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E-raamat: Choroidal Disorders

Edited by (Associate Professor of Ophthalmology,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,USA.), Edited by (Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-May-2017
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128092231
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  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128092231
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Choroidal Disorders provides an overview on various chorioretinal disorders with a special emphasis on choroidal imaging. As our understanding of the choroid has significantly improved with the development of advanced optical coherence tomography (OCT) and its role in posterior segment diseases is gaining new significance, this book focuses on the related improvements, diagnostic capabilities, management and prognosis of various chorioretinal disorders. It covers conventional techniques, such as ultrasonography and indocyanine green angiography as well as the most advanced techniques, including enhanced depth imaging OCT, swept source OCT, and OCT angiography.

  • Concise overview of various chorioretinal disorders, with special emphasis on choroidal imaging
  • Written for practitioners and researchers in sensory systems (vision), ophthalmologists, and retina specialists
  • Covers the most advanced imaging techniques in choroidal disorders, such as enhanced depth imaging OCT, swept source OCT, and OCT angiography

Muu info

A reference on chorio-retinal disorders, including findings on newer imaging modalities and recent management strategies
Contributor Biographies xix
Foreword 1 The Choroidal Circulation xliii
Foreword 2 The Choroid: An Underestimated Site of Disease xlv
Preface xlvii
Chapter 1 The History of the Choroid
1(6)
Rosa Dolz-Marco
Roberto Gallego-Pinazo
Kunal K. Dansingani
Lawrence A. Yannuzzi
The Anatomy of the Choroid
1(2)
Imaging of the Choroid
3(1)
References
4(3)
Chapter 2 Electron Microscopy of the Human Choroid
7(14)
Tapas C. Nag
Chiman Kumari
Introduction
7(1)
Contents of the Choroid
7(1)
Choroidal Thickness
7(1)
Fine Structure of BM
8(1)
Changes in BM in Aging and Diseases
8(1)
Choriocapillaris
9(3)
Changes in Choriocapillaris in Aging and Diseases
10(1)
Medium-Sized and Large Vessels
11(1)
Lymphatic Vessels
12(1)
Connective Tissue Elements
12(2)
Fibroblast Cells
12(1)
Choroidal Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
12(2)
Choroidal Melanocytes
14(1)
Mast Cells
14(1)
Intrinsic Choroidal Neurons and Nerves
14(2)
Nonvascular Smooth Muscle Cells
16(1)
Future Directions
17(1)
Acknowledgments
17(1)
References
17(4)
Chapter 3 Choroidal Histopathology
21(28)
Evangelina Esposito
Pablo Zoroquiain
Christina Mastromonaco
Jade M. Lasiste
Sultan Aldrees
Carlos A. Moreira Neto
Jacqueline Coblentz
Rayan Alshareef
Miguel Burnier, Jr
Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology of the Choroid
21(2)
Histopathology
23(13)
Congenital Disorders: Coloboma
23(1)
Inflammatory Disease
23(2)
Granulomatous Inflammation
25(11)
Tumors of the Choroid
36(6)
Benign
36(2)
Malignant
38(3)
Secondary Tumors
41(1)
References
42(7)
Chapter 4 Choroidal Imaging Techniques: Past, Current, and Future
49(14)
Jorge Ruiz-Medrano
Jay Chhablani
Jose M. Ruiz-Moreno
Introduction
49(1)
Ultrasonography
49(1)
Angiography
50(2)
Optical Coherence Tomography
52(4)
Choroidal Thickness
53(1)
Choroidal Morphology
54(2)
En Face OCT
56(1)
OCT Angiography
56(2)
Conclusions
58(1)
References
59(4)
Chapter 5 Dystrophies
63(10)
Rosa Dolz-Marco
Camiel Boon
Roberto Gallego-Pinazo
Jay Chhablani
Dystrophies
63(1)
Retinitis Pigmentosa
63(3)
Epidemiology and Genetics
63(1)
Multimodal Imaging Analysis
63(2)
Prognosis and Complications
65(1)
Special Forms of Retinitis Pigmentosa
65(1)
Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
66(2)
Epidemiology and Genetics
66(1)
Multimodal Imaging
66(1)
Prognosis and Complications
67(1)
Choroideremia
68(2)
Epidemiology and Genetics
68(1)
Multimodal Imaging Analysis
68(1)
Prognosis and Complications
69(1)
Late Onset Retinal Degeneration
70(1)
Epidemiology and Genetics
70(1)
Multimodal Imaging Analysis
70(1)
Prognosis and Complications
70(1)
Other Choroidal Dystrophies
71(1)
Posterior Polar Central Choroidal Dystrophy
71(1)
Posterior Polar Hemispheric Choroidal Dystrophy
71(1)
Posterior Polar Annular Choroidal Dystrophy
71(1)
References
71(2)
Chapter 6 Choroidal Imaging in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
73(16)
Talisa E. de Carlo
Caroline R. Baumal
Introduction
73(1)
Choroidal Imaging of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
74(9)
Fundus Photography
74(3)
Fundus Autofluorescence
77(3)
Optical Coherence Tomography
80(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
81(1)
Microperimetry
82(1)
Fluorescein Angiography
82(1)
Indocyanine-Green Angiography
82(1)
Therapeutic Considerations
83(1)
Conclusions
83(1)
References
83(6)
Chapter 7 Neovascular (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration
89(28)
Colin S. Tan
SriniVas R. Sadda
Introduction
89(1)
Fluorescein Angiography
90(3)
Patterns of CNV on Fluorescein Angiography
90(3)
Indocyanine-Green Angiography
93(3)
Morphological Appearance of CNV on ICGA
94(1)
ICGA-Guided Treatment of CNV Lesions
94(1)
Predicting Response to Treatment
94(1)
ICGA in Variants of Neovascular AMD
95(1)
Fundus Autofluorescence
96(4)
Classification of Abnormal FAF Patterns in AMD
97(1)
Correlation of FAF Abnormalities With Clinical Features
97(1)
Rate of Progression of Different FAF Patterns and Prognostic Significance
98(1)
FAF in Eyes With Neovascular AMD
98(2)
Ultra-Widefield Autofluorescence in AMD
100(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography in Neovascular AMD
100(6)
Assessment of the Retina Using OCT
100(4)
Assessment of the Choroid Using OCT
104(2)
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
106(2)
Appearance of Neovascular AMD Lesions on OCTA
107(1)
Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation
108(1)
Stages of RAP Lesions
108(1)
Conclusion
108(1)
Acknowledgments
109(1)
References
109(8)
Chapter 8 Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Diseases Other than Age-Related Macular Degeneration
117(22)
Akio Oishi
Introduction
117(1)
Pathologic Myopia
117(4)
Epidemiology
117(1)
Pathogenesis
118(1)
Diagnosis
118(1)
Treatment
118(3)
Inflammatory Diseases
121(3)
Epidemiology
121(1)
Pathogenesis
121(1)
Diagnosis
122(1)
Treatment
123(1)
Angioid Streaks
124(2)
Epidemiology
124(1)
Pathogenesis
124(1)
Diagnosis
125(1)
Treatment
126(1)
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
126(1)
Epidemiology
126(1)
Pathogenesis
126(1)
Diagnosis
127(1)
Treatment
127(1)
Trauma
127(3)
Epidemiology
127(1)
Pathogenesis
128(1)
Diagnosis
129(1)
Treatment
130(1)
Idiopathic CNV
130(1)
Epidemiology
130(1)
Pathogenesis
131(1)
Diagnosis
131(1)
Treatment
131(1)
Conclusion
131(1)
References
132(7)
Chapter 9 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
139(22)
Marta Zola
Sobha Sivaprasad
Epidemiology
139(1)
Clinical Classification of CSC
140(2)
Evolution of CSC
142(1)
Diagnosis
142(4)
Ocular Symptoms
142(1)
Multimodal Imaging of CSC
142(3)
Visual Functions in CSC
145(1)
Pathophysiology
146(1)
Treatment
146(4)
Conclusion
150(1)
References
151(10)
Chapter 10 Pachychoroid
161(10)
Roberto Gallego-Pinazo
Rosa Dolz-Marco
K. Bailey Freund
Pachychoroid
161(1)
Concept
161(1)
Pachychoroid Pigment Epitheliopathy
161(6)
Definition
161(1)
Fundus Imaging Features
162(2)
Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy
164(3)
Conclusions
167(1)
References
168(3)
Chapter 11 High Myopia
171(14)
Jose M. Ruiz-Moreno
Ignacio Flores-Moreno
Jorge Ruiz-Medrano
Introduction
171(1)
Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization
172(2)
Lacquer Cracks
174(1)
Dome-shape Macula
175(1)
Peripapillary Anomalies
176(2)
Posterior Staphyloma
178(2)
Bruch Membrane in High Myopia
180(1)
References
181(4)
Chapter 12 Vogt---Koyanagi---Harada Disease
185(14)
Nora W. Muakkassa
Andre J. Witkin
Introduction
185(1)
Epidemiology
185(1)
Systemic Manifestations
185(1)
Clinical Findings
186(3)
Prodromal Stage
186(1)
Acute Uveitic Stage
186(1)
Convalescent Stage
186(2)
Chronic Recurrent Stage
188(1)
Differential Diagnosis
189(1)
Diagnostic Criteria
190(1)
Ancillary Testing
190(3)
Optical Coherence Tomography
190(2)
Fluorescein Angiography
192(1)
Indocyanine-Green Angiography
192(1)
B-Scan Ultrasonography
192(1)
Lumbar Puncture
192(1)
Pathophysiology and Pathology
193(1)
Genetics
193(1)
HLA Haplotypes
193(1)
Non-HLA Immunogenetics
193(1)
Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors
193(1)
Treatment
194(1)
Course, Prognosis and Sequelae
194(1)
References
195(4)
Chapter 13 Chorioretinal Inflammatory Non-Infectious Diseases
199(34)
Pedro Arriola-Villalobos
Nicolas Alejandre-Alba
David Diaz-Valle
Introduction
199(1)
Sarcoidosis
200(3)
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
203(2)
Vogt---Koyanagi---Harada Syndrome
205(8)
Prodromal Stage
205(1)
Acute Uveitic Stage
205(5)
Chronic (Convalescent) Stage
210(1)
Chronic Recurrent Stage
211(2)
Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy
213(1)
Behcet Disease
214(5)
Serpiginous Choroidopathy
219(3)
White-Dot Syndromes
222(4)
Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS)
222(1)
Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis
223(2)
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy
225(1)
References
226(7)
Chapter 14 Infectious Chorioretinal Diseases
233(42)
Aniruddha Agarwal
Kanika Aggarwal
Alessandro Invernizzi
Vishali Gupta
Quan D. Nguyen
Introduction
233(1)
Intraocular Tuberculosis
233(7)
Clinical Spectrum
234(1)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
234(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
235(1)
Imaging Features
236(3)
Optical Coherence Tomography
239(1)
Paradoxical Worsening in Tubercular Serpiginous-Like Choroiditis
239(1)
Role of Ultrawide Field Retinal Imaging in Detecting Paradoxical Worsening
239(1)
Treatment
240(1)
Toxoplasmosis
240(5)
Clinical Features
240(2)
Fluorescein Angiography
242(1)
Indocyanine-Green Angiography
242(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
242(2)
Treatment
244(1)
Ocular Syphilis
245(3)
Clinical Features
245(2)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
247(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
247(1)
Treatment
248(1)
Lyme's Disease (Borreliosis)
248(1)
Clinical Features
248(1)
Treatment
249(1)
Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonellosis)
249(4)
Clinical Features
250(1)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
250(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
250(2)
Treatment
252(1)
Viral Chorioretinitis
253(8)
Herpes Family of Viruses
255(1)
Clinical Features
255(1)
Treatment
255(1)
Clinical Features
256(1)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
256(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
257(1)
Treatment
257(1)
Clinical Features
257(2)
Fluorescein Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography
259(1)
Treatment
259(1)
Clinical Features
259(1)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
260(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
260(1)
Treatment
261(1)
Histoplasmosis
261(3)
Clinical Features
261(1)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
262(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
262(1)
Treatment
262(2)
Toxocariasis
264(2)
Clinical Features
264(1)
Ultrasonography
265(1)
Other Imaging Features
266(1)
Treatment
266(1)
Miscellaneous Infectious Chorioretinal Diseases
266(1)
Summary
267(1)
Acknowledgment
267(1)
References
267(8)
Chapter 15 Choroidal Findings in Systemic Disorders
275(14)
Kara-Anne Tan
Rupesh Agrawal
Jay Chhablani
Introduction
275(1)
Pregnancy
275(1)
Pregnancy
275(1)
Preeclampsia
276(1)
Metabolic Diseases
276(1)
Diabetes Mellitus
276(1)
Hypercholesterolemia
276(1)
Cardiovascular Diseases
277(1)
Hypertension
277(1)
Respiratory Diseases
277(1)
Smoking
277(1)
Systemic Inflammatory Conditions
277(4)
Ankylosing Spondylitis
278(1)
Raynaud's Phenomenon
278(1)
Vogt---Koyanagi---Harada Syndrome
278(1)
Behcet's Disease
278(3)
Sarcoidosis
281(1)
Tumors
281(1)
Metastatic Cancer
281(1)
Sturge---Weber Syndrome
281(1)
Hematological Diseases
282(1)
Sickle Cell Disease
282(1)
Leukemia
282(1)
Neurological Diseases
283(1)
Alzheimer's Disease
283(1)
Migraine
283(1)
Conclusion
283(2)
References
285(4)
Chapter 16 The Choroid in Retinal Vascular Diseases
289(18)
Byung Ro Lee
Seong Joon Ahn
Choroidal and Retinal Vasculature---Why Should We Evaluate the Choroid in Retinal Vascular Diseases?
289(1)
Choroidal Imaging in Retinal Vascular Diseases
290(1)
Retinal Vascular Diseases Associated With Systemic Disorders
291(5)
Diabetic Retinopathy
291(3)
Hypertensive Retinopathy
294(2)
Retinal Vascular Diseases Without Systemic Disorders
296(4)
Retinal Vein Occlusion
296(2)
Retinal Artery Occlusion and Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
298(1)
Retinopathy of Prematurity
299(1)
Macular Telangiectasia
300(1)
Conclusion
300(1)
Key Learning Points
301(1)
References
301(6)
Chapter 17 Choroidal Tumors
307(42)
Jose M. Caminal
Daniel Lorenzo
Luis Arias
Jaume Catala-Mora
Alejandro Filloy
Ignacio Flores-Moreno
Choroidal Nevus
308(5)
Ultrasonography
308(1)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
308(3)
Autofluorescence
311(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
311(2)
Treatment
313(1)
Choroidal Melanoma
313(9)
Ultrasonography
317(1)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
318(1)
Autofluorescence
318(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
318(4)
Magnetic-Resonance Imaging
322(1)
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
322(1)
Treatment
322(1)
Choroidal Metastases
322(6)
Ultrasonography
323(1)
Fluorescein and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
323(1)
Autofluorescence
323(3)
Optical Coherence Tomography
326(1)
Magnetic-Resonance Imaging
327(1)
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
327(1)
Treatment
327(1)
Choroidal Hemangioma
328(5)
Ultrasonography
328(1)
Fluorescein and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
328(3)
Autofluorescence
331(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
331(1)
Magnetic-Resonance Imaging
332(1)
Treatment
332(1)
Sclerochoroidal Calcification
333(2)
Ultrasonography
333(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
334(1)
Autofluorescence
334(1)
Treatment
334(1)
Choroidal Osteoma
335(2)
Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography
336(1)
Ultrasonography
336(1)
Autofluorescence
336(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
336(1)
Treatment
337(1)
Choroidal Lymphoma
337(1)
Choroid Granuloma (Solitary Idiopathic Choroiditis, Helioid Choroiditis)
338(1)
Conclusions
338(5)
Acknowledgment
343(1)
References
343(6)
Chapter 18 Imaging and Diagnosis of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
349(22)
Raymong L.M. Wong
Ho Wing Lau
Hideki Koizumi
Ian Y.H. Wong
Introduction
349(1)
Epidemiology
349(1)
Pathology
350(1)
Risk Factors
350(1)
Cardiovascular Diseases
350(1)
Serum Biomarkers
350(1)
Genetic Factors
350(1)
Clinical Features and Course
351(1)
Clinical Imaging of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
352(1)
Clinical Diagnosis
352(1)
Fluorescein Angiogram
353(1)
Indocyanine-Green Angiography
353(3)
Timing of Image Acquisition on ICGA
354(1)
Polyp
354(1)
Branching Vascular Network
354(2)
The Clinical Use of ICGA in Patients With PCV
356(1)
Optical Coherence Tomography
356(1)
Application of OCT in the Management of PCV
356(3)
Conventional Cross-Sectional Approach
356(1)
Choroidal OCT Imaging in PCV
357(1)
OCT Angiogram
357(2)
Management of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
359(1)
Photodynamic Therapy
359(1)
Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Anti-VEGF) Therapy
360(1)
Focal Thermal Laser Photocoagulation
361(1)
Corticosteroid Injections
361(1)
Combination Therapy (PDT + Anti-VEGF)
362(1)
Triple Therapy
363(1)
Pneumatic Displacement
363(1)
Conclusion
364(1)
References
364(7)
Chapter 19 Other Choroidal Disorders
371(28)
19.1 Choroidal Rupture
371(5)
Jorge Ruiz-Medrano
Jay Chhablani
Introduction
371(1)
Ocular Manifestations and Clinical Course
372(1)
Treatment
373(1)
References
374(2)
19.2 Angioid Streaks
376(5)
Jorge Ruiz-Medrano
Jay Chhablani
Introduction
376(1)
Ocular Manifestations and Clinical Course
376(1)
Treatment
377(1)
References
378(3)
19.3 Choroidal Disorders: Staphyloma
381(5)
Nan-Kai Wang
Introduction
381(1)
Pathologic Myopia
381(1)
Peripapillary Staphyloma
382(1)
Tilted Disc Syndrome
383(1)
Age-Related Staphyloma
383(2)
References
385(1)
19.4 Focal Choroidal Excavation
386(5)
Bindu Rajesh
Jay Chhablani
References
389(2)
19.5 Dome-Shaped Macula
391(4)
Bindu Rajesh
Jay Chhablani
References
393(2)
19.6 Choroidal Sclerosis
395(4)
Bindu Rajesh
Jay Chhablani
References
397(2)
Chapter 20 Imaging Choroidal Disorders: The Future
399(14)
Mark Lane
Eduardo A. Novais
Ricardo N. Louzada
Nadia K. Waheed
Anatomy of the Choroid
399(1)
Diseases that Affect the Choroid
399(1)
Current Techniques
400(1)
Dye-Based Angiography
400(1)
Laser Doppler Flowmetry
400(1)
Ultrasound
400(1)
Optical Coherence Technology
400(1)
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
401(1)
Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
402(1)
OCTA and the Choriocapillaris
402(1)
Swept-Source OCTA
403(1)
Adaptive Optics OCT
404(1)
En-Face Imaging
405(2)
Wide Field OCT Imaging
407(1)
Ultra-Wide Field ICGA
408(1)
Conclusion
408(1)
Acknowledgment
408(1)
References
408(5)
Index 413
Jay Chhablani is a Professor of Ophthalmology and a Vitreo-Retinal Surgeon at the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. He is the Director of Clinical Research at the UPMC Vision Institute. He established the Choroid Analysis and Research (CAR) Lab” at the University of Pittsburgh which focuses on computational as well as biological research in the field of choroid. His areas of interest are macular disorders, automated retinal image analysis and advanced imaging techniques. He has been consistently funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) and various foundations. He has published more than 550 articles in peer-reviewed journals with a focus in the field of choroid. He is the editor of books Choroidal Disorders”, Central Serous Chorioretinopathy” and Choroidal Neovascularization”. He is on the reviewing boards of all high-impact journals including Science Translational Medicine and Lancet. He is also on the editorial board of several journals including the American Journal of Ophthalmology. He serves on the `grant reviewing board of various funding agencies. He is a member of many esteemed societies such as the Macula Society and Gonin Club. He is a member of various scientific committees in various national and international societies including the American Academy of Ophthalmology. He has delivered more than 200 invited lectures and has been invited for visiting professorship by many universities around the world. He has won several national and international awards and delivered multiple named lectures.

Dr. Ruiz-Medrano works as a Retina & Oncology Fellow at Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital in Lausanne, Switzerland. He obtained his Degree in Medicine from the Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain in 2011. He completed his residency in Ophthalmology at Clínico San Carlos University Hospital in Madrid and was awarded his European Board of Ophthalmology Diploma in 2016. An active researcher, he has published investigation papers in peer-reviewed high impact journals and he has authored several chapters in international books. He has received investigation grants and prizes from the Spanish Retina & Vitreous Society, Rementería Foundation and Castroviejo Ophthalmic Research Institute. His research interests include advanced retinal and choroidal image analysis, and he is currently working on a PhD on the study of the normal choroid using Swept-Source optical coherence tomography.