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E-raamat: Clinical Medicine for Optometrists

  • Formaat: 544 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Wolters Kluwer Health
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781975146542
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  • Formaat: 544 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Wolters Kluwer Health
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781975146542
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"Providing a solid foundation in clinical medicine for optometrists and optometry students, Clinical Medicine for Optometrists covers the systemic medical conditions that have serious impacts on ocular health and function, as well as the ocular exam findings that may be an early indication of significant systemic disease. This unique text explains important medical considerations for optometric practice, meeting the needs of clinical medicine courses in optometry programs, and also serving as a practicalreference for optometrists in practice. Covers the core content required for board exams and the essential areas of medical knowledge needed for residency and in clinical practice. Presents comprehensive, practical content developed by lead author and internal medicine physician David Shein, MD, who has many years' experience teaching students at the New England College of Optometry, in conjunction with co-author Rachel C. Druckenbrod, OD, FAAO, a hospital-based optometrist who regularly mentors optometry students and residents in the clinical setting. Discusses medical conditions that have direct implications for ocular health, including diabetes, thyroid disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, giant cell arteritis, and many more. Highlights critical ocular manifestations of systemic disease the optometrist should recognize in daily practice. Includes chapters on infectious diseases, HIV, diabetes, dermatology, neurology (with sections on headache and stroke), neuroimaging, atherosclerotic, vascular disease and cardiology (with sections on arrhythmias and drug therapy)"--

Providing a solid foundation in clinical medicine for optometrists and optometry students, Clinical Medicine for Optometrists covers the systemic medical conditions that have serious impacts on ocular health and function, as well as the ocular exam findings that may be an early indication of significant systemic disease. This unique text explains important medical considerations for optometric practice, meeting the needs of clinical medicine courses in optometry programs, and also serving as a practical reference for optometrists in practice. 
 

Providing a solid foundation in clinical medicine for optometrists and optometry students, Clinical Medicine for Optometrists covers the systemic medical conditions that have serious impacts on ocular health and function, as well as the ocular exam findings that may be an early indication of significant systemic disease. This unique text explains important medical considerations for optometric practice, meeting the needs of clinical medicine courses in optometry programs, and also serving as a practical reference for optometrists in practice. 
  • Covers the core content required for board exams and the essential areas of medical knowledge needed for residency and in clinical practice.
  • Presents comprehensive, practical content developed by lead author and internal medicine physician David Shein, MD, who has many years&; experience teaching students at the New England College of Optometry, in conjunction with co-author Rachel C. Druckenbrod, OD, FAAO, a hospital-based optometrist who regularly mentors optometry students and residents in the clinical setting.
  • Discusses medical conditions that have direct implications for ocular health, including diabetes, thyroid disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn&;s disease and ulcerative colitis, giant cell arteritis, and many more.
  • Highlights critical ocular manifestations of systemic disease the optometrist should recognize in daily practice.
  • Includes chapters on infectious diseases, HIV, diabetes, dermatology, neurology (with sections on headache and stroke), neuroimaging, atherosclerotic, vascular disease and cardiology (with sections on arrhythmias and drug therapy). 
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Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Contributors xi
Chapter 1 Evidence-Based Medicine and the Medical Literature
1(16)
Section 1 The Analysis of Medical Literature
2(1)
Part 1
2(1)
Study Design
2(1)
Study Hypothesis
3(1)
Significance
4(1)
Size of the Effect
4(2)
Relevance to Clinical Practice
6(1)
Part 2 Clinical Examples
6(7)
Randomized Controlled Trials
6(3)
Cohort Studies
9(1)
Meta-Ana lysis
10(2)
Records Review
12(1)
Section 2 Principles of Laboratory Investigation
13(2)
Reporting of Laboratory Values: Sensitivity and Specificity
13(2)
Influential Factors on Laboratory Test Results
15(1)
The Concepts of Primary and Secondary Prevention
15(2)
Chapter 2 Hypertension
17(30)
Section 1 Hypertension
17(1)
Epidemiology
17(6)
Hypertension Pathophysiology
18(5)
Definitions of Hypertension
23(1)
Diagnosis of Hypertension
23(5)
Essential and Secondary Hypertension
25(3)
Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency
28(1)
Clinical Impacts of Hypertension
28(4)
Hypertension Management
32(3)
Prehypertension
32(1)
Hypertension: Blood Pressure Treatment Goal
32(1)
Barriers to Hypertension Treatment
33(1)
Approach to Hypertension Treatment
33(1)
Hypertension in the Modern Era of Cardiovascular Medicine
34(1)
Section 2 Cardiovascular Drug Therapy
35(1)
Angiotensin Agents
36(1)
Clinical Effects and Indications
36(1)
Adverse Effects
36(1)
Monitoring on Therapy
37(1)
Beta-Blockers
37(2)
Clinical Effects and Indications
38(1)
Adverse Effects
38(1)
Monitoring on Therapy
39(1)
Alpha-Blockers
39(2)
Clinical Effects and Indications
39(1)
Adverse Effects
40(1)
Monitoring on Therapy
41(1)
Calcium Channel Blockers
41(1)
Clinical Effects and Indications
41(1)
Adverse Effects
42(1)
Monitoring on Therapy
42(1)
Diuretics
42(5)
Clinical Effects and Indications
43(1)
Adverse Effects
44(1)
Monitoring on Therapy
44(3)
Chapter 3 Lipid Disorders, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cardiac Testing
47(42)
Section 1 Cardiac Testing
48(1)
Systolic and Diastolic Function
49(1)
Introduction to the Electrocardiogram
49(9)
ECG Abnormalities
52(1)
Conduction Blocks and Delays
52(3)
Arrhythmias
55(2)
Hypertrophy
57(1)
Ischemia and Infarction
57(1)
Cardiac Testing
58(3)
The Cardiac Physical Exam
61(1)
Section 2 Lipid Disorders
62(1)
Cholesterol Homeostasis and Measurement
62(3)
Diagnosis of Dyslipidemias
65(1)
Ocular Manifestations of Dyslipidemia
66(2)
Treatment of Dyslipidemias
68(1)
Comorbid Risk Factors
69(1)
Drug Therapy for Dyslipidemia
69(5)
Aspirin Therapy
74(1)
Atherosclerosis
75(2)
Risk Factor Assessment for Arteriosclerosis
77(1)
Clinical Manifestations of Atherosclerosis
77(6)
Coronary Artery Disease
77(3)
Cerebrovascular Disease
80(1)
Carotid Artery Disease
80(1)
Retinal Artery Occlusion
81(1)
Peripheral Vascular Disease
82(1)
Overview of Risk Determination and Prevention
83(6)
Chapter 4 Intrinsic Cardiovascular Disorders
89(24)
Section 1 Cardiac Valvular Disease
89(7)
Aortic Valve Stenosis
91(1)
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
92(1)
Mitral Valve Stenosis
92(1)
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
93(1)
Marfan Syndrome
94(2)
Section 2 Cardiac Complications of Infectious Diseases
96(6)
Rheumatic Fever
96(1)
Infectious Endocarditis
97(5)
Section 3 Cardiomyopathy and Congestive Heart Failure
102(1)
Cardiomyopathy
102(2)
Congestive Heart Failure
104(1)
Cardiac Physiology
104(1)
Systolic and Diastolic Dysfunction
105(1)
Left and Right Heart Failure
106(1)
Treatments for Heart Failure
107(1)
RAAS Inhibition
107(1)
Diuretics
108(1)
Beta Blockers
108(1)
Fluid Optimization
108(1)
Section 4 Cardiac Arrhythmia and Embolic Stroke
108(5)
Atrial and Ventricular Fibrillation
108(5)
Chapter 5 Diabetes Mellitus
113(28)
Diabetes Classification
113(1)
Epidemiology of Diabetes
114(2)
Pathophysiology: Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis
116(1)
Insulin Deficiency and Ketone Production
116(1)
Insulin Resistance
116(1)
Hypoglycemia
116(1)
Diagnosis and Medical Testing in Diabetes
117(1)
Common Tests in Diabetes
117(3)
Clinical Presentation of Diabetes
120(2)
Type 1 Diabetes
120(1)
Type 2 Diabetes
121(1)
Gestational Diabetes
122(1)
Complications of Diabetes
122(2)
Microvascular Disease
124(7)
Diabetic Retinopathy
124(3)
Diabetic Cataract
127(1)
Nephropathy
128(1)
Neuropathy
128(3)
Macrovascular Disease
131(1)
Dermatological and Infectious Disease
131(1)
Treatment of Diabetes
132(9)
Chapter 6 Endocrinology
141(42)
Section 1 Pituitary
141(10)
Growth Hormone
145(2)
Prolactin
147(1)
Gonadotropins
147(3)
Antidiuretic Hormone
150(1)
Section 2 Adrenal
151(12)
Adrenal Cortex
152(2)
Adrenal Insufficiency
154(2)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
156(1)
Adrenal Medulla
157(6)
Section 3 Thyroid
163(9)
Hypothyroidism
165(2)
Hyperthyroidism
167(1)
Thyroid Eye Disease
167(5)
Thyroid Cancer
172(1)
Section 4 Calcium and Osteoporosis
172(11)
Hyper-and Hypocalcemia
175(2)
Osteoporosis
177(6)
Chapter 7 Gastroenterology
183(18)
Basics of G1 Imaging And Therapy
183(1)
Testing in Gastroenterology
183(3)
Acid-Suppressing Therapy
186(1)
Gastrointestinal Illness
187(1)
Peptic Ulcer Disease
187(2)
Description and Pathogenesis
187(1)
Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcer Disease
187(1)
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Peptic Ulcer Disease
188(1)
Clinical Manifestations
189(1)
Diagnosis
189(1)
Prognosis and Treatment
189(1)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
189(5)
Description and Pathogenesis
189(1)
Clinical Manifestations
190(1)
Extraintestinal Manifestations
191(3)
Diagnosis
194(1)
Prognosis and Treatment
194(1)
Celiac Disease and Gluten Intolerance
194(3)
Description and Pathogenesis
194(1)
Clinical Manifestations
195(1)
Diagnosis
196(1)
Prognosis and Treatment
197(1)
Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity
197(1)
Functional Bowel Disease
197(4)
Description and Pathogenesis
197(1)
Clinical Manifestations
198(1)
Diagnosis
198(1)
Prognosis and Treatment
198(3)
Chapter 8 Hematology and Oncology
201(60)
Section 1 Hematology
202(2)
Red Blood Cells
202(1)
White Blood Cells
203(1)
Platelets
204(1)
Lab Testing in Hematology
204(3)
Diseases of Formed Elements of the Blood
207(18)
Disorders of Red Blood Cells
208(8)
Erythroid Aplasia
216(2)
White Blood Cells
218(6)
Platelets
224(1)
Clotting Pathways
225(2)
Section 2 Oncology
227(1)
Cancer Epidemiology
228(1)
Cancer Screening
229(1)
Cancer Risk Factors
229(1)
Cancer Staging
230(1)
Cancer Treatment
231(3)
Surgery
231(1)
Radiation
231(1)
Radiation Toxicity
232(2)
Chemotherapy
234(1)
Chemotherapy Toxicity
234(2)
Targeted Therapy
236(1)
Hormone Therapy
236(1)
Immunotherapy
236(1)
Prostate Cancer
236(3)
Breast Cancer
239(3)
Colorectal Cancer
242(3)
Cervical Cancer
245(2)
Lung Cancer
247(2)
Wilms Tumor
249(1)
Ocular Manifestations in Systemic Cancer
250(6)
Cancer Metastasis to the Globe, Orbit, and Efferent Visual Pathway
250(3)
Paraneoplastic Disease of the Globe and Efferent Visual Pathway
253(3)
Talking About Cancer
256(5)
Chapter 9 Infectious Diseases
261(56)
Section 1
261(1)
Clinical Syndromes
261(1)
Pneumonia and Pneumonitis
262(1)
Pathogens in Pneumonia
263(2)
Opportunistic Pneumonia
265(1)
Atypical Pneumonia
265(1)
Sinusitis
266(2)
Cellulitis
268(2)
Orbital Cellulitis
269(1)
Preseptal Cellulitis
269(1)
Meningitis and Encephalitis
270(5)
Hepatitis
275(3)
Sepsis
278(1)
Section 2
279(1)
Pathogens
279(1)
Tuberculosis
279(6)
Herpesvirus
285(6)
Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2
285(3)
Varicella-zoster virus
288(3)
Cytomegalovirus
291(1)
Human herpesvirus 8
291(1)
Other Pathogens
291(9)
Molluscum contagiosum
291(1)
Toxoplasmosis
292(3)
Candidiasis
295(3)
Cat scratch disease
298(1)
Rubella
299(1)
Spirochetal Diseases
300(17)
Lyme disease
301(4)
Syphilis
305(12)
Chapter 10 HIV Infection
317(36)
Section 1 Epidemiology and Diagnosis
317(1)
Definitions and History
317(2)
Modes of Transmission, Risk Behaviors, and Statistics
319(1)
Diagnostic Testing
319(1)
Section 2 Symptoms and Stages of HIV Infection
320(1)
The Relationship Between HIV Viral Load and CD4 Counts
320(1)
Acute HIV Infection
321(1)
Chronic HIV Infection
322(1)
Section 3 AIDS
322(1)
Endogenous and Exogenous Organisms: From Normal Flora to Pathogens
322(2)
How Diseases Behave in HIV-Positive Persons
324(3)
CD4 Count and Associated Diseases, Prevention, and Treatments
327(1)
AIDS-Associated Infections
327(9)
HIV-Related Malignancies
336(2)
Section 4 HIV-Associated Diseases
338(1)
HIV-Related Diseases Affecting the Eye and Vision
339(3)
Section 5 Vaccinations, Screening, and Primary Care of the HIV-infected Patient
342(1)
Section 6 Treatment and Prevention of HIV
342(1)
Antiretroviral Therapy
343(1)
Adherence and Resistance
344(9)
Timing of ART and Potential Complications: IRIS
346(1)
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
346(1)
PEP and PREP
347(1)
HIV Vaccines and Cure Strategies
348(5)
Chapter 11 Rheumatology
353(40)
Assessment of Rheumatologic Disease and Common Rheumatologic Tests
353(4)
Rheumatologic Diseases and Their Ocular Manifestations
357(1)
Giant Cell Arteritis
357(6)
Signs and Symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis
357(1)
Ocular Giant Cell Arteritis
358(1)
Giant Cell Arteritis Diagnosis
359(4)
Giant Cell Arteritis Treatment
363(1)
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
363(2)
Signs and Symptoms of Polymyalgia Rheumatica
364(1)
Polymyalgia Rheumatica Diagnosis
364(1)
Polymyalgia Rheumatica Treatment
364(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
365(4)
Signs and Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
365(1)
Ocular Rheumatoid Arthritis
365(3)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis
368(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
368(1)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
369(5)
Signs and Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
369(1)
Ocular Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
370(3)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Diagnosis
373(1)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treatment
374(1)
Sjogren Syndrome
374(3)
Signs and Symptoms of Sjogren Syndrome
375(1)
Ocular Sjogren Syndrome
375(1)
Sjogren Syndrome Diagnosis
376(1)
Sjogren Syndrome Treatment
377(1)
Sarcoidosis
377(5)
Signs and Symptoms of Sarcoidosis
378(1)
Ocular Sarcoidosis
378(3)
Sarcoidosis Diagnosis
381(1)
Sarcoidosis Treatment
381(1)
Spondyloarthropathies
382(4)
Signs and Symptoms of Spondyloarthritis
382(1)
Ocular Spondyloarthritis
383(1)
Spondyloarthritis Diagnosis
384(1)
Spondyloarthritis Treatment
385(1)
Osteoarthritis
386(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
386(1)
Osteoarthritis Diagnosis
386(1)
Osteoarthritis Treatment
387(1)
Systemic Sclerosis
387(6)
Limited Systemic Sclerosis: Signs and Symptoms
387(1)
Diffuse Systemic Sclerosis: Signs and Symptoms
388(1)
Systemic Sclerosis Diagnosis
389(1)
Systemic Sclerosis Treatment
389(4)
Chapter 12 Neurology
393(52)
Cerebrovascular Disease
393(3)
Approach to Vision Loss From Cerebrovascular Disease
396(12)
Vision Loss From Stroke
397(3)
Cerebrovascular Ophthalmoplegia
400(3)
Transient Monocular Vision Loss
403(1)
Retinal Artery Occlusion
403(2)
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
405(2)
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
407(1)
Bell Palsy
408(2)
Myasthenia Gravis
410(3)
Horner Syndrome
413(4)
Neoplasm
417(1)
Neoplastic Vision Loss
417(1)
Neoplastic Ophthalmoplegia
418(1)
Headache Syndromes
418(1)
Primary Headache Syndromes
418(1)
Migraine
419(3)
Retinal Migraine
422(1)
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
422(1)
SUNCT and SUNA
422(1)
Cluster Headache
423(1)
Paroxysmal Hemicrania
423(1)
Hemicrania Continua
424(1)
Secondary Headache Syndromes
424(1)
Headache Secondary to Elevated Intracranial Pressure
424(6)
Headache Secondary to Vascular Disorders
430(2)
Headache Secondary to Intracranial Mass Lesions
432(1)
Headache Secondary to Disorders of the Eye
432(2)
Optic Neuritis
434(11)
Optic Neuritis and Multiple Sclerosis
436(9)
Chapter 13 Dermatology
445(22)
Rosacea
445(3)
Diagnostic Phenotypes
447(1)
Ocular Rosacea
447(1)
Acne
448(3)
Dermatological Manifestation of Dyslipidemias
451(1)
Skin Cancer
452(15)
Basal Cell Carcinoma
452(2)
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
454(3)
Melanoma
457(10)
Chapter 14 Pulmonary
467(14)
Section 1 Asthma and Allergic Disease
467(5)
Section 2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
472(1)
Section 3 Common Pulmonary Medications for Asthma and COPD
473(3)
Inhaled Corticosteroids
473(1)
Nasal Glucocorticoids
474(1)
p-Adrenergic Agonists
474(1)
Muscarinic Antagonists
475(1)
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
475(1)
Section 4 Cystic Fibrosis
476(5)
Chapter 15 Neuroimaging: Diagnostic Imaging of the Orbit and Visual Pathway
481(22)
Imaging Modalities and Basic Principles
481(5)
Computed Tomography
482(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
482(3)
Imaging Planes
485(1)
Contrast Agents
485(1)
Basic Imaging Anatomy
486(3)
Imaging of Orbital Abnormalities
489(9)
Imaging of Sellar, Suprasellar, and Cavernous Sinus Abnormalities
498(2)
Brain Abnormalities
500(3)
Index 503