
2.2 Nanostructure engineering
34(4)
2.2.1 Bottom-up and top-down fabrication
34(1)
2.2.2 Consolidation method
35(1)
2.2.3 Introducing nanostructures
36(1)
2.2.4 Introducing nanoprecipitates
37(1)
2.3 Defect engineering
38(5)
2.3.1 Normal doping
38(2)
2.3.2 Introducing point defect
40(1)
2.3.3 Introducing element deficiency
40(1)
2.3.4 Other approaches
41(2)
2.4 Band structure engineering
43(1)
2.5 Crystal structure engineering
44(5)
2.5.1 Original complex structure
44(1)
2.5.2 Peierls distortion structure
45(1)
2.5.3 Layered structure
46(2)
2.5.4 Increase the degree of orientation
48(1)
2.6 Outlook
49(2)
References
51(6)
3 Lead Salt Photodetectors And Their Optoelectronic Characterization
57(10)
D. Babic
L. W. Johnson
L. V. Snyder
J.J. San Roman
3.1 Introduction
57(1)
3.2 Background
57(2)
3.3 Lead salt detector fabrication
59(1)
3.4 Lead salt detector characterization
60(4)
3.5 Conclusions
64(1)
Acknowledgment
64(1)
References
64(3)
4 Optical Dispersion Of Ternary II---VI Semiconductor Alloys
67(52)
Xinyu Liu
J.K. Furdyna
4.1 Introduction
67(5)
4.1.1 The classical picture of dispersion
67(2)
4.1.2 Electronic band structure and dispersion
69(2)
4.1.3 The phenomenological dispersion model
71(1)
4.2 Optical dispersion
72(11)
4.2.1 Determination of the energy gap EH(x)
73(3)
4.2.2 Indices of refraction n(x)
76(7)
4.3 Theoretical model
83(8)
4.3.1 Semi-empirical model
83(2)
4.3.2 Improvements of SEO model
85(3)
4.3.3 Comparison between various semi-empirical fits for ZnTe
88(3)
4.4 Data analysis and discussion
91(8)
4.4.1 Experimental results for ternary II-VI alloys
91(4)
4.4.2 Summary
95(4)
4.5 Physical interpretation and discussion
99(8)
4.5.1 Physical meaning of fitting parameters
99(6)
4.5.2 Optical dispersion and ionicity
105(2)
References
107(2)
Appendix
109(10)
5 Group-Iv Monochalcogenides Ges, Gese, Sns, Snse
119(34)
Lyubov V. Titova
Benjamin M. Fregoso
Ronald L. Grimm
5.1 Introduction
119(1)
5.2 Crystal lattice and band structure calculations
120(3)
5.3 Electronic band structure
123(3)
5.4 Electronic and optical properties
126(5)
5.5 Nonlinear optical properties
131(6)
5.6 Fabrication: single crystal growth and exfoliation; CVD, growth of 2D nanostructures
137(3)
Acknowledgment
140(1)
References
140(10)
Further reading
150(3)
6 Epitaxial II-Vi Semiconductor Quantum Structures Involving Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
153(36)
S. Lee
M. Dobrowolska
J.K. Furdyna
6.1 Introduction
153(2)
6.2 Magneto-optical properties of ZnSe and ZnTe epilayers
155(3)
6.2.1 Band structure and exciton
155(2)
6.2.2 Exciton transitions in the absence of magnetic field
157(1)
6.3 Landau level transitions and magneto-polaron effect
158(3)
6.4 Composition modulated ZnSeTe sinusoidal superlattice
161(5)
6.4.1 Band structure of superlattice with sinusoidal energy profile
162(1)
6.4.2 Growth of ZnSeTe superlattices with sinusoidal composition modulation
163(2)
6.4.3 Optical transitions in ZnSeTe sinusoidal superlattices
165(1)
6.5 II-Vl-based zero-dimensional structures
166(7)
6.5.1 Spin polarization and relaxation of exciton in QDs
167(4)
6.5.2 Spin-spin interaction between the coupled QDs
171(2)
6.6 II-VI quantum structures involving DMSs
173(5)
6.6.1 Zeeman splitting in II1-xMnxVI DMS epilayers
173(1)
6.6.2 Mapping of exciton localization in QDs
174(4)
6.7 Enhancement of spin polarization in non-DMS and DMS coupled QDs
178(3)
6.8 Summary
181(1)
References
182(7)
7 2D Electron Gas In Chalcogenide Multilayers
189(46)
A. Kazakov
T. Wojtowicz
7.1 Introduction
189(1)
7.2 2DEG in magnetically doped QWs
190(21)
7.2.1 2DEG in low-dimensional heterostructures
190(3)
7.2.2 Spin interactions in chalcogenide DMS QWs
193(2)
7.2.3 Magnetotransport in chalcogenide QWs
195(11)
7.2.4 DMS QW in inhomogeneous magnetic fields
206(3)
7.2.5 DMS QWs under terahertz and microwave radiation
209(2)
7.3 Novel topological phases in chalcogenide multilayers
211(9)
7.3.1 Domain walls and non-Abelian excitations
212(5)
7.3.2 Wireless Majorana bound states
217(1)
7.3.3 Quantum spin Hall effect in HgTe QWs
217(2)
7.3.4 Quantum anomalous Hall effect in HgTe QWs
219(1)
7.3.5 Topological phases in IV-VI materials
220(1)
7.4 Summary and perspectives
220(1)
Acknowledgment
221(1)
References
221(14)
8 Layered Two-Dimensional Selenides And Tellurides Grown By Molecular Beam Epitaxy
235(36)
Xinyu Liu
J.K. Furdyna
Sergei Rouvimov
Suresh Vishwanath
Debdeep Jena
Huili Grace Xing
David J. Smith
8.1 Introduction
235(2)
8.1.1 Motivation
235(2)
8.1.2 A survey of 2D chalcogenides
237(1)
8.2 MBE growth of 2D materials
237(16)
8.2.1 Advantages of MBE growth of 2D materials
237(5)
8.2.2 Growth of layered selenide and telluride films and their heterostructures
242(7)
8.2.3 Cross between 2D and 3D structures
249(3)
8.2.4 Challenges
252(1)
8.3 Physical characterization of 2D materials grown by MBE
253(8)
8.3.1 Electronic structure of 2D materials
253(2)
8.3.2 Phonon properties of 2D materials
255(2)
8.3.3 Other optical properties of 2d materials
257(4)
8.4 Concluding remarks
261(1)
Acknowledgment
262(1)
References
262(9)
9 Tailoring Exchange Interactions In Magnetically Doped II-VI Nanocrystals
271(34)
Rachel Fainblat
Franziska Muckel
Gerd Bacher
9.1 Introduction
271(4)
9.1.1 Theoretical background
272(3)
9.1.2 Outline of the chapter
275(1)
9.2 Two-dimensional (2D) colloidal nanocrystals
275(7)
9.2.1 Giant magneto-optical response in Mn2+-doped CdSe nanoribbons
275(4)
9.2.2 Tuning magnetic exchange interactions by wavefunction engineering in core/shell nanoplatelets
279(3)
9.3 Zero-dimensional nanocrystals
282(7)
9.3.1 Valence-band mixing in doped nanocrystal quantum dots
282(3)
9.3.2 Going to the limit: individual dopants in single nanocrystals quantum dots
285(4)
9.4 At the border between quantum dots and molecules: magic sized nanoclusters
289(5)
9.4.1 Smallest doped semiconductors
289(1)
9.4.2 Doped magic-sized alloy nanoclusters
290(2)
9.4.3 "Digital" doping in nanoclusters
292(2)
9.5 Conclusion and future trends
294(1)
Acknowledgments
295(1)
References
296(9)
10 Chalcogenide Topological Insulators
305(34)
Joseph A. Hagmann
10.1 Introduction
305(7)
10.1.1 The Z2 Topological insulator
306(1)
10.1.2 Mercury telluride quantum wells
307(2)
10.1.3 V2VI3-series 3D topological insulators
309(3)
10.2 Synthesis
312(6)
10.2.1 Mercury telluride quantum well growth
312(2)
10.2.2 V2VI3-series 3D topological insulators
314(4)
10.3 Experimental investigations
318(9)
10.3.1 Spectroscopy
318(3)
10.3.2 Electrical transport
321(2)
10.3.3 Exotic topological states
323(4)
10.4 Summary and outlook
327(2)
References
329(7)
Further reading
336(3)
11 Thermal Transport Of Chalcogenides
339(32)
Meng An
Han Meng
Tengfei Luo
Nuo Yang
11.1 Introduction
339(4)
11.1.1 Basic theory of heat conduction
339(3)
11.1.2 The structure characteristics of chalcogenides
342(1)
11.2 Geometrical effect
343(9)
11.2.1 Dimensional effect
343(3)
11.2.2 Length dependence
346(2)
11.2.3 Single-layer sheet
348(3)
11.2.4 Discussion on the overall trend from single-layer to bulk
351(1)
11.3 Extrinsic thermal conductivity of chalcogenide
352(8)
11.3.1 Strain effect
352(3)
11.3.2 Effect of atomic disorder and defect
355(3)
11.3.3 Anisotropy
358(2)
11.4 Fundamental insight into thermal transport
360(4)
11.4.1 Resonant bonding
360(1)
11.4.2 Lone pair electron
361(2)
11.4.3 Rattling modes
363(1)
11.5 Conclusion and outlook
364(1)
References
364(7)
Index 371
Xinyu Liu is currently a Research Associate Professor at the University of Notre Dame conducting research on spin-based processes in semiconductors and their nanostructures. Prior to his current role, he worked at the University of Notre Dame as a post-doc and research assistant, focusing on magnetic semiconductors and ferromagnetic semiconductor materials. Sanghoon Lee joined the Electrical Materials Engineering Department at Kwangwoon University as a faculty member (2000). At Kwangwoon University he founded the spin functional semiconductor research center”. In 2001 he joined Korea University as an Assistant Professor and was promoted to the rank of Professor in 2008. His current research focuses on the spin related phenomena in semiconductor nanostructures, which include magnetic semiconductor materials growth, characterization of spin property, and semiconductor spin devices. For the last few years, he has served as the Department Chair and the Director of the BK21 plus project. Jacek Furdyna is the Marquez Professor of Physics at the University of Notre Dame. Since the 1960s he has been studying semiconductors with special expertise on epitaxially grown semiconductors and their quantum structures. For the totality of his scientific accomplishments he was awarded honorary doctorates by Warsaw University in October 2002 and by Purdue University in May 2007. In 2009 he was awarded the Nicolaus Copernicus Medal by the Polish Academy of Sciences. Dr. Luo joined Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering in 2012 as an assistant professor after finishing his postdoctoral research in MIT. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan State University and B.S. in Energy and Power Engineering from Xian Jiaotong University. Dr. Luos research focuses on understanding fundamentals of nanoscale heat and mass transfer using computational and experimental techniques and applying the knowledge to the fields of renewable energy, microelectronics thermal management and water treatment. Dr. Yong Zhang is a scientist in the field of High entropy alloys (HEAs) and has published more than 300 research articles. The first body-centred cubic HEA was synthesised with high strength and entropy. He is also a committee member of the amorphous Metals Society, China Materials Research and Nuclear Materials Society. Dr Zhang participated in organizing many conferences on HEAs. He is also a guest professor at the North Minzu University of China. He has been selected as one thousand talents and new century excellent talent of the Ministry of Education. He has edited albums of Serration and Noise Behaviours in Advanced Materials” and Nanostructured HEAs”. The new advances in HEAs”, bcc structured HEAs”, etc. Professor Zhang devoted himself to studying serration behaviour, high-throughput technology and collective effect in materials science.
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