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E-raamat: Chemicals from Biomass: Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable Development

(Texas A&M University, College Station, USA), (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA)
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Chemicals from Biomass: Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable DevelopmentSuurem pilt
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Chemicals from Biomass: Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable Development helps engineers optimize the development of new chemical and polymer plants that use renewable resources to replace the output of goods and services from existing plants. It also discusses the conversion of those existing plants into facilities that are based on renewable resources that may require nonrenewable resource supplements.

Relying on extensive reviews of biomass as feedstock and the production of chemicals from biomass, this book identifies and illustrates the design of new chemical processes (bioprocesses) that use renewable feedstock (biomass) as raw materials. The authors show how these new bioprocesses can be integrated into the existing plant in a chemical production complex to obtain the best combination of energy-efficient and environmentally acceptable facilities. This presented methodology is an essential component of sustainable development, and these steps are essential to achieving a sustainable chemical industry.

The authors evaluate potential bioprocesses based on a conceptual design of biomass-based chemical production, and they use Aspen HYSYS® and Aspen ICARUS® to perform simulations and economic evaluations of these processes. The book outlines detailed process designs created for seven bioprocesses that use biomass and carbon dioxide as feedstock to produce a range of chemicals and monomers. These include fermentation, transesterification, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and algae oil production. These process designs, and associated simulation codes, can be downloaded for modification, as needed. The methodology presented in this book can be used to evaluate energy efficiency, cost, sustainability, and environmental acceptability of plants and new products. Based on the results of that analysis, the methodology can be applied to other chemical complexes for new bioprocesses, reduced emissions, and energy savings.

Arvustused

" this books detailed approach on a recent topicbiomass utilizationmakes me interested and impressed as well. Especially, a plant simulation with optimization is a daunting task for any biochemical system. the book deals with such a difficult task efficiently and in an easy way to make it acceptable." Dr. Chiranjib Bhattacharjee, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India

"Overall, the book is well written and treats a timely subject with good breadth and depth, sufficient to make the material of practical use. Using biomass in existing chemical production complexes is important. The reason is that there is a great deal of chemical manufacturing infrastructure representing substantial capital that needs to be used gainfully. This makes the case studies very interesting." Heriberto Cabezas, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA " this books detailed approach on a recent topicbiomass utilizationmakes me interested and impressed as well. Especially, a plant simulation with optimization is a daunting task for any biochemical system. the book deals with such a difficult task efficiently and in an easy way to make it acceptable."Dr. Chiranjib Bhattacharjee, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India

"Overall, the book is well written and treats a timely subject with good breadth and depth, sufficient to make the material of practical use. Using biomass in existing chemical production complexes is important. The reason is that there is a great deal of chemical manufacturing infrastructure representing substantial capital that needs to be used gainfully. This makes the case studies very interesting."Heriberto Cabezas, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Series Preface xi
Preface xiii
Authors xvii
1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Research Vision
3(1)
1.3 New Frontiers
4(1)
1.4 Chemical Industry in the Lower Mississippi River Corridor
5(4)
1.5 Criteria for the Optimal Configuration of Plants
9(1)
1.6 Optimization of Chemical Complex
10(3)
1.7 Contributions of This Methodology
13(1)
1.8 Organization of
Chapters
14(4)
1.9 Summary
18(3)
2 Biomass as Feedstock
21(46)
2.1 Introduction
21(4)
2.2 Biomass Formation
25(2)
2.2.1 Calvin--Benson Cycle
26(1)
2.2.2 C4 Cycle
26(1)
2.2.3 CAM Cycle
26(1)
2.3 Biomass Classification and Composition
27(5)
2.3.1 Saccharides and Polysaccharides
27(1)
2.3.2 Starch
28(1)
2.3.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass
29(2)
2.3.4 Lipids, Fats, and Oils
31(1)
2.3.5 Proteins
31(1)
2.4 Biomass Conversion Technologies
32(14)
2.4.1 Biomass Pretreatment
33(2)
2.4.2 Fermentation
35(1)
2.4.3 Anaerobic Digestion
36(3)
2.4.4 Transesterification
39(5)
2.4.5 Gasification/Pyrolysis
44(2)
2.5 Biomass Feedstock Availability
46(19)
2.5.1 Forest Resources
48(1)
2.5.1.1 Forestland Base
48(1)
2.5.1.2 Types of Forest Resource
48(3)
2.5.1.3 Limiting Factors for Forest Resource Utilization
51(1)
2.5.1.4 Summary for Forest Resources
51(1)
2.5.2 Agricultural Resources
52(1)
2.5.2.1 Agricultural Land Base
52(1)
2.5.2.2 Types of Agricultural Resource
53(3)
2.5.2.3 Limiting Factors for Agricultural Resource Utilization
56(2)
2.5.2.4 Summary for Agricultural Resources
58(1)
2.5.3 Aquatic Resources
58(2)
2.5.3.1 Recent Trends in Algae Research
60(3)
2.5.3.2 Algae Species
63(2)
2.6 Summary
65(2)
3 Chemicals from Biomass
67(44)
3.1 Introduction
67(1)
3.2 Chemicals from Nonrenewable Resources
68(2)
3.3 Chemicals from Biomass as Feedstock
70(3)
3.4 Biomass Conversion Products (Chemicals)
73(30)
3.4.1 Single-Carbon Compounds
73(1)
3.4.1.1 Methane
73(1)
3.4.1.2 Methanol
74(2)
3.4.2 Two-Carbon Compounds
76(1)
3.4.2.1 Ethanol
76(11)
3.4.2.2 Acetic Acid
87(1)
3.4.2.3 Ethylene
88(3)
3.4.3 Three-Carbon Compounds
91(1)
3.4.3.1 Glycerol
91(2)
3.4.3.2 Lactic Acid
93(1)
3.4.3.3 Propylene Glycol
93(1)
3.4.3.4 1,3-Propanediol
94(1)
3.4.3.5 Acetone
95(1)
3.4.4 Four-Carbon Compounds
95(1)
3.4.4.1 Butanol
95(1)
3.4.4.2 Succinic Acid
96(2)
3.4.4.3 Aspartic Acid
98(1)
3.4.5 Five-Carbon Compounds
98(1)
3.4.5.1 Levulinic Acid
98(2)
3.4.5.2 Xylitol/Arabinitol
100(1)
3.4.5.3 Itaconic Acid
100(2)
3.4.6 Six-Carbon Compounds
102(1)
3.4.6.1 Sorbitol
102(1)
3.4.6.2 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid
102(1)
3.5 Biopolymers and Biomaterials
103(2)
3.6 Natural-Oil-Based Polymers and Chemicals
105(3)
3.7 Summary
108(3)
4 Simulation for Bioprocesses
111(60)
4.1 Introduction
111(4)
4.2 Ethanol Production from Corn Stover Fermentation
115(13)
4.2.1 Process Description for Ethanol Production from Corn Stover Fermentation
116(3)
4.2.1.1 Pretreatment Section
119(2)
4.2.1.2 Fermentation Section
121(1)
4.2.1.3 Purification Section
122(3)
4.2.2 Process Cost Estimation for Ethanol Production from Corn Stover Fermentation
125(3)
4.2.3 Summary of Ethanol Production from Corn Stover Fermentation
128(1)
4.3 Ethylene Production from Dehydration of Ethanol
128(6)
4.3.1 Process Description for Ethylene Production from Dehydration of Ethanol
129(2)
4.3.2 Process Cost Estimation for Ethylene Production from Dehydration of Ethanol
131(2)
4.3.3 Summary of Ethylene Production from Dehydration of Ethanol
133(1)
4.4 Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Glycerol from Transesterification of Soybean Oil
134(13)
4.4.1 Process Description for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Glycerol from Transesterification of Soybean Oil
137(3)
4.4.1.1 Transesterification Section
140(1)
4.4.1.2 Methyl Ester Purification Section
141(1)
4.4.1.3 Glycerol Recovery and Purification
141(3)
4.4.2 Process Cost Estimation for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Glycerol from Transesterification of Soybean Oil
144(2)
4.4.3 Summary of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Glycerol from Transesterification of Soybean Oil
146(1)
4.5 Propylene Glycol Production from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
147(5)
4.5.1 Process Description for Propylene Glycol Production from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
147(3)
4.5.2 Process Cost Estimation for Propylene Glycol Production from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
150(2)
4.5.3 Summary of Propylene Glycol Production from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
152(1)
4.6 Acetic Acid Production from Corn Stover Anaerobic Digestion
152(13)
4.6.1 Process Description for Acetic Acid Production from Corn Stover Anaerobic Digestion
154(1)
4.6.1.1 Pretreatment Section
154(4)
4.6.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion Section
158(2)
4.6.1.3 Purification and Recovery Section
160(3)
4.6.2 Process Cost Estimation for Acetic Acid Production from Corn Stover Anaerobic Digestion
163(2)
4.6.3 Summary of Acetic Acid Production from Corn Stover Anaerobic Digestion
165(1)
4.7 Ethanol Production from Corn Dry-Grind Fermentation
165(5)
4.8 Summary
170(1)
5 Bioprocesses Plant Model Formulation
171(76)
5.1 Introduction
171(3)
5.2 Ethanol Production from Corn Stover Fermentation
174(22)
5.2.1 Pretreatment (Corn Stover)
175(5)
5.2.2 Fermentation (Corn Stover)
180(1)
5.2.3 Purification Section (Corn Stover EtOH)
181(15)
5.3 Ethanol Production from Corn Dry-Grind Fermentation
196(13)
5.3.1 Pretreatment (Corn)
197(4)
5.3.2 Fermentation (Corn)
201(1)
5.3.3 Purification (Corn EtOH)
201(8)
5.4 Ethylene Production from Dehydration of Ethanol
209(3)
5.5 Acetic Acid Production from Corn Stover Anaerobic Digestion
212(13)
5.5.1 Pretreatment (Corn Stover) Anaerobic Digestion
216(1)
5.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion
217(2)
5.5.3 Purification (Acetic Acid)
219(6)
5.6 Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Glycerol from Transesterification of Natural Oil
225(7)
5.7 Propylene Glycol Production from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
232(3)
5.8 Algae Oil Production
235(4)
5.9 Gasification of Corn Stover
239(3)
5.10 Summary of Bioprocess Model Formulation
242(2)
5.11 Interconnections for Bioprocesses
244(2)
5.12 Summary
246(1)
6 Formulation and Optimization of the Superstructure
247(38)
6.1 Introduction
247(1)
6.2 Integrated Biochemical and Chemical Production Complex Optimization
247(8)
6.3 Binary Variables and Logical Constraints for MINLP
255(2)
6.4 Constraints for Capacity and Demand
257(2)
6.5 Optimization Economic Model---Triple Bottom Line
259(6)
6.6 Optimal Structure
265(9)
6.7 Multiobjective Optimization of the Integrated Biochemical Production Complex
274(2)
6.8 Sensitivity of the Integrated Biochemical Production Complex
276(4)
6.9 Comparison with Other Results
280(3)
6.10 Summary
283(2)
7 Case Studies Using Superstructure
285(46)
7.1 Introduction
285(1)
7.2 Case Study I---Superstructure without Carbon Dioxide Use
286(6)
7.3 Case Study II---Parametric Study of Sustainable Costs and Credits
292(17)
7.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Costs and Credits
293(4)
7.3.2 Developing the Case for Sustainability Analysis
297(1)
7.3.3 Effect of Sustainable Costs and Credits on the Triple Bottom Line
298(10)
7.3.4 Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand for Ammonia
308(1)
7.4 Case Study III---Parametric Study of Algae Oil Production Costs
309(8)
7.5 Case Study IV---Multicriteria Optimization Using 30%-Oil-Content Algae and Sustainable Costs/Credits
317(4)
7.6 Case Study V---Parametric Study for Biomass Feedstock Costs and Number of Corn Ethanol Plants
321(6)
7.6.1 Options Used in the Parametric Study
322(1)
7.6.2 Results of Parametric Study
323(4)
7.7 Summary
327(4)
Appendix A TCA Methodology and Sustainability Analysis 331(34)
Appendix B Optimization Theory 365(10)
Appendix C Prices of Raw Materials and Products in the Complex 375(18)
Appendix D Supply, Demand, and Price Elasticity 393(14)
Appendix E Chemical Complex Analysis System 407(8)
Appendix F Detailed Mass and Energy Streams from Simulation Results 415(18)
Appendix G Equipment Mapping and Costs from ICARUS 433(8)
Appendix H Molecular Weights 441(4)
Appendix I Postscript 445(16)
Index 461
Debalina Sengupta received her bachelor of engineering degree in chemical engineering from Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India, in 2003. She worked as a software engineer in Patni Computer Systems from 2003 to 2004. In 2005, she joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She received her doctor of philosophy degree in chemical engineering under the guidance of Professor Ralph W. Pike for her research titled "Integrating bioprocesses into industrial complexes for sustainable development" in 2010. Her expertise is in optimization of industrial complexes and sustainability analysis using total cost assessment methodology. She is now working as an ORISE postdoctoral fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Her current research is focused on sustainable supply chain design of biofuels and includes life cycle assessment (LCA) for ethanol as biofuel. Her research interests include chemicals from biomass, modeling, simulation, and optimization, as well as life cycle assessment and sustainability analysis.

Ralph W. Pike is the director of the Minerals Processing Research Division and is the Paul M. Horton Professor of Chemical Engineering at Louisiana State University. He received his doctorate and bachelors degrees in chemical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology. He is the author of a textbook entitled Optimization for Engineering Systems and coauthor of four other books on design and modeling of chemical processes. Pike has directed 15 doctoral dissertations and 16 masters theses in chemical engineering. He is a registered professional engineer in Louisiana and Texas. His research has been sponsored by federal and state agencies and private organizations, with 107 awards totaling $5.6 million, and has resulted in over 200 publications and presentations. His research specialties are optimization theory and applications for the optimal design of engineering systems, online optimization of continuous processes, optimization of chemical production complexes, and related areas of resources management, sustainable development, continuous processes for carbon nanotubes, and chemicals from biomass.
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