About the Authors |
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ix | |
Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
Nomenclature |
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xv | |
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1 | (48) |
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1.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors |
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2 | (5) |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor |
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7 | (16) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Subthreshold Conduction |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (4) |
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1.2.6 Channel Length Modulation Effect |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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1.5.1 Application of Statistics to Circuit Design |
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28 | (2) |
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1.5.2 Systematic Variation |
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30 | (1) |
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1.6 Simulation Models for Circuit Design |
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31 | (5) |
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1.6.1 Process Variation and Typical Design |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (3) |
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36 | (2) |
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1.7.2 Sums and Multiplications of Noises |
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38 | (1) |
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1.8 Fabrication Technology |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (7) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (22) |
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49 | (13) |
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51 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Temperature Coefficient |
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54 | (2) |
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2.1.3 Power Supply Rejection Ratio |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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2.2 Other Design Considerations |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (6) |
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70 | (1) |
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3 Bandgap Voltage Reference |
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71 | (32) |
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3.1 Widlar Bandgap Voltage Reference Circuit |
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71 | (3) |
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3.2 Drain Voltage Equalization Current Mirror |
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74 | (7) |
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3.2.1 Opamp Based β-Multiplier Bandgap Voltage Reference Circuit |
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76 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Bandgap Voltage Reference Circuit |
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77 | (4) |
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3.3 Major Circuit Elements |
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81 | (14) |
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3.3.1 Operational Amplifier |
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81 | (5) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (5) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (7) |
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101 | (2) |
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4 Error Sources in Bandgap Voltage Reference Circuit |
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103 | (62) |
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103 | (11) |
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4.1.1 Input Offset Voltage |
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104 | (8) |
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4.1.2 Limited Gain and Power Supply Rejection Ratio |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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4.2 Current Mirror Mismatch |
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114 | (8) |
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4.2.1 Channel Length Modulation Effect Compensation |
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116 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Cascode Current Mirror |
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117 | (5) |
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122 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Series Base Resistance |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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4.5 Power Supply Variation |
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127 | (8) |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (2) |
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4.8 Voltage Reference Circuit Trimming |
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140 | (9) |
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4.8.1 Linked Fuse Resistor Trimming |
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141 | (1) |
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4.8.2 Resistor Trimming Circuit Analysis |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (2) |
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4.8.4 Voltage Domain Trimming |
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148 | (1) |
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4.8.5 Current Domain Trimming |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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4.10 Exercises Advanced Voltage Reference Circuits |
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151 | (14) |
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161 | (4) |
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5 Temperature Compensation Techniques |
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165 | (26) |
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5.1 VBE - Δ VBE Compensation |
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166 | (9) |
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5.1.1 Brokaw Bandgap Voltage Reference |
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168 | (2) |
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5.1.2 β-Multiplier VBE - Δ VBE Compensation |
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170 | (5) |
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5.2 Widlar PTAT Current Source and VBE Compensation |
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175 | (2) |
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5.3 VGS Based Temperature Compensation |
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177 | (5) |
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178 | (4) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (8) |
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189 | (2) |
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6 Sub-1V Voltage Reference Circuit |
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191 | (32) |
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193 | (2) |
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6.2 Voltage Headroom in Opamp based β-multiplier Voltage Reference Circuit |
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195 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Opamp with NMOS Input Stage |
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197 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Local Voltage Boosting |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Bulk-Driven Transistors |
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199 | (1) |
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6.3 Sub-1V Bandgap Voltage Reference by Resistive Division |
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199 | (10) |
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6.3.1 Resistive Divided VBE |
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202 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Independent Biased Resistive Divided VBE |
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206 | (3) |
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6.4 Peaking Current Source and VBE Compensation |
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209 | (2) |
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6.5 Weighted Δ VGS Compensation |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (8) |
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222 | (1) |
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7 High Order Curvature Correction |
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223 | (36) |
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224 | (4) |
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7.2 Second Order Temperature Compensation |
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228 | (10) |
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7.2.1 Second Order Current Source |
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229 | (3) |
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7.2.2 Current Subtraction |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (2) |
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7.3 BJT Current Subtraction |
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238 | (2) |
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7.4 Piecewise Linear Compensation |
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240 | (3) |
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7.5 Sum and Difference of Sources with Similar Temperature Dependence |
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243 | (9) |
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7.5.1 Difference of Voltages with Similar Temperature Dependence |
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244 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Sum of Voltages with Inverted Temperature Dependence |
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245 | (2) |
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7.5.3 `Multi-threshold Voltages Curvature Compensated Voltage Reference' |
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247 | (5) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (6) |
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257 | (2) |
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8 CMOS Voltage Reference without Resistors |
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259 | (30) |
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8.1 Generation of Weighted PTAT Source By Inverse Functions |
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260 | (5) |
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8.1.1 Weighted Differential Circuit |
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260 | (2) |
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8.1.2 Negative Impedance Converter |
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262 | (3) |
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8.2 Resistorless Voltage and Current Sources |
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265 | (3) |
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8.2.1 Resistorless Voltage Source |
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265 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Resistorless Current Source |
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266 | (2) |
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8.3 First Order Compensated Resistorless Bandgap Voltage Reference Circuit |
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268 | (2) |
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8.3.1 Voltage Summation Based Resistorless Reference Circuit |
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269 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Current Summation Based Resistorless Reference Circuit |
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270 | (1) |
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8.4 Resistorless Sub-Bandgap Reference Circuit |
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270 | (9) |
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8.4.1 The Voltage Summation Approach |
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271 | (2) |
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8.4.2 CTAT Voltage Reduction |
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273 | (6) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (9) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (4) |
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B SPICE Netlist of Voltage Reference Circuit |
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287 | (2) |
Index |
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289 | |