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E-raamat: Coal Combustion Products (CCPs): Characteristics, Utilization and Beneficiation

(Senior Advisor for the Materials Technologies Group at the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, USA), (Senior Research Scientist, Materials Technologies Group at the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energ),
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Apr-2017
  • Kirjastus: Woodhead Publishing Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081010471
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Coal Combustion Products (CCPs): Characteristics, Utilization and BeneficiationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Apr-2017
  • Kirjastus: Woodhead Publishing Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081010471
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Coal combustion by-products provides a detailed overview of the different waste materials produced during power generation from coal, exploring their nature, beneficiation techniques, applications and environmental impacts. Strong focus is placed on coal fly ash, bottom ash and flue gas desulfurization materials and their employment in cement, concrete, gypsum products, aggregates, road construction, geotechnics and agriculture, among other products and industries.

Part 1 focuses on the nature of coal ashes, with chapters on their origin, generation and storage, both in ponds and landfill. The coal combustion by-products produced as a result of clean coal technologies are the focus of the final chapter in the section. The next group of chapters in Part 2 considers the utilization of different waste materials, including the key products coal fly ash, bottom ash and flue gas desulfurization materials. This is followed by a contribution reviewing the latest research into innovative and advanced uses for coal ash.

After an introduction to ash quality problems and quality monitoring, Part 3 concentrates on the essential area of by-product beneficiation techniques, in other words how to maximize the quality of materials for the end user. Topics covered include separation methods, thermal processing and chemical passivation. The final section of the book addresses environmental issues, including the use of coal combustion by-products in green construction materials and the essential health and safety considerations associated with their use.

This book is a valuable resource for engineers and scientists from the coal, cement, concrete and construction industries seeking an in-depth guide to the characteristics, utilization, beneficiation and environmental impacts of coal combustion by-products. Researchers in universities working in this area will also find much to expand their knowledge.

  • Essential reference on the nature, reactivity, beneficiation, potential and environmental risks of coal-combustion by-products
  • Contains an in-depth review of the origin and geochemistry of coal ash
  • Explores the utilization of coal combustion by-products as supplementary cementitious materials to reduce the anthropomorphic greenhouse gas emissions associated with the use of ordinary Portland cement concrete
  • Describes the essential area of the toxicology of coal combustion by-products

Muu info

Maximise the potential of coal ash and other coal combustion wastes with this detailed guide to their geochemistry, preparation for use, applications and toxicology
List of contributors
xi
Editors biography xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Part One Nature of coal combustion products
1(96)
1 An introduction to the nature of coal
3(18)
J. Groppo
1.1 Coal formation and rank
3(3)
1.2 Coal composition and mineralogy
6(5)
1.3 Coal beneficiation
11(3)
1.4 Coal pulverizing
14(1)
1.5 Future trends for clean coal technologies
15(6)
References
18(3)
2 Generation and nature of coal fly ash and bottom ash
21(46)
J.C. Hower
K.R. Henke
S. Dai
C.R. Ward
D. French
S. Liu
U.M. Graham
2.1 Common types of coal utilization
21(2)
2.2 Methods for CCP analysis
23(5)
2.3 Classification for standards
28(31)
2.4 Other solid fuels
59(8)
References
60(7)
3 Flue-gas desulfurization products and other air emissions controls
67(30)
K.J. Ladwig
G.M. Blythe
3.1 Introduction
67(1)
3.2 FGD for SO2 control
67(9)
3.3 SO3 controls
76(8)
3.4 NOx controls
84(3)
3.5 Mercury controls
87(10)
References
93(4)
Part Two Utilization of coal combustion products
97(118)
4 Introduction to the utilization of coal combustion products
99(22)
R.A. Kruger
4.1 Introduction
99(1)
4.2 Utilization in the United States
100(6)
4.3 Utilization in Australia
106(1)
4.4 Utilization in Europe
107(2)
4.5 Utilization in the United Kingdom
109(1)
4.6 Utilization in Israel
110(1)
4.7 Utilization in South Africa
111(1)
4.8 Utilization in India
111(2)
4.9 Utilization in China
113(3)
4.10 Conclusion
116(5)
References
118(3)
5 Coal fly ash as a pozzolan
121(34)
M. Thomas
R. Jewell
R. Jones
5.1 Introduction
121(1)
5.2 Definitions
121(1)
5.3 Origin of fly ash
122(1)
5.4 Properties of fly ash and bottom ash
122(3)
5.5 Pozzolanic reaction of fly ash
125(2)
5.6 Influence of fly ash on the properties of concrete
127(16)
5.7 Examples of use in concrete
143(1)
5.8 Specifications for the use of fly ash in concrete
143(1)
5.9 High-volume fly ash concrete
144(2)
5.10 Use of bottom ash
146(4)
5.11 Road bases
150(1)
5.12 Structural pipe bedding
150(1)
5.13 Slope stabilization
150(1)
5.14 Summary
151(4)
References
151(4)
6 The utilization of flue-gas desulfurization materials
155(30)
T. Butalia
W. Wolfe
P. Amaya
6.1 Introduction
155(1)
6.2 Highway applications
156(7)
6.3 Wallboard
163(1)
6.4 Agricultural applications
164(4)
6.5 Cement manufacturing
168(1)
6.6 Livestock feeding and hay storage pads
169(1)
6.7 Waste stream pollutant fixation
170(1)
6.8 Landfill liner and cap
170(1)
6.9 Land reclamation
171(6)
6.10 Conclusions
177(8)
References
177(8)
7 Fly ash-based geopolymer chemistry and behavior
185(30)
R.V.R. San Nicolas
B. Walkley
J.S.J. van Deventer
7.1 Introduction
185(1)
7.2 Fly ashes used as precursors for alkali activation
186(4)
7.3 AAFA materials: (N,K)-A-S-H gel framework
190(5)
7.4 Tailored mix design for targeted properties (activators, class of ash, chemistry trends)
195(2)
7.5 Structural behavior of AAFA
197(5)
7.6 Fly ash for lightweight materials
202(1)
7.7 Commercial adoption of geopolymer concrete
203(1)
7.8 The case for performance-based standards
204(1)
7.9 Conclusions
205(10)
References
206(9)
Part Three The beneficiation of coal combustion materials
215(174)
8 Ash beneficiation, quality, and standard criteria
217(8)
T. Robl
8.1 Introduction
217(1)
8.2 National ash standards
217(3)
8.3 Beneficiation technologies
220(5)
References
224(1)
9 Assessing ash quality and performance
225(30)
L.L. Sutter
D.P. Bentz
9.1 Introduction
225(1)
9.2 Carbon content and loss on ignition
226(2)
9.3 Adsorption-based tests for characterizing carbon in fly ash
228(7)
9.4 Particle size measurement
235(1)
9.5 Analysis for incompatibilities
236(3)
9.6 Setting time delays and their mitigation
239(2)
9.7 Strength development issues and their mitigation
241(8)
9.8 Summary
249(6)
Acknowledgments
252(1)
References
252(3)
10 Air classification
255(22)
J. Jow
10.1 Introduction
255(2)
10.2 Purposes and beneficiation
257(4)
10.3 Theory and fundamental parameters
261(4)
10.4 Air classifiers
265(1)
10.5 Practical uses
266(4)
10.6 Alternative technologies
270(3)
10.7 Future trends
273(1)
10.8 Summary and conclusions
274(3)
References
275(2)
11 Electrostatic beneficiation of fly ash
277(32)
J.D. Bittner
F.J. Hrach
11.1 The benefits and challenges of electrostatic separation
277(1)
11.2 The importance of fly ash properties in electrostatic separation
278(1)
11.3 Fundamentals of electrostatics
279(5)
11.4 Electrostatic separator concepts to separate unburned carbon from fly ash
284(21)
11.5 Commercial electrostatic separation of unburned carbon from fly ash
305(1)
11.6 Summary and conclusion
306(3)
References
307(2)
12 Thermal processing
309(18)
J. Castleman
12.1 Background
309(1)
12.2 Effects of thermal beneficiation
309(2)
12.3 Commercial thermal beneficiation
311(14)
12.4 Summary
325(2)
References
325(2)
13 Chemical passivation
327(16)
R. Minkara
13.1 Introduction
327(5)
13.2 Limitations of traditional testing
332(3)
13.3 Adsorption tests
335(2)
13.4 Automated methods
337(1)
13.5 Chemical passivation
338(2)
13.6 Summary
340(3)
References
341(2)
14 Recovery, processing, and usage of wet-stored fly ash
343(26)
M.J. McCarthy
T. Rohl
L.J. Csetenyi
14.1 Introduction
343(1)
14.2 Stored fly ash
344(1)
14.3 Wet-storage effects on fly ash
345(6)
14.4 Processing of stockpile and ponded ash
351(8)
14.5 Direct use of stockpile ash in concrete
359(4)
14.6 Observations and practical issues
363(6)
References
364(5)
15 Fly ash refinement and extraction of useful compounds
369(20)
H.W. Nugteren
15.1 Quality improvement
369(5)
15.2 Extraction of valuable compounds
374(7)
15.3 Integral treatment technologies
381(2)
15.4 Concluding remarks
383(6)
References
383(6)
Part Four Coal products and the environment
389(142)
16 Coal products and the environment
391(4)
T. Adams
T. Rohl
16.1 Environmental benefits of coal product recycling
391(1)
16.2 Risk assessment in the management of coal products
392(2)
16.3 Ash as an internationally traded commodity and the future of the industry
394(1)
17 Coal combustion products in green building
395(20)
L. Lemay
17.1 Introduction
395(1)
17.2 What is green building?
395(2)
17.3 How do CCRs contribute to green products?
397(4)
17.4 How coal combustion products are treated in the green building standards
401(4)
17.5 Measuring impacts of construction materials using LCA
405(7)
17.6 Standard specifications and project specifications
412(1)
17.7 Challenges and opportunities for greater use of CCPs
413(2)
References
413(2)
18 Coal ash in context
415(36)
L.J.N. Bradley
18.1 Introduction
415(1)
18.2 Overview
415(1)
18.3 What is coal ash?
416(1)
18.4 What constituents are present in coal ash?
416(1)
18.5 Coal ash constituents in US soils
417(5)
18.6 Human health risk assessment
422(1)
18.7 Ecological risk assessment
423(2)
18.8 What does it mean for something to be toxic?
425(1)
18.9 How is exposure evaluated?
426(1)
18.10 Target risk levels
426(2)
18.11 USEPA uses toxicity and exposure information for environmental assessment
428(1)
18.12 Using USEPA screening levels to evaluate coal ash
429(2)
18.13 Studies testing the toxicity of coal ash
431(3)
18.14 Site-specific conceptual site models
434(2)
18.15 How is risk assessment used on a site-specific basis?
436(2)
18.16 How common is a complete groundwater drinking water pathway?
438(1)
18.17 Risk evaluations of the TVA Kingston release
439(2)
18.18 Evaluations of the Dan River spill in North Carolina
441(1)
18.19 Evaluations of private well water in the vicinity of North Carolina ash ponds
442(4)
18.20 Summary
446(5)
References
446(5)
19 Environmental impact and corrective action
451(30)
J.L. Daniels
N.E. Carriker
19.1 Introduction and context
451(4)
19.2 Regulatory framework (as relevant for corrective action of surface impoundments)
455(3)
19.3 Site assessments
458(9)
19.4 Corrective action
467(8)
19.5 Sustainable closure and postclosure care
475(2)
19.6 Conclusion
477(4)
References
478(3)
20 Storage of coal combustion products in the United States: Perspectives on potential human health and environmental risks
481(28)
A. Lewis
A. Bittner
K. Radloff
B. Hensel
20.1 Background
481(1)
20.2 History of evaluation of potential human health and ecological risk associated with CCP management
482(2)
20.3 Damage cases
484(5)
20.4 Exposure pathways
489(1)
20.5 Facility design
489(3)
20.6 Hydrogeological environment
492(4)
20.7 Human health and environmental impacts associated with storing CCP in surface impoundments
496(2)
20.8 Human health and environmental impacts associated with storing CCP in landfills
498(4)
20.9 Corrective actions
502(1)
20.10 Impacts associated with surface impoundment closure alternatives
503(1)
20.11 Summary
504(5)
References
505(4)
21 Ash as an internationally traded commodity
509(22)
D. Harris
21.1 Introduction
509(1)
21.2 High-volume surplus markets
510(10)
21.3 International trade: Challenges
520(4)
21.4 International trade: Opportunities
524(3)
21.5 Summary
527(4)
References
529(2)
Index 531
Thomas Robl is a Senior Advisor for the Materials Technologies Group at the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (UK CAER). He is a member of the University of Kentucky Graduate Faculty and is a Director of the American Coal Association and Co-Chairman of the World of Coal Ash International Symposium. He received a PhD from the University of Kentucky in 1977 in Geology. Anne Oberlink is a Senior Research Scientist for the Materials Technologies group at the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (UK CAER). She is co-editor of the Coal Combustion and Gasification Products Journal, a journal collaboratively published by UK CAER and the American Coal Ash Association (ACAA). She received her second Masters of Science in Chemistry from the University of Kentucky in 2010. Rod Jones is Professor of Civil Engineering and the Director of the Concrete Technology Unit at the University of Dundee in Scotland. Hes a Chartered Civil Engineer and is a leading researcher in the field of cement and concrete technology. His research work lies in the areas of engineering design, sustainable construction, durability performance, utilisation of industrial by-products, enhancing service-life performance.
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