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E-raamat: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing: Technologies and Applications

Edited by (Fiber Network Engineering, Half Moon Bay, California, USA), Edited by (Siemens Corporate Technology, Munchen, Germany)
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Prized for its low cost and simplicity, coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) technology has had significant attention in both research and applications in recent years, and has broadened the market considerably. Many of the contributors of these ten papers helped to develop CWDM and the resulting G.694.2 and G.695 standards, and all are conducting research leading to the next generation of CWDM. Topics include the development and contents of standards, optical filters to support CWDM, transceivers, WDM filters, optimizing CWDM for nonamplified networks, amplifiers, upgrade paths toward 10 Gb/s, CWDM in metropolitan networks, CWDM in CATV/HFC networks and CWDM for fiber access solutions. The editors provide a general index. Annotation ©2007 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Explaining what CWDM is, how it is achieved, and why it should be deployed, Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing: Technologies and Applications merges coverage of isolated aspects of Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) traditionally found as device-related or specific system topics. Emphasizing cost savings and performance enhancement, the book integrates information on component issues, system architectures, concepts for extensions and upgrades, as well as practical applications into a comprehensive, single-volume resource.

Beginning with a summary of the ITU-T standards defining CWDM, the book addresses the three essential component classes, optical fibers, transceivers, and WDM filters, which combine to form the basis for the CWDM transmission link. The following chapters include coverage of different architectures such as hubbed rings and meshed networks, and upgrade paths to overcome limitations of current CWDM systems. The book outlines the feasibility of optically amplified CWDM systems, investigates the challenges present with high-speed CWDM and bidirectional transmission, and finally elucidates the importance of CWDM for a wide range of applications.

Each chapter provides sufficient information to be used independently and contains references to relevant papers and articles for further study. The last sections of the book focus on applications and case studies where CWDM plays an ever-increasing role. They include extensive studies on networking, reach extension by amplification, and the latest concepts of transmission capacity upgrades using increased bit-rates or new channel plans. Filled with practical information, the book provides a clear understanding of recent developments in the dynamic field of CWDM.

Arvustused

"CWDM is an optical communications technology that brought low cost and simplicity and thereby broadened the market. This book has a uniform, approachable, and teaching writing style and therefore is useful for any systems engineer working in the field, using the technology or consider CWDM as an alternative to DWDM. I highly recommend it."

-- Prof. Robert Norwood, Univ. of Arizona

" A wonderfully written book by Marcus and Hans which provides the detail for those, that need to study the subject deeply, while interesting enough for those that need to understand the basics. Well done." -- Ken Ahmad, Industry Pioneer and former VP of Luminent.

CWDM Standards
1(18)
Mike Hudson
Introduction
1(1)
ITU-T Recommendation G.694.2
2(1)
ITU-T Recommendation G.695
3(12)
Application Code Nomenclature
3(2)
Black Box and Black Link Approaches
5(1)
Black Box
5(2)
Black Link
7(1)
Unidirectional and Bidirectional Transmission
8(1)
Topologies
8(2)
Power Budget
10(1)
Distance
11(2)
Path Penalty
13(1)
Channel Plans
13(1)
Center Wavelength Deviation
13(2)
Application Code Summary
15(1)
ITU-T Recommendation G.671
15(4)
References
17(2)
Optical Fibers to Support CWDM
19(38)
Kai H. Chang
Lars Gruner-Nielsen
David W. Peckham
Introduction to Optical Fibers
20(1)
Fiber Properties and Effects on CWDM System Performance
21(16)
Fiber Attenuation
21(1)
Bending-Induced Loss
22(1)
Macrobending Loss
23(1)
Microbending Loss
24(3)
Chromatic Dispersion
27(1)
Dispersion Effects
28(1)
Dispersion Effect when Transmitter Has Chirp
29(2)
Polarization Mode Dispersion
31(1)
Cut-Off Wavelength
31(1)
Theoretical Cut-Off Wavelength
32(1)
Effective Cut-Off Wavelength
32(2)
Nonlinear Effects
34(1)
Geometric Properties
35(2)
Overview of Common Transmission Fibers Used for CWDM
37(4)
Standard Single Mode Fiber (ITU-T G.652)
37(1)
Low Water Peak and Zero Water Peak Fiber
37(1)
Low Bend Loss Fiber Designs
38(1)
Nonzero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.655)
39(2)
NZDSF for Wideband Optical Transport (ITU-T G.656)
41(1)
Zero-OH- Single Mode Fibers for CWDM Applications
41(9)
Introduction
41(2)
Manufacturing Process for Zero-OH- AllWave® Fiber
43(1)
The RIC-ODD Process and AllWave Fiber Performance
44(1)
Fiber Loss
44(2)
Interface Quality and Fiber Strength
46(1)
Fiber PMD
46(1)
Fiber Geometry
46(1)
Hydrogen Aging Losses
47(3)
Conclusions
50(1)
Dispersion-Compensating Fibers
50(7)
Basic Principles
50(1)
DCF for CWDM
51(2)
Raman-Pumped DCF
53(1)
References
53(4)
CWDM Transceivers
57(34)
Marcus Nebeling
Introduction
58(3)
Sources for CWDM
61(7)
Laser Types and Their Properties
62(1)
Fabry Perot Laser
62(1)
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
63(1)
Distributed Feedback Laser
63(1)
Fiber Gating Laser
64(1)
Externally Modulated Laser
65(1)
Application to CWDM
66(1)
Dispersion Tolerance
66(2)
Detectors for CWDM
68(2)
PIN Diodes
69(1)
APD Diodes
70(1)
Transmitters and Receivers
70(8)
Evolution of The Optical Transceiver
70(2)
Laser Transmitters
72(1)
Uncooled Transmitters for CWDM
73(1)
Wavelength Drift
74(2)
Power Variation
76(1)
Optical Receivers
76(2)
CWDM Transmission Link
78(1)
Transceivers
78(13)
Building Blocks
79(3)
Standards
82(1)
Small Form Factor (SFF)
83(1)
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC)
84(1)
Small Form Pluggable (SFP)
85(1)
Transceivers for 10 Gb/s
85(1)
Trends for Future CWDM Transceivers
86(1)
Capacity/Performance
86(1)
Modularity
86(2)
Integration
88(2)
References
90(1)
WDM Filters for CWDM
91(34)
Ralf Lohrmann
Introduction
91(3)
Basic Network Concepts
92(1)
Requirements for CWDM Filters
93(1)
Technical Options for Wavelength Division Multiplexing
94(10)
Gratings, Arrayed Waveguides, and Thin-Film Filters
94(1)
Fiber Bragg Gratings
94(5)
Arrayed Waveguides
99(2)
Thin-Film Filters
101(1)
Trade-Offs and Performance
102(2)
Properties of Thin-Film Filters
104(9)
Thin-Film Multi-Cavity Structures
104(7)
Manufacturing Process Steps
111(2)
Thin-Film Filter Packaging Solutions
113(9)
Cascaded 3-Port Packages, Multi-Ports, and Glass Package
113(1)
3-Ports
113(4)
Multi-Ports
117(2)
Glass Packages
119(1)
CWDM Modules
119(1)
Multiple Bounce Concept
120(2)
Future Trends and Requirements
122(3)
References
123(2)
Optimizing CWDM for Nonamplified Networks
125(46)
Charles Ufongene
Introduction
125(3)
Optimized Design of CWDN Networks
128(7)
Attenuation Slope Compensating Wavelength Assignment
128(2)
Discussion
130(1)
Ring Perimeter
131(2)
Channel Power
133(1)
Impact of Loss
133(2)
Generalized Case of CWDM Design
135(3)
Discussion
136(2)
Application: Wavelength Assignment in 4-Node Ring
138(14)
Wavelength Assignment
138(5)
Calculation of Filter Losses
143(9)
Analysis of Results for 4-Node Ring
152(4)
Nonattenuation Slope Compensating Wavelength Assignment
152(1)
Attenuation Slope Compensating Wavelength Assignment
152(2)
Impact of Ring Perimeter
154(1)
Extension to 8-Node Ring
154(2)
N-Node CWDM Meshed Network
156(12)
Wavelength Assignment
156(6)
Optimization Techniques
162(6)
Conclusions and Future Work
168(3)
References
169(2)
Amplifiers for CWDM
171(28)
Leo H. Spiekman
Introduction
171(1)
Principles of Optical Amplification
172(5)
Optical Amplifier Types
172(1)
EDFA
173(1)
SOA
173(1)
Raman
174(1)
Gain
174(1)
Noise
175(1)
Gain Saturation and Gain Dynamics
176(1)
Challenges of Amplifying CWDM
177(3)
Wideband Amplification
177(1)
Influence of Broadband Noise
178(2)
Doped Fiber-Based CWDM Amplifiers
180(2)
Semiconductor-Based CWDM Amplifiers
182(8)
Device Specifics
182(2)
Challenges and Solutions: Dynamics, Gain Clamping
184(3)
Fiber Transmission Using SOAs
187(3)
Raman and Hybrid Amplifiers
190(3)
Amplified CWDM Transmission Line
193(1)
Summary
194(5)
References
194(5)
CWDM --- Upgrade Paths and Toward 10 Gb/s
199(52)
Hans-Jorg Thiele
Peter J. Winzer
Introduction
200(3)
Overview of CWDM Capacity Upgrade Options
203(8)
Increasing Per-Channel Bit-Rates (Option 1)
204(2)
The Channel Overlay (Option 2c)
206(3)
Equalization and FEC for CWDM Transmission
209(1)
Forward Error Correction
209(1)
Electronic Equalization
210(1)
Advances in CWDM Lasers
211(12)
Laser Output Power
211(2)
Laser Chirp, Extinction Ratio, and Chromatic Dispersion
213(1)
Directly Modulated Laser Chirp
213(3)
Chirp and Chromatic Dispersion
216(2)
Chirp and Extinction Ratio
218(1)
Increased Bit-Rate Operation
218(1)
Uncooled DMLs for 10 Gb/s
218(1)
Operating 2.5-Gb/s Rated DMLs at 10 Gb/s
219(3)
Uther Laser Types for 10-Gb/s CWDM Systems
222(1)
CWDM System Upgrade Demonstrations
223(7)
Example for A DWDM Overlay
223(4)
Example for Mixed Bit-Rate Transmission
227(1)
Upgrade Using 10-Gb/s DML
228(1)
Upgrade Using a 10-Gb/s EML
229(1)
Mixed Fiber-Type Transmission
230(4)
10-Gb/s DML over All Wave and TrueWave-RS
230(2)
10-Gb/s DWDM Overlay with TrueWave-RS
232(1)
10-Gb/s EML with AllWave and Multiple Spans of TrueWave-RS
232(2)
Full-Spectrum CWDM at 10 Gb/s
234(17)
Transmission over NZDSF
234(2)
FEC-Enabled Transmission over AllWave
236(1)
FEC and Equalization in a Full-Spectrum CWDM Experiment
236(6)
FEC and Equalization to Support Fully Bidirectional CWDM Transmission
242(3)
References
245(6)
CWDM in Metropolitan Networks
251(18)
Jim Aldridge
Metro Network
252(7)
Definitions
252(1)
CWDM in the Metro
253(1)
CWDM Network Building Blocks
254(1)
Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
254(2)
Add/Drop Multiplexer
256(1)
Cross-Connect
257(1)
Transceiver
257(1)
Rings Using CWDM
258(1)
Key Issues for Optical Network Engineers
259(4)
Metro CWDM Applications
263(6)
Disaster Recovery
263(1)
Adding CWDM to Single Wavelength Networks
264(1)
Scalability with DWDM Over CWDM
265(1)
Future Applications
266(1)
References
267(2)
CWDM in CATV/HFC Networks
269(16)
Jim D. Farina
Introduction
269(1)
CATV Architecture
270(6)
HFC Forward Path Optics
273(1)
HFC Reverse Path Optics
273(1)
Analog Direct Modulation
274(2)
Applications for CWDM
276(7)
Forward Path
276(1)
Forward Path Narrowcast Overlay
276(2)
Return Path
278(1)
Limitations Due to SRS
279(4)
CWDM in FTTx and Future Network Designs
283(2)
References
283(2)
CWDM for Fiber Access Solutions
285(28)
Carlos Bock
Josep Prat
Introduction to Fiber-to-the-Home
285(9)
FTTH Basics and Standards
286(2)
Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint
288(2)
Standards for FTTH-PON
290(1)
Advantages of CWDM in FTTx
291(1)
Is There Enough Bandwidth Using CWDM?
292(1)
Limitations of CWDM in FTTx
293(1)
Network Overlay
294(6)
Combining CWDM and TDM to Create High Density PONs
294(1)
Network Design
295(2)
Protocol Compatibility with Existing Standards
297(2)
Upstream Transmission
299(1)
Service Overlay
300(5)
Offering Different Services over the Same Network Infrastructure
300(1)
Multi-Carrier Infrastructure
301(1)
Service Filtering
302(3)
Advanced CWDM Network Implementations
305(3)
CWDM Overlay on EPON Systems
305(1)
Ring-Based CWDM Metro/Access Network
305(1)
Wireless and CWDM Networks
306(1)
CWDM and D/UD-WDM Access Networks
306(2)
Future Trends
308(5)
References
309(4)
List of Abbreviations 313(6)
Index 319


Marcus Nebeling, Hans Joerg Thiele