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E-raamat: Character Recognition Systems: A Guide for Students and Practitioners

(Center for Pattern Recognition), (University of Quebec / ÉTS, Montreal, Quebec, Canada), (Institute of Automation at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing), (Concordia University)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Dec-2007
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Interscience
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470176528
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Dec-2007
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Interscience
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470176528
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In many cases, computer systems can now convert written language into digital signals faster and more accurately than humans, and sometimes even cheaper than half-starved Malaysian teenagers. But much remains to be done. Cheriet (U. of Quebec), Nawwaf Kharma and Ching U. Suen (both Concordia U., Montreal), and Cheng-Lin Liu (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing) present a textbook that sets out the basic principles and details the current computational methods of computer character recognition. They speak to graduate students, instructors, researchers, and practitioners. Annotation ©2007 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

"Much of pattern recognition theory and practice, including methods such as Support Vector Machines, has emerged in an attempt to solve the character recognition problem. This book is written by very well-known academics who have worked in the field for many years and have made significant and lasting contributions. The book will no doubt be of value to students and practitioners."
-Sargur N. Srihari, SUNY Distinguished Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and Director, Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition (CEDAR), University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

"The disciplines of optical character recognition and document image analysis have a history of more than forty years. In the last decade, the importance and popularity of these areas have grown enormously. Surprisingly, however, the field is not well covered by any textbook. This book has been written by prominent leaders in the field. It includes all important topics in optical character recognition and document analysis, and is written in a very coherent and comprehensive style. This book satisfies an urgent need. It is a volume the community has been awaiting for a long time, and I can enthusiastically recommend it to everybody working in the area."
-Horst Bunke, Professor, Institute of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics (IAM), University of Bern, Switzerland

In Character Recognition Systems, the authors provide practitioners and students with the fundamental principles and state-of-the-art computational methods of reading printed texts and handwritten materials. The information presented is analogous to the stages of a computer recognition system, helping readers master the theory and latest methodologies used in character recognition in a meaningful way.

This book covers:
*

Perspectives on the history, applications, and evolution of Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
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The most widely used pre-processing techniques, as well as methods for extracting character contours and skeletons
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Evaluating extracted features, both structural and statistical
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Modern classification methods that are successful in character recognition, including statistical methods, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), structural methods, and multi-classifier methods
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An overview of word and string recognition methods and techniques
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Case studies that illustrate practical applications, with descriptions of the methods and theories behind the experimental results

Each chapter contains major steps and tricks to handle the tasks described at-hand. Researchers and graduate students in computer science and engineering will find this book useful for designing a concrete system in OCR technology, while practitioners will rely on it as a valuable resource for the latest advances and modern technologies that aren't covered elsewhere in a single book.

Arvustused

"In the words of Horst Bunke (also from the back cover), 'it is a volume the community has been awaiting for a long time, and I can enthusiastically recommend it to everybody working in the area.' I concur and recommend the book to readers interested either in the general field of OCR, or in a more in-depth treatment of the constituent techniques." (Computing Reviews, March 12, 2008) "Researchers and graduate students[ and] practitioners might find it a valuable resource for the latest advances and modern technologies" (IEEE Computer Magazine, December 2007)

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Figures
xix
List of Tables
xxvii
Acronyms xxix
Introduction: Character Recognition, Evolution, and Development
1(4)
Generation and Recognition of Characters
1(1)
History of OCR
2(1)
Development of New Techniques
3(1)
Recent Trends and Movements
3(1)
Organization of the Remaining
Chapters
3(2)
References
4(1)
Tools for Image Preprocessing
5(49)
Generic Form-Processing System
5(3)
A Stroke Model for Complex Background Elimination
8(13)
Global Gray Level Thresholding
9(2)
Local Gray Level Thresholding
11(1)
Local Feature Thresholding-Stroke-Based Model
12(3)
Choosing the Most Efficient Character Extraction Method
15(4)
Cleaning Up Form Items Using Stroke-Based Model
19(2)
A Scale-Space Approach for Visual Data Extraction
21(9)
Image Regularization
22(2)
Data Extraction
24(5)
Concluding Remarks
29(1)
Data Preprocessing
30(20)
Smoothing and Noise Removal
30(2)
Skew Detection and Correction
32(2)
Slant Correction
34(2)
Character Normalization
36(5)
Contour Tracing/Analysis
41(4)
Thinning
45(5)
Chapter Summary
50(4)
References
51(3)
Feature Extraction, Selection, and Creation
54(75)
Feature Extraction
54(36)
Moments
55(3)
Histogram
58(1)
Direction Features
59(5)
Image Registration
64(4)
Hough Transform
68(2)
Line-Based Representation
70(3)
Fourier Descriptors
73(3)
Shape Approximation
76(2)
Topological Features
78(1)
Linear Transforms
79(7)
Kernels
86(4)
Feature Selection for Pattern Classification
90(14)
Review of Feature Selection Methods
90(14)
Feature Creation for Pattern Classification
104(16)
Categories of Feature Creation
104(1)
Review of Feature Creation Methods
105(13)
Future Trends
118(2)
Chapter Summary
120(9)
References
120(9)
Pattern Classification Methods
129(75)
Overview of Classification Methods
129(2)
Statistical Methods
131(11)
Bayes Decision Theory
131(1)
Parametric Methods
132(6)
Nonparametric Methods
138(4)
Artificial Neural Networks
142(20)
Single-Layer Neural Network
144(4)
Multilayer Perceptron
148(4)
Radial Basis Function Network
152(3)
Polynomial Network
155(1)
Unsupervised Learning
156(4)
Learning Vector Quantization
160(2)
Support Vector Machines
162(9)
Maximal Margin Classifier
163(2)
Soft Margin and Kernels
165(1)
Implementation Issues
166(5)
Structural Pattern Recognition
171(8)
Attributed String Matching
172(2)
Attributed Graph Matching
174(5)
Combining Multiple Classifiers
179(15)
Problem Formulation
180(1)
Combining Discrete Outputs
181(2)
Combining Continuous Outputs
183(7)
Dynamic Classifier Selection
190(1)
Ensemble Generation
190(4)
A Concrete Example
194(3)
Chapter Summary
197(7)
References
197(7)
Word and String Recognition
204(59)
Introduction
204(2)
Character Segmentation
206(8)
Overview of Dissection Techniques
207(3)
Segmentation of Handwritten Digits
210(4)
Classification-Based String Recognition
214(23)
String Classification Model
214(6)
Classifier Design for String Recognition
220(7)
Search Strategies
227(7)
Strategies for Large Vocabulary
234(3)
HMM-Based Recognition
237(13)
Introduction to HMMs
237(1)
Theory and Implementation
238(5)
Application of HMMs to Text Recognition
243(1)
Implementation Issues
244(3)
Techniques for Improving HMMs' Performance
247(3)
Summary to HMM-Based Recognition
250(1)
Holistic Methods for Handwritten Word Recognition
250(6)
Introduction to Holistic Methods
251(4)
Overview of Holistic Methods
255(1)
Summary to Holistic Methods
256(1)
Chapter Summary
256(7)
References
257(6)
Case Studies
263(58)
Automatically Generating Pattern Recognizers with Evolutionary Computation
263(19)
Motivation
264(1)
Introduction
264(2)
Hunters and Prey
266(5)
Genetic Algorithm
271(1)
Experiments
272(8)
Analysis
280(1)
Future Directions
281(1)
Offline Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition
282(19)
Related Works
283(2)
System Overview
285(1)
Character Normalization
286(3)
Direction Feature Extraction
289(4)
Classification Methods
293(1)
Experiments
293(8)
Concluding Remarks
301(1)
Segmentation and Recognition of Handwritten Dates on Canadian Bank Cheques
301(20)
Introduction
302(1)
System Architecture
303(1)
Date Image Segmentation
303(5)
Date Image Recognition
308(7)
Experimental Results
315(2)
Concluding Remarks
317(1)
References
317(4)
Index 321


Professor Mohamed Cheriet is currently Professor of Computer and Electrical Engineering at the University of Concordia. He has published extensively on the subjects of pattern and character recognition, and machine intelligence.

Professor Nawwaf Kharma has been an assistant professor for the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Concordia University since 2000.

Dr. Cheng-Lin Liu worked for Hitachi until the beginning of 2005, and then joined the Institute of Automation at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. He is also a member of the IEEE.

Professor Ching Suen is Director for the Center for Pattern Recognition, working under the fields of artificial intelligence, human-computer communications, and pattern recognition.