Contributor Biographies |
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xix | |
Foreword 1 The Choroidal Circulation |
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xliii | |
Foreword 2 The Choroid: An Underestimated Site of Disease |
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xlv | |
Preface |
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xlvii | |
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Chapter 1 The History of the Choroid |
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1 | (6) |
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The Anatomy of the Choroid |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Electron Microscopy of the Human Choroid |
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7 | (14) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Changes in BM in Aging and Diseases |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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Changes in Choriocapillaris in Aging and Diseases |
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10 | (1) |
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Medium-Sized and Large Vessels |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Connective Tissue Elements |
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12 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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Choroidal Macrophages and Dendritic Cells |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Intrinsic Choroidal Neurons and Nerves |
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14 | (2) |
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Nonvascular Smooth Muscle Cells |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Choroidal Histopathology |
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21 | (28) |
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Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology of the Choroid |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (13) |
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Congenital Disorders: Coloboma |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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Granulomatous Inflammation |
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25 | (11) |
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36 | (6) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (7) |
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Chapter 4 Choroidal Imaging Techniques: Past, Current, and Future |
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49 | (14) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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52 | (4) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (4) |
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63 | (10) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (3) |
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Epidemiology and Genetics |
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63 | (1) |
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Multimodal Imaging Analysis |
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63 | (2) |
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Prognosis and Complications |
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65 | (1) |
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Special Forms of Retinitis Pigmentosa |
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65 | (1) |
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Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy |
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66 | (2) |
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Epidemiology and Genetics |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Prognosis and Complications |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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Epidemiology and Genetics |
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68 | (1) |
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Multimodal Imaging Analysis |
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68 | (1) |
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Prognosis and Complications |
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69 | (1) |
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Late Onset Retinal Degeneration |
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70 | (1) |
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Epidemiology and Genetics |
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70 | (1) |
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Multimodal Imaging Analysis |
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70 | (1) |
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Prognosis and Complications |
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70 | (1) |
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Other Choroidal Dystrophies |
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71 | (1) |
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Posterior Polar Central Choroidal Dystrophy |
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71 | (1) |
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Posterior Polar Hemispheric Choroidal Dystrophy |
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71 | (1) |
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Posterior Polar Annular Choroidal Dystrophy |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Choroidal Imaging in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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73 | (16) |
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73 | (1) |
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Choroidal Imaging of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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74 | (9) |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (3) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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80 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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82 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Considerations |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (6) |
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Chapter 7 Neovascular (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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89 | (28) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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Patterns of CNV on Fluorescein Angiography |
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90 | (3) |
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Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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93 | (3) |
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Morphological Appearance of CNV on ICGA |
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94 | (1) |
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ICGA-Guided Treatment of CNV Lesions |
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94 | (1) |
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Predicting Response to Treatment |
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94 | (1) |
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ICGA in Variants of Neovascular AMD |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (4) |
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Classification of Abnormal FAF Patterns in AMD |
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97 | (1) |
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Correlation of FAF Abnormalities With Clinical Features |
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97 | (1) |
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Rate of Progression of Different FAF Patterns and Prognostic Significance |
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98 | (1) |
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FAF in Eyes With Neovascular AMD |
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98 | (2) |
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Ultra-Widefield Autofluorescence in AMD |
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100 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography in Neovascular AMD |
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100 | (6) |
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Assessment of the Retina Using OCT |
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100 | (4) |
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Assessment of the Choroid Using OCT |
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104 | (2) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography |
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106 | (2) |
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Appearance of Neovascular AMD Lesions on OCTA |
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107 | (1) |
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Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (8) |
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Chapter 8 Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Diseases Other than Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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117 | (22) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (4) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Central Serous Chorioretinopathy |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (3) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (7) |
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Chapter 9 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy |
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139 | (22) |
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139 | (1) |
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Clinical Classification of CSC |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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142 | (1) |
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Multimodal Imaging of CSC |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (10) |
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161 | (10) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Pachychoroid Pigment Epitheliopathy |
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161 | (6) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (14) |
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171 | (1) |
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Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (2) |
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Bruch Membrane in High Myopia |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 Vogt---Koyanagi---Harada Disease |
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185 | (14) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology and Pathology |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Course, Prognosis and Sequelae |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Chorioretinal Inflammatory Non-Infectious Diseases |
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199 | (34) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (2) |
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Vogt---Koyanagi---Harada Syndrome |
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205 | (8) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (5) |
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Chronic (Convalescent) Stage |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (5) |
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Serpiginous Choroidopathy |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (4) |
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Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) |
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222 | (1) |
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Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis |
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223 | (2) |
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Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 Infectious Chorioretinal Diseases |
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233 | (42) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (7) |
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234 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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234 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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239 | (1) |
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Paradoxical Worsening in Tubercular Serpiginous-Like Choroiditis |
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239 | (1) |
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Role of Ultrawide Field Retinal Imaging in Detecting Paradoxical Worsening |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (5) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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242 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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245 | (2) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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247 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Lyme's Disease (Borreliosis) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonellosis) |
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249 | (4) |
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250 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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250 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (8) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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256 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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260 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (3) |
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261 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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262 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (2) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Miscellaneous Infectious Chorioretinal Diseases |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (8) |
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Chapter 15 Choroidal Findings in Systemic Disorders |
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275 | (14) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Systemic Inflammatory Conditions |
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277 | (4) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Vogt---Koyanagi---Harada Syndrome |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (4) |
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Chapter 16 The Choroid in Retinal Vascular Diseases |
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289 | (18) |
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Choroidal and Retinal Vasculature---Why Should We Evaluate the Choroid in Retinal Vascular Diseases? |
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289 | (1) |
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Choroidal Imaging in Retinal Vascular Diseases |
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290 | (1) |
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Retinal Vascular Diseases Associated With Systemic Disorders |
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291 | (5) |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (2) |
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Retinal Vascular Diseases Without Systemic Disorders |
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296 | (4) |
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296 | (2) |
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Retinal Artery Occlusion and Ocular Ischemic Syndrome |
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298 | (1) |
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Retinopathy of Prematurity |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (6) |
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Chapter 17 Choroidal Tumors |
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307 | (42) |
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308 | (5) |
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308 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (9) |
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317 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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318 | (4) |
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Magnetic-Resonance Imaging |
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322 | (1) |
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Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (6) |
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323 | (1) |
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Fluorescein and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (3) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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326 | (1) |
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Magnetic-Resonance Imaging |
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327 | (1) |
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Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (5) |
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328 | (1) |
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Fluorescein and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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331 | (1) |
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Magnetic-Resonance Imaging |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Sclerochoroidal Calcification |
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333 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Choroid Granuloma (Solitary Idiopathic Choroiditis, Helioid Choroiditis) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (5) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (6) |
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Chapter 18 Imaging and Diagnosis of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy |
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349 | (22) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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Clinical Features and Course |
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351 | (1) |
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Clinical Imaging of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Indocyanine-Green Angiography |
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353 | (3) |
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Timing of Image Acquisition on ICGA |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Branching Vascular Network |
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354 | (2) |
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The Clinical Use of ICGA in Patients With PCV |
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356 | (1) |
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Optical Coherence Tomography |
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356 | (1) |
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Application of OCT in the Management of PCV |
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356 | (3) |
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Conventional Cross-Sectional Approach |
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356 | (1) |
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Choroidal OCT Imaging in PCV |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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Management of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Anti-VEGF) Therapy |
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360 | (1) |
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Focal Thermal Laser Photocoagulation |
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361 | (1) |
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Corticosteroid Injections |
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361 | (1) |
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Combination Therapy (PDT + Anti-VEGF) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (7) |
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Chapter 19 Other Choroidal Disorders |
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371 | (28) |
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371 | (5) |
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371 | (1) |
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Ocular Manifestations and Clinical Course |
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372 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
|
376 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Ocular Manifestations and Clinical Course |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
19.3 Choroidal Disorders: Staphyloma |
|
|
381 | (5) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
19.4 Focal Choroidal Excavation |
|
|
386 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
|
391 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Chapter 20 Imaging Choroidal Disorders: The Future |
|
|
399 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Diseases that Affect the Choroid |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Optical Coherence Technology |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
OCTA and the Choriocapillaris |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (5) |
Index |
|
413 | |