| Periodic Table |
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v | |
| Foreword |
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xi | |
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| Preface |
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xii | |
| To the Student: How to Use this Book |
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xiii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xiv | |
| Useful Physical Constants; General Data; Conversion Factors; Using the NIST Website |
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xv | |
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1 Numbers, Units and Measurement |
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1 | (14) |
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1.1 Very small and very big numbers |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (3) |
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1.4 Errors in experiments |
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6 | (3) |
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1.5 Reporting measurements |
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9 | (6) |
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13 | (2) |
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2 Elements, Compounds and Reactions |
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15 | (14) |
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15 | (4) |
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2.2 Physical and chemical changes |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (4) |
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2.4 Writing and balancing equations |
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24 | (5) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (19) |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (3) |
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3.4 Types of mass spectrometers |
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38 | (1) |
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3.5 Soft and hard ionization in mass spectrometers |
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38 | (1) |
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3.6 Mass quadrupole and `time-of-flight' spectrometers |
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38 | (1) |
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3.7 Electronic structure of atoms |
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39 | (1) |
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3.8 Evidence for the existence of energy levels in atoms |
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40 | (3) |
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3.9 More advanced ideas about electronic structure |
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43 | (5) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (17) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (5) |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (1) |
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4.5 Ionic and covalent compounds -- two extremes |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (3) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (18) |
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5.1 Exceptions to the octet rule |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (4) |
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5.3 Shapes of molecules with multiple bonds |
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71 | (1) |
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5.4 Molecules with and without dipoles |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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5.7 Forces between covalent molecules |
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76 | (7) |
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82 | (1) |
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6 Reactions of Ions in Solution |
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83 | (19) |
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6.1 Dissolution of salts in water |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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6.3 Producing ions in water by chemical reaction |
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87 | (4) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (3) |
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6.6 Acids produced when gases CO2, SO2 and NO2 dissolve in water |
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95 | (1) |
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6.7 Reactions of the hydroxide ion |
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96 | (1) |
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6.8 Use of reactions in the identification of ions in solution |
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97 | (2) |
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6.9 Identification of common gases |
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99 | (3) |
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101 | (1) |
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7 Oxidation and Reduction |
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102 | (18) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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7.3 Oxidizing and reducing agents |
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105 | (1) |
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7.4 Writing and balancing redox equations |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (6) |
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7.6 Activity series of metals |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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7.8 Redox reactions in nature |
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116 | (4) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (17) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (6) |
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8.5 Percentage composition by mass |
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127 | (2) |
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8.4 Water of crystallization |
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129 | (1) |
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8.5 Calculating amounts from equations |
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129 | (2) |
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8.6 Calculating gas volumes |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (4) |
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135 | (2) |
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9 Calculating Concentrations |
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137 | (18) |
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9.1 Concentration of solutions |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (6) |
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9.4 Other units of concentration |
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148 | (4) |
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152 | (3) |
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153 | (2) |
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10 Gases, Liquids and Solids |
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155 | (18) |
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10.1 Heat and temperature |
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155 | (1) |
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10.2 Changes in the state of matter |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (4) |
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10.4 Kinetic molecular theory of gases |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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10.6 Adsorption of gases on solids |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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10.8 Critical temperature and pressure |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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11 Solutions and Solubility |
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173 | (21) |
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173 | (4) |
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11.2 Making drugs more soluble |
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177 | (2) |
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11.3 Dynamic nature of dissolution |
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179 | (1) |
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11.4 Solubility of sparingly soluble ionic compounds |
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179 | (5) |
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11.5 Distribution of a solute between two solvents |
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184 | (1) |
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11.6 Solubility of gases in water |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (3) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (21) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (4) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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12.7 Elements of the first transition series |
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206 | (5) |
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12.8 Variation of properties of elements within groups and periods |
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211 | (4) |
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214 | (1) |
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13 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions |
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215 | (24) |
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13.1 Conservation of energy |
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215 | (3) |
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13.2 Key points about enthalpy changes |
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218 | (4) |
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13.3 Determination of AH in the laboratory |
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222 | (2) |
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13.4 Special kinds of standard enthalpy change |
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224 | (1) |
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13.5 Standard enthalpy of formation |
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225 | (3) |
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13.6 Standard enthalpy of combustion |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (4) |
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13.9 Energetics of bond breaking and bond making |
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235 | (4) |
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238 | (1) |
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14 Speed of Chemical Reactions |
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239 | (23) |
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239 | (4) |
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14.2 Factors affecting reaction rate |
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243 | (4) |
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14.3 Reaction rate expressions |
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247 | (2) |
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14.4 Examples of rate expressions found by experiment |
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249 | (1) |
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14.5 Calculations using rate expressions |
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250 | (4) |
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14.6 More about first-order reactions |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (4) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (19) |
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262 | (2) |
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15.2 Equilibrium law and equilibrium constant |
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264 | (2) |
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15.3 Meaning of equilibrium constants |
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266 | (3) |
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15.4 Effects of changing concentration, pressure and temperature upon equilibria |
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269 | (8) |
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15.5 Production of ammonia by the Haber--Bosch process |
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277 | (2) |
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15.6 Heterogeneous equilibria |
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279 | (2) |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (16) |
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16.1 Spontaneous processes |
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281 | (1) |
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16.2 Examples of spontaneous reactions |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
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16.5 Introducing the Gibbs energy change, ΔG |
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285 | (1) |
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16.6 ΔG and spontaneous change |
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285 | (1) |
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16.7 How Gibbs energy, G, changes as a reaction moves towards equilibrium |
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286 | (1) |
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16.8 The distinction between ΔG and ΔG" |
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287 | (1) |
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16.9 An equilibrium may be reached from both forward and back directions |
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288 | (1) |
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16.10 The standard Gibbs energy change of a reaction ΔG° |
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289 | (1) |
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16.11 ΔG° and equilibrium constants, K |
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289 | (2) |
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16.12 Use of ΔG° as an indicator of whether or not a reaction is `allowed to go' |
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291 | (2) |
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16.13 Strongly exothermic reactions are usually thermodynamically `allowed' over a wide range of temperatures |
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293 | (1) |
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16.14 Summing up: ΔG° and ΔG |
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293 | (4) |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (21) |
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17.1 Ionic equilibria in water |
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297 | (4) |
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17.2 Acids and bases in aqueous solution |
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301 | (6) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (4) |
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17.5 Acid--base indicators |
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312 | (1) |
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17.6 Variation of pH during an acid-base titration |
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313 | (2) |
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17.7 Buffering action of carbon dioxide in water |
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315 | (3) |
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316 | (2) |
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18 Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons |
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318 | (23) |
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318 | (9) |
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327 | (6) |
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333 | (2) |
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18.4 Aromatic hydrocarbons |
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335 | (6) |
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339 | (2) |
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19 Common Classes of Organic Compounds |
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341 | (21) |
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19.1 Halogenoalkanes {or alkyl halides) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (3) |
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345 | (4) |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (3) |
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19.7 Amino acids and proteins |
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356 | (2) |
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19.8 Substituted benzene derivatives |
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358 | (4) |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (10) |
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20.1 Mechanisms and types of organic reactions |
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362 | (1) |
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20.2 Key factors in reaction mechanisms |
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363 | (1) |
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20.3 Mechanism of the chlorination of methane |
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363 | (1) |
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20.4 Addition reactions of alkenes |
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364 | (1) |
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20.5 The stability of carbocations |
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365 | (1) |
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20.6 Substitution reactions of benzene |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (1) |
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20.8 Nucleophilic substitution reactions |
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370 | (2) |
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370 | (2) |
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372 | (15) |
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21.1 Separating a solid from a liquid |
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372 | (3) |
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21.2 Separating two liquids |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (3) |
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381 | (6) |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (34) |
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22.1 Electromagnetic spectrum |
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387 | (3) |
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22.2 Energy levels of atoms and molecules |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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22.4 Absorbance and transmittance of a sample |
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392 | (2) |
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22.5 More about ultraviolet and visible spectra |
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394 | (4) |
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22.6 Absorption spectra and colour |
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398 | (2) |
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22.7 Infrared spectroscopy |
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400 | (6) |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (1) |
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22.10 Nuclear magnetic resonance: 1H-NMR spectroscopy |
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409 | (6) |
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22.11 13C-NMR spectroscopy |
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415 | (6) |
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418 | (3) |
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23 Nuclear and Radiochemistry |
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421 | (9) |
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421 | (2) |
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23.2 Radionuclides and radioisotopes |
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423 | (1) |
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23.3 More about nuclear radiation |
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424 | (1) |
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23.4 Mathematics of radioactive decay |
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425 | (5) |
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429 | (1) |
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24 Environmental Chemistry |
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430 | (9) |
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430 | (1) |
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24.2 Atmospheric pollution |
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431 | (3) |
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434 | (3) |
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437 | (2) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (8) |
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439 | (1) |
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25.2 The scope of forensic chemistry |
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439 | (2) |
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25.3 Variation of the concentration of a poison with time |
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441 | (1) |
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25.4 Calculations using first-order kinetics |
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441 | (1) |
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25.5 The zeroth-order kinetics of ethanol decay |
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442 | (1) |
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25.6 Drinking and driving |
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443 | (1) |
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25.7 Analysis of drugs in hair |
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444 | (3) |
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445 | (2) |
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26 Chemistry Saving Lives |
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447 | (9) |
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447 | (1) |
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26.2 Pharmaceutical chemistry |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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26.4 Developing a medicine |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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26.6 British Pharmacopoeia (BP) |
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450 | (1) |
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26.7 Common types of drugs |
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450 | (6) |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (14) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (1) |
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27.4 Mechanism of combustion |
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460 | (2) |
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27.5 Energy changes during combustion |
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462 | (1) |
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27.6 Autoignition temperature and flammability limits |
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463 | (2) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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27.9 The trench effect and the King's Cross fire |
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466 | (4) |
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468 | (2) |
| Electronic Structures |
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470 | (2) |
| Answers to Exercises and Revision Questions |
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472 | (23) |
| Glossary |
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495 | (6) |
| Index |
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501 | (7) |
| Valencies of Common Ions |
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508 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta