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E-raamat: Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics: Principles and Parameterizations

(University of Oklahoma)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Jun-2009
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780511698590
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Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics: Principles and ParameterizationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Jun-2009
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780511698590
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Provides a background to the fundamental principles of parameterization physics for accurate numerical predictions of cloud and precipitation.

This book focuses specifically on bin and bulk parameterizations for the prediction of cloud and precipitation at various scales - the cloud scale, mesoscale, synoptic scale, and the global climate scale. It provides a background to the fundamental principles of parameterization physics, including processes involved in the production of clouds, ice particles, liquid water, snow aggregate, graupel and hail. It presents full derivations of the parameterizations, allowing readers to build parameterization packages, with varying levels of complexity based on information in the book. Architectures for a range of dynamical models are given, in which parameterizations form a significant tool for investigating large non-linear numerical systems. Model codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521883382. Written for researchers and advanced students of cloud and precipitation microphysics, this book is also a valuable reference for all atmospheric scientists involved in models of numerical weather prediction.

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This book provides a background to the fundamental principles of parameterization physics for accurate numerical predictions of cloud and precipitation.
Preface xiii
Introduction
1(18)
Cloud and precipitation physics and parameterization perspective
1(1)
Types of microphysical parameterization model
1(3)
Warm-rain parameterizations
4(1)
Cold-rain and ice-phase parameterization
5(2)
Hydrometeor characteristics overview
7(10)
Summary
17(2)
Foundations of microphysical parameterizations
19(40)
Introduction
19(1)
Background
19(2)
Power laws
21(2)
Spectral density functions
23(4)
Gamma distributions
27(15)
Log-normal distribution
42(9)
Microphysical prognostic equations
51(6)
Bin microphysical parameterization spectra and moments
57(2)
Cloud-droplet and cloud-ice crystal nucleation
59(19)
Introduction
59(2)
Heterogeneous nucleation of liquid-water droplets for bulk model parameterizations
61(7)
Heterogeneous liquid-water drop nucleation for bin model parameterizations
68(2)
Homogeneous ice-crystal nucleation parameterizations
70(2)
Heterogeneous ice-crystal nucleation parameterizations
72(6)
Saturations adjustment
78(23)
Introduction
78(3)
Liquid bulk saturation adjustments schemes
81(5)
Ice and mixed-phase bulk saturation adjustments schemes
86(5)
A saturation adjustments used in bin microphysical parameterizations
91(2)
Bulk model parameterization of condensation from a bin model with explicit condensation
93(4)
The saturation ratio prognostic equation
97(4)
Vapor diffusion growth of liquid-water drops
101(38)
Introduction
101(1)
Mass flux of water vapor during diffusional growth of liquid-water drops
102(4)
Heat flux during vapor diffusional growth of liquid water
106(3)
Plane, pure, liquid-water surfaces
109(7)
Ventilation effects
116(2)
Curvature effects on vapor diffusion and Kelvin's law
118(2)
Solute effects on vapor diffusion and Raoult's law
120(1)
Combined curvature and solute effects and the Kohler curves
121(1)
Kinetic effects
122(2)
Higher-order approximations to the mass tendency equation
124(5)
Parameterizations
129(5)
Bin model methods to vapor-diffusion mass gain and loss
134(4)
Perspective
138(1)
Vapor diffusion growth of ice-water crystals and particles
139(13)
Introduction
139(1)
Mass flux of water vapor during diffusional growth of ice water
140(1)
Heat flux during vapor diffusional growth of ice water
141(1)
Plane, pure, ice-water surfaces
141(1)
Ventilation effects for larger ice spheres
142(1)
Parameterizations
143(5)
Effect of shape on ice-particle growth
148(4)
Collection growth
152(79)
Introduction
152(1)
Various forms of the collection equation
153(2)
Analysis of continuous, quasi-stochastic, and pure-stochastic growth models
155(9)
Terminal velocity
164(1)
Geometric sweep-out area and gravitational sweep-out volume per unit time
165(1)
Approximate polynomials to the gravitational collection kernel
165(1)
The continuous collection growth equation as a two-body problem
166(2)
The basic form of an approximate stochastic collection equation
168(1)
Quasi-stochastic growth interpreted by Berry and Reinhardt
169(4)
Continuous collection growth equation parameterizations
173(4)
Gamma distributions for the general collection equations
177(6)
Log-normal general collection equations
183(5)
Approximations for terminal-velocity differences
188(3)
Long's kernel for rain collection cloud
191(3)
Analytical solution to the collection equation
194(1)
Long's kernel for self-collection for rain and cloud
195(1)
Analytical self-collection solution for hydrometeors
196(1)
Reflectivity change for the gamma distribution owing to collection
197(1)
Numerical solutions to the quasi-stochastic collection equation
198(24)
Collection, collision, and coalescence efficiencies
222(9)
Drop breakup
231(22)
Introduction
231(1)
Collision breakup of drops
232(2)
Parameterization of drop breakup
234(19)
Autoconversions and conversions
253(40)
Introduction
253(2)
Autoconversion schemes for cloud droplets to drizzle and raindrops
255(9)
Self-collection of drizzle drops and conversion of drizzle into raindrops
264(1)
Conversion of ice crystals into snow crystals and snow aggregates
264(3)
Conversion of ice crystal and snow aggregates into graupel by riming
267(3)
Conversion of graupel and frozen drops into small hail
270(1)
Conversion of three graupel species and frozen drops amongst each other owing to changes in density by collection of liquid particles
271(1)
Heat budgets used to determine conversions
272(6)
Probabilistic (immersion) freezing
278(5)
Immersion freezing
283(1)
Two-and three-body conversions
283(6)
Graupel density parameterizations and density prediction
289(1)
Density changes in graupel and frozen drops collecting cloud water
290(1)
Density changes in graupel and frozen drops collecting drizzle or rainwater
290(1)
More recent approaches to conversion of ice
291(2)
Hail growth
293(19)
Introduction
293(4)
Wet and spongy hail growth
297(1)
Heat-budget equation
298(3)
Temperature equations for hailstones
301(1)
Temperature equation for hailstones with heat storage
302(2)
Schumann-Ludlam limit for wet growth
304(2)
Collection efficiency of water drops for hail
306(1)
Hail microphysical recycling and low-density riming
307(5)
Melting of ice
312(24)
Introduction
312(1)
Snowflakes and snow aggregates
313(1)
Graupels and hailstones
313(2)
Melting of graupel and hail
315(11)
Soaking and liquid water on ice surfaces
326(2)
Shedding drops from melting hail or hail in wet growth
328(2)
Parameterization of shedding by hail particles of 9---19mm
330(3)
Sensitivity tests with a hail melting model
333(3)
Microphysical parameterization problems and solutions
336(10)
Autoconversion of cloud to drizzle or rain development
336(2)
Gravitational sedimentation
338(2)
Collection and conversions
340(3)
Nucleation
343(1)
Evaporation
344(1)
Conversion of graupel and frozen drops to hail
344(1)
Shape parameter diagnosis from precipitation equations
345(1)
Model dynamics and finite differences
346(21)
One-and-a-half-dimensional cloud model
346(2)
Two-dimensional dynamical models
348(7)
Three-dimensional dynamical model
355(12)
Appendix 367(4)
References 371(14)
Index 385
Jerry M. Straka received a Ph.D. in Meteorology from the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1989. He then worked for a short time at the University of Wisconsin's Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) in Madison before joining the University of Oklahoma in 1990 where he is an Associate Professor of Meteorology. Dr Straka's research interests include microphysical modeling, severe thunderstorm dynamics, numerical prediction, radar meteorology, and computational fluid dynamics. He is co-director of the Verifications of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX I) and a Member of the American Meteorological Society.
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