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E-raamat: Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging: Advances and Applications

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Edited by , Edited by (Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA), Edited by (Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA), Edited by (Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jan-2017
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  • ISBN-13: 9781315340753
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Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging: Advances and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jan-2017
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315340753
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This is the first textbook dedicated to CEST imaging and covers the fundamental principles of saturation transfer, key features of CEST agents that enable the production of imaging contrast, and practical aspects of preparing image-acquisition and post-processing schemes suited for in vivo applications. CEST is a powerful MRI contrast mechanism with unique features, and the rapid expansion it has seen over the past 15 years since its original discovery in 2000 has created a need for a graduate-level handbook describing all aspects of pre-clinical, translational, and clinical CEST imaging. The book provides an illustrated historical perspective by leaders at the five key sites who developed CEST imaging, from the initial saturation transfer NMR experiments performed in the 1960s in Stockholm, Sweden, described by Sture Forsén, to the work on integrating the basic principles of CEST into imaging by Robert Balaban, Dean Sherry, Silvio Aime, and Peter van Zijl in the United States and Italy.

The editors, Drs. Michael T. McMahon, Assaf A. Gilad, Jeff W. M. Bulte, and Peter C. M. van Zijl, have been pioneers developing this field at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Kennedy Krieger Institute including contributions to Nature Medicine, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Materials, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. As recognition for their initial development of the field, Drs. van Zijl and Balaban were awarded the Laukien Prize in April 2016, established in 1999 to honor the memory of Professor Gunther Laukien, a co-founder of Bruker Biospin GmbH.

Arvustused

"This textbook is very helpful for those who are eager to fully understand the principles and development of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. One strength of this book is in the discussion of probes, and another strength is having Sture Forsén and Robert Balaban describe their early studies. This book will have a great impact promoting the clinical translation of CEST imaging."

Prof. Renhua Wu, Shantou University, China

"This book presents an in-depth and comprehensive description of CEST physics, techniques, and applications. It is in time for the dawn of label-free molecular imaging that explores chemical exchange phenomena the nature offers. It is also a collection of very updated perspectives of the future of CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quite informative, and fun to read for imaging physicists, radiologists, and clinician scientists."

Prof. Ed X. Wu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

"This is an excellent book on CEST MRI with state-of-the-art chapters from thought leaders in the field. It touches on all aspects of CEST: image acquisition methods and data processing, development of exogenous CEST probes, and applications of CEST in clinical and biomedical imaging. A very valuable addition to biomedical imaging canon, and a text that will be beneficial to students and experts alike."

Prof. Peter Caravan, Harvard Medical School, USA

"This book has been edited by faculty from one of the leading centers with extensive experience of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI and is the first to focus exclusively on this specific imaging technique. The authors include many of the leaders in the field, and it belongs on the shelf of anyone seriously involved in CEST work. It has broad breadth of coverage which makes it a go-to reference for overviews of many sub-specialty applications. It is clearly valuable as a standard in the field and I expect it will serve as the essential starting point for in-coming graduate students beginning CEST research and for established researchers delving into a new area."

Dr. Daniel F. Gochberg, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, USA

"This timely book describes the history of the techniques development and the underlying theory and then goes on to review its latest applications. It is a comprehensive and insightful book written by the leaders in the field. It is a must read book for anyone already in the CEST field, or thinking of entering the field and, given the growing popularity of the methods described here, should be read by anybody working in the field of in vivo MR."

Prof. Kevin Brindle, University of Cambridge, UK, Molecular Imaging and Biology, 2017 "This textbook is very helpful for those who are eager to fully understand the principles and development of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. One strength of this book is in the discussion of probes, and another strength is having Sture Forsén and Robert Balaban describe their early studies. This book will have a great impact promoting the clinical translation of CEST imaging."

Prof. Renhua Wu, Shantou University, China

"This book presents an in-depth and comprehensive description of CEST physics, techniques, and applications. It is in time for the dawn of label-free molecular imaging that explores chemical exchange phenomena the nature offers. It is also a collection of very updated perspectives of the future of CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quite informative, and fun to read for imaging physicists, radiologists, and clinician scientists."

Prof. Ed X. Wu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

"This is an excellent book on CEST MRI with state-of-the-art chapters from thought leaders in the field. It touches on all aspects of CEST: image acquisition methods and data processing, development of exogenous CEST probes, and applications of CEST in clinical and biomedical imaging. A very valuable addition to biomedical imaging canon, and a text that will be beneficial to students and experts alike."

Prof. Peter Caravan, Harvard Medical School, USA

"This book has been edited by faculty from one of the leading centers with extensive experience of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI and is the first to focus exclusively on this specific imaging technique. The authors include many of the leaders in the field, and it belongs on the shelf of anyone seriously involved in CEST work. It has broad breadth of coverage which makes it a go-to reference for overviews of many sub-specialty applications. It is clearly valuable as a standard in the field and I expect it will serve as the essential starting point for in-coming graduate students beginning CEST research and for established researchers delving into a new area."

Dr. Daniel F. Gochberg, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, USA

"Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) can be used to detect proteins, peptides, metabolites, and probe molecules in 1H MR images of tissue water, with observation via the water resonance massively increasing the sensitivity of their detection. This timely book describes the history of the techniques development and the underlying theory and then goes on to review its latest applications. It is a comprehensive and insightful book written by the leaders in the field. It is a must read book for anyone already in the CEST field, or thinking of entering the field and, given the growing popularity of the methods described here, should be read by anybody working in the field of in vivo MR."

Prof. Kevin Brindle, University of Cambridge, UK, Molecular Imaging and Biology, 2017

Preface xiii
Section I From The 1960s To The 2010s: How Saturation Transfer Was First Discovered And Then Migrated Into Imaging
1 Discovery of the "Saturation Transfer" Method
3(6)
Sture Forsen
2 Development of Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer in Bethesda
9(8)
Robert S. Balaban
Steven D. Wolff
3 History of In Vivo Exchange Transfer Spectroscopy and Imaging in Baltimore
17(22)
Peter C.M. van Zijl
3.1 Before There Was CEST
17(3)
3.2 Early CEST Experiments
20(4)
3.3 Amide Proton Transfer-Weighted MRI
24(5)
3.4 Expansion of the CEST Efforts
29(3)
3.4.1 Assaf Gilad's Recollections
29(2)
3.4.2 Mike McMahon's Recollections
31(1)
3.5 Translation to Human Scanners
32(2)
3.6 Active Growth in CEST
34(5)
4 Early Discovery and Investigations of paraCEST Agents in Dallas
39(8)
A. Dean Sherry
5 Birth of CEST Agents in Torino
47(10)
Silvio Aime
Section II Pulse Sequence, Imaging, And Post-Processing Schemes For Detecting CEST Contrast
6 General Theory of CEST Image Acquisition and Post-Processing
57(40)
Nirbhay N. Yadav
Jiadi Xu
Xiang Xu
Guanshu Liu
Michael T. McMahon
Peter C.M. van Zijl
6.1 Introduction
57(2)
6.2 Theory
59(19)
6.2.1 Low-Power Irradiation
60(1)
6.2.2 Sensitivity Enhancement
61(2)
6.2.3 High-Power Irradiation
63(1)
6.2.4 Pulsed-CEST
64(3)
6.2.5 Shape of RF Pulses
67(1)
6.2.6 Utilizing texch in LTMs to Extract CEST Contrast
68(2)
6.2.7 Utilizing Labeling Flip Angle to Filter Contrast
70(1)
6.2.8 OPARACHEE
70(1)
6.2.9 FLEX
71(1)
6.2.10 Alternative Ways for CEST Acquisition
72(1)
6.2.10.1 LOVARS
72(1)
6.2.10.2 Steady-state CEST
73(1)
6.2.10.3 SWIFT-CEST
74(1)
6.2.10.4 Ultrafast gradient-encoded Z-spectroscopy
76(2)
6.3 Post-Processing
78(9)
6.3.1 Bo Correction
79(1)
6.3.1.1 Using a pre-acquired B0 map
79(1)
6.3.1.2 Fitting Z-spectral data
80(1)
6.3.2 Asymmetry Analysis
81(1)
6.3.3 Integration of CEST Effect over a Range of Offsets
82(1)
6.3.4 Non-MTRasym Metrics
83(2)
6.3.5 Additional Image-Processing Steps
85(1)
6.3.5.1 SNR/CNR filtering
85(1)
6.3.5.2 Filters for image de-noising
85(1)
6.3.5.3 MTC-based image filtering
86(1)
6.3.5.4 B1 correction
86(1)
6.4 Conclusion
87(10)
7 Uniform-MT Method to Separate CEST Contrast from Asymmetric MT Effects
97(24)
Jae-Seung Lee
Ravinder R. Regatte
Alexej Jerschow
7.1 Saturation of a Spin-1/2 System
98(4)
7.2 Uniform Saturation of a Dipolar-Coupled Spin-1/2 System
102(2)
7.3 Uniform-MT Methodology
104(6)
7.4 Application to Brain MRI
110(4)
7.5 Application to Knee MRI
114(3)
7.6 Summary
117(4)
8 HyperCEST Imaging
121(40)
Leif Schroder
8.1 HyperCEST in the Historic Context of CEST Development
122(4)
8.2 Hyperpolarized Xenon NMR
126(9)
8.2.1 Xenon NMR Conditions Compared to Protons
128(1)
8.2.2 Production of Hyperpolarized Xenon
129(2)
8.2.3 Delivery of hp Xe and Optimized Use of Magnetization
131(3)
8.2.4 Fast Spectral Encoding (Gradient-Encoded CEST)
134(1)
8.3 Xenon Host Structures
135(6)
8.3.1 Tailored Host Structures: Cryptophanes
135(2)
8.3.2 Compartmentalization of Xenon
137(1)
8.3.3 Targeted Hosts
138(2)
8.3.4 HyperCEST Modeling
140(1)
8.4 Phospholipid Membrane Studies/Delta Spectroscopy
141(2)
8.5 Live Cell NMR of Exchanging Xenon
143(4)
8.6 Conclusion
147(14)
Section III DiaCEST/ParaCEST/LipoCEST Contrast Probes
9 Current Landscape of diaCEST Imaging Agents
161(32)
Amnon Bar-Shir
Xing Yang
Xiaolei Song
Martin Pomper
Michael T. McMahon
9.1 Introduction
161(4)
9.2 Molecules with Alkyl Amines and Amides
165(1)
9.3 Molecules with Alkyl Hydroxyls
166(2)
9.4 N-H Containing Heterocyclic Compounds
168(5)
9.5 Salicylic Acid and Anthranilic Acid Analogues
173(3)
9.6 Macromolecules with Labile Protons
176(1)
9.7 Fluorine and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer
177(16)
10 Evolution of Genetically Encoded CEST MRI Reporters: Opportunities and Challenges
193(26)
Ethel J. Ngen
Piotr Walczak
Jeff W.M. Bulte
Assaf A. Gilad
10.1 Introduction
193(5)
10.1.1 Genetically Encoded Reporter Imaging
194(2)
10.1.2 Genetically Encoded MRI Reporters
196(2)
10.2 CEST MRI Contrast Generation Mechanism
198(2)
10.3 Genetically Encoded CEST MRI Reporters
200(8)
10.3.1 Genetically Encoded CEST-Responsive Protein-Based Reporters
203(1)
10.3.1.1 Lysine-rich protein (LRP)-based reporter genes
203(1)
10.3.1.2 Arginine-rich protein (ARP)-based reporter genes
204(1)
10.3.1.3 Superpositively charged green fluorescent proteins
204(1)
10.3.2 Genetically Encoded Enzyme/Probe CEST MRI Reporter Systems
205(1)
10.3.2.1 Protein kinase A
205(1)
10.3.2.2 Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase
206(2)
10.4 Genetically Encoded Hyperpolarized Xenon (129Xe) CEST MRI Reporters
208(2)
10.5 Considerations in Developing CEST MRI Genetically Encoded Reporters
210(1)
10.6 Current Challenges and Future Directions
210(1)
10.7 Conclusion
211(8)
11 ParaCEST Agents: Design, Discovery, and Implementation
219(38)
Mark Milne
Yunkou Wu
A. Dean Sherry
11.1 Introduction
219(3)
11.1.1 History of paraCEST Agents
219(3)
11.2 Lanthanide-Induced Shifts
222(5)
11.3 T1 and T2 Considerations in the Design of paraCEST Agents
227(8)
11.4 Water Molecule Exchange, Proton Exchange, and CEST Contrast
235(3)
11.5 Modulation of Inner-Sphere Water Exchange Rates
238(9)
11.6 Techniques to Measure Exchange Rates
247(5)
11.6.1 Direct Measurement of 1H NMR Resonance Line Widths
248(1)
11.6.2 Omega Plots
249(1)
11.6.3 Bloch Fitting
250(2)
11.7 Summary
252(5)
12 Transition Metal paraCEST Probes as Alternatives to Lanthanides
257(26)
Janet R. Morrow
Pavel B. Tsitovich
12.1 Introduction
257(3)
12.2 Coordination Chemistry of Iron(II), Cobalt(II), and Nickel(II)
260(3)
12.3 NMR Spectra, CEST Spectra, and Imaging
263(7)
12.3.1 CEST Spectra
266(3)
12.3.2 CEST Imaging
269(1)
12.4 Responsive Agents
270(6)
12.4.1 pH-Responsive Agents
270(1)
12.4.2 Redox-Responsive Agents
271(3)
12.4.3 Temperature-Responsive Agents
274(2)
12.5 Toward In Vivo Studies
276(1)
12.6 Summary
277(6)
13 Responsive paraCEST MRI Contrast Agents and Their Biomedical Applications
283(28)
Iman Daryaei
Mark D. Pagel
13.1 Introduction
283(3)
13.2 ParaCEST Agents That Detect Enzyme Activities
286(4)
13.3 ParaCEST Agents That Detect Nucleic Acids
290(2)
13.4 ParaCEST Agents That Detect Metabolites
292(2)
13.5 ParaCEST Agents That Detect Ions
294(2)
13.6 ParaCEST Agents That Detect Redox State
296(1)
13.7 ParaCEST Agents That Measure pH
297(3)
13.8 ParaCEST Agents That Measure Temperature
300(1)
13.9 Future Directions for Clinical Translation of paraCEST Agents
301(10)
14 Saturating Compartmentalized Water Protons: Liposome- and Cell-Based CEST Agents
311(36)
Daniela Delli Castelli
Giuseppe Farrauto
Enzo Terreno
Silvio Aime
14.1 Introduction
311(2)
14.2 Basic Features of lipoCEST/cellCEST Agents
313(12)
14.2.1 Chemical Shift of Intravesicular Water Protons in Presence of Paramagnetic SR
313(10)
14.2.2 CEST Contrast in lipoCEST/cellCEST: Effect of Exchange Rate and Size
323(1)
14.2.3 Liposomes Loaded with CEST Agents
324(1)
14.3 Applications
325(22)
14.3.1 LipoCEST Agents
325(5)
14.3.2 CellCEST Agents
330(6)
14.3.3 Liposomes Loaded with CEST Agents
336(11)
Section IV Emerging Clinical Applications Of CEST Imaging
15 Principles and Applications of Amide Proton Transfer Imaging
347(30)
Jinyuan Zhou
Yi Zhang
Shanshan Jiang
Dong-Hoon Lee
Xuna Zhao
Hye-Young Heo
15.1 Introduction
347(2)
15.2 APT Imaging Principle and Theory
349(3)
15.3 APT Imaging of Stroke
352(3)
15.4 Differentiation between Ischemia and Hemorrhage
355(2)
15.5 APT Imaging of Brain Tumors
357(3)
15.6 Differentiation between Active Glioma and Radiation Necrosis
360(2)
15.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
362(15)
16 Cartilage and Intervertebral Disc Imaging and Glycosaminoglycan Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (gagCEST) Experiment
377(22)
Joshua I. Friedman
Ravinder R. Regatte
Gil Navon
Alexej Jerschow
16.1 Introduction
377(2)
16.2 Composition and Organization of Cartilage
379(2)
16.3 Composition and Organization of Intervertebral Disc
381(2)
16.4 MRI Techniques for Measuring GAG (Other than CEST)
383(2)
16.4.1 Gadolinium-Enhanced Imaging
384(1)
16.4.2 Sodium Imaging
384(1)
16.4.3 T1rho Contrast
385(1)
16.5 GagCEST
385(8)
16.6 Conclusion
393(6)
17 GlucoCEST: Imaging Glucose in Tumors
399(28)
Francisco Torrealdea
Marilena Rega
Xavier Golay
17.1 Introduction
399(1)
17.2 Cancer Metabolism and the Warburg Effect
400(2)
17.3 Imaging Methods Targeting Metabolism
402(1)
17.4 GlucoCEST: The Concept
403(2)
17.4.1 Advantages
404(1)
17.4.2 Drawbacks
404(1)
17.5 GlucoCEST: State of the Art
405(14)
17.5.1 The Origins: GlycoCEST
406(1)
17.5.2 Cancer Studies
407(6)
17.5.3 Brain Studies
413(4)
17.5.4 Alternative Technique for Glucose Detection
417(2)
17.6 GlucoCEST: Good Practices
419(2)
17.6.1 Main Magnetic Field Drifts
419(1)
17.6.2 Timing of Frequency Offsets
420(1)
17.6.3 Offset and Integration Range
420(1)
17.7 Conclusion: Remaining Open Questions
421(6)
18 Creatine Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging
427(20)
Catherine DeBrosse
Feliks Kogan
Mohammad Haris
Kejia Cai
Anup Singh
Ravi P.R. Nanga
Mark Elliott
Hari Hariharan
Ravinder Reddy
18.1 Introduction
427(1)
18.2 Study of Energy Metabolism: 31P MRS
428(2)
18.2.1 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
428(1)
18.2.2 31P MRS versus CEST Imaging
429(1)
18.3 Development of Creatine CEST
430(12)
18.3.1 Definition of Exchangeable CK Amine Protons and Their Exchange Rates
430(1)
18.3.2 CrCEST Phantom Imaging
431(2)
18.3.3 In Vivo CrCEST Studies of Skeletal Muscle Exercise at Ultra-High Field
433(3)
18.3.4 Implementation of CrCEST at Clinical-Strength Field
436(2)
18.3.5 Application of CrCEST in Imaging of Myocardial Metabolism
438(3)
18.3.6 CrCEST Application in Brain Imaging
441(1)
18.4 Summary
442(5)
19 Iodinated Contrast Media as pH-Responsive CEST Agents
447(20)
Dario Longo
Silvio Aime
19.1 Iopamidol as a diaCEST Agent in Preclinical Studies
448(6)
19.2 Iopamidol as diaCEST Agent on a Clinical MRI Scanner (3 T)
454(2)
19.3 lopromide as a diaCEST Agent in Preclinical Studies
456(3)
19.4 Iobitridol as a diaCEST Agent in Preclinical Studies
459(4)
19.5 Conclusion
463(4)
Index 467
Michael T. McMahon, Ph.D, is an Associate Professor of Radiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a Research Scientist in the F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging at the Kennedy Krieger Institute. Dr. McMahon earned his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1999 and was awarded a fellowship to continue his training at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before taking a Research Associate position with Peter van Zijl in 2003. His research at Johns Hopkins University and Kennedy Krieger Institute is focused on the development of diaCEST contrast agents for medical applications and imaging schemes to maximize their potential. Dr. McMahon has been elected to the position of Program Director for the Cellular and Molecular Imaging Study Group at the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) and together with Drs. Gilad, Bulte and van Zijl organized the third CEST imaging workshop (OctoberCEST) in Annapolis, MD.

Dr. Jeff W.M. Bulte, Ph.D, is a Professor of Radiology in the Division of MR Research, with joint appointments in Oncology, Biomedical Engineering, and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering. He serves as the Director of the Cellular Imaging Section in the Institute for Cell Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In 1991, Dr. Bulte obtained his Ph.D. summa cum laude from the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. He then spent 10 years in the Laboratory of Diagnostic Radiology Research at the National Institutes of Health before moving to Johns Hopkins University in 2001. He has won several awards, including an ISMRM Gold Medal and the Torsten Almén Award for Pioneering Research in Contrast Media.

Assaf A. Gilad, Ph.D, is an Associate Professor of Radiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Institute for Cell Engineering. After obtaining his Ph.D. from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel in 2003, he received his postdoctoral training under the supervision of Drs. Jeff Bulte and Peter van Zijl at Johns Hopkins University. In 2007 he joined the Radiology department as junior faculty and has continued to develop new genetically encoded technologies for cellular and sub-cellular molecular CEST imaging.

Peter C.M. van Zijl, Ph.D., is a Professor of Radiology in the Division of MR Research of the Department of Radiology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and the founding Director of the F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging at Kennedy Krieger Research Insitute. Dr. van Zijl received his Ph.D. in mathematics and physics (Physical Chemistry) from the Free University, Amsterdam in 1985. He did fellowships in Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University (1985-87) and in vivo spectroscopy (National Cancer Institute, NIH from 19871990) and was Assistant Professor at Georgetown University from 19901992. He moved to Johns Hopkins University in 1992. Dr. van Zijl is a Fellow of both the ISMRM and the ISMAR. He received the Gold medal of the ISMRM in 2007 for contributions in MR spectroscopy, diffusion imaging, and functional MRI. He is a distinguished Investigator of the Academy of Radiology Research (2012) and in 2016, together with Robert Balaban, received the Laukien Prize for his contributions to developing the CEST field.
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