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E-raamat: Combinatorics

(Virginia Technical University, Blacksburg, USA)
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Bijective proofs are some of the most elegant and powerful techniques in all of mathematics. Suitable for readers without prior background in algebra or combinatorics, the book presents an introduction to enumerative and algebraic combinatorics emphasizing bijective methods. The text develops mathematical tools, such as basic counting rules, recursions, inclusion-exclusion techniques, generating functions, bijective proofs, and linear-algebraic methods to solve enumeration problems. The tools are used toanalyze combinatorial structures, words, permutations, subsets, functions, compositions, integer partitions, graphs, trees, lattice paths, multisets, rook placements, and set partitions. --

Combinatorics, Second Edition is a well-rounded, general introduction to the subjects of enumerative, bijective, and algebraic combinatorics. The textbook emphasizes bijective proofs, which provide elegant solutions to counting problems by setting up one-to-one correspondences between two sets of combinatorial objects. The author has written the textbook to be accessible to readers without any prior background in abstract algebra or combinatorics.

Part I of the second edition develops an array of mathematical tools to solve counting problems: basic counting rules, recursions, inclusion-exclusion techniques, generating functions, bijective proofs, and linear algebraic methods. These tools are used to analyze combinatorial structures such as words, permutations, subsets, functions, graphs, trees, lattice paths, and much more.

Part II cover topics in algebraic combinatorics including group actions, permutation statistics, symmetric functions, and tableau combinatorics.

This edition provides greater coverage of the use of ordinary and exponential generating functions as a problem-solving tool. Along with two new chapters, several new sections, and improved exposition throughout, the textbook is brimming with many examples and exercises of various levels of difficulty.

Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Introduction xix
I Counting 1(274)
1 Basic Counting
3(48)
1.1 The Product Rule
3(2)
1.2 The Sum Rule
5(2)
1.3 Counting Words and Permutations
7(3)
1.4 Counting Subsets
10(2)
1.5 Counting Anagrams
12(2)
1.6 Counting Rules for Set Operations
14(2)
1.7 Probability
16(3)
1.8 Lotteries and Card Games
19(2)
1.9 Conditional Probability and Independence
21(4)
1.10 Counting Functions
25(2)
1.11 Cardinality and the Bijection Rule
27(3)
1.12 Counting Multisets and Compositions
30(2)
1.13 Counting Balls in Boxes
32(1)
1.14 Counting Lattice Paths
33(3)
1.15 Proofs of the Sum Rule and the Product Rule
36(2)
Summary
38(1)
Exercises
39(12)
2 Combinatorial Identities and Recursions
51(52)
2.1 Initial Examples of Combinatorial Proofs
51(2)
2.2 The Geometric Series Formula
53(1)
2.3 The Binomial Theorem
54(2)
2.4 The Multinomial Theorem
56(2)
2.5 More Binomial Coefficient Identities
58(3)
2.6 Sums of Powers of Integers
61(1)
2.7 Recursions
61(3)
2.8 Recursions for Multisets and Anagrams
64(2)
2.9 Recursions for Lattice Paths
66(4)
2.10 Catalan Recursions
70(4)
2.11 Integer Partitions
74(4)
2.12 Set Partitions
78(3)
2.13 Surjections, Balls in Boxes, and Equivalence Relations
81(2)
2.14 Stirling Numbers and Rook Theory
83(4)
2.15 Stirling Numbers and Polynomials
87(3)
2.16 Solving Recursions with Constant Coefficients
90(3)
Summary
93(3)
Exercises
96(7)
3 Counting Problems in Graph Theory
103(56)
3.1 Graphs and Digraphs
103(2)
3.2 Walks and Matrices
105(3)
3.3 Directed Acyclic Graphs and Nilpotent Matrices
108(4)
3.4 Vertex Degrees
112(1)
3.5 Functional Digraphs
113(2)
3.6 Cycle Structure of Permutations
115(2)
3.7 Counting Rooted Trees
117(2)
3.8 Connectedness and Components
119(3)
3.9 Forests
122(1)
3.10 Trees
123(2)
3.11 Counting Trees
125(2)
3.12 Pruning Maps
127(2)
3.13 Bipartite Graphs
129(1)
3.14 Matchings and Vertex Covers
130(2)
3.15 Two Matching Theorems
132(1)
3.16 Graph Coloring
133(5)
3.17 Spanning Trees
138(3)
3.18 The Matrix-Tree Theorem
141(2)
3.19 Eulerian Tours
143(4)
Summary
147(3)
Exercises
150(9)
4 Inclusion-Exclusion, Involutions, and Mi3bius Inversion
159(32)
4.1 The Inclusion-Exclusion Formula
159(3)
4.2 Examples of the Inclusion-Exclusion Formula
162(1)
4.3 Surjections and Stirling Numbers
163(1)
4.4 Euler's phi Function
164(2)
4.5 Derangements
166(2)
4.6 Involutions
168(3)
4.7 Involutions Related to Inclusion-Exclusion
171(1)
4.8 Generalized Inclusion-Exclusion Formulas
172(2)
4.9 Mobius Inversion in Number Theory
174(2)
4.10 Partially Ordered Sets
176(1)
4.11 Mobius Inversion for Posets
177(4)
4.12 Product Posets
181(1)
Summary
182(2)
Exercises
184(7)
5 Generating Functions
191(48)
5.1 What is a Generating Function?
191(3)
5.2 Convergence of Power Series
194(1)
5.3 Examples of Analytic Power Series
195(3)
5.4 Operations on Power Series
198(1)
5.5 Solving Recursions with Generating Functions
199(4)
5.6 Evaluating Summations with Generating Functions
203(1)
5.7 Generating Function for Derangements
204(1)
5.8 Counting Rules for Weighted Sets
205(1)
5.9 Examples of the Product Rule for Weighted Sets
206(2)
5.10 Generating Functions for Trees
208(3)
5.11 Tree Bijections
211(2)
5.12 Exponential Generating Functions
213(3)
5.13 Stirling Numbers of the First Kind
216(1)
5.14 Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind
217(2)
5.15 Generating Functions for Integer Partitions
219(3)
5.16 Partition Bijections
222(3)
5.17 Euler's Pentagonal Number Theorem
225(2)
Summary
227(3)
Exercises
230(9)
6 Ranking, Unranking, and Successor Algorithms
239(36)
6.1 Introduction to Ranking and Successor Algorithms
239(1)
6.2 The Bijective Sum Rule
240(1)
6.3 The Bijective Product Rule for Two Sets
241(3)
6.4 The Bijective Product Rule
244(2)
6.5 Ranking Words
246(3)
6.6 Ranking Permutations
249(1)
6.7 Ranking Subsets
250(2)
6.8 Ranking Anagrams
252(1)
6.9 Ranking Integer Partitions
253(1)
6.10 Ranking Set Partitions
254(2)
6.11 Ranking Trees
256(1)
6.12 The Successor Sum Rule
257(1)
6.13 Successor Algorithms for Anagrams
258(2)
6.14 The Successor Product Rule
260(2)
6.15 Successor Algorithms for Set Partitions
262(1)
6.16 Successor Algorithms for Dyck Paths
263(1)
Summary
264(2)
Exercises
266(9)
II Algebraic Combinatorics 275(314)
7 Groups, Permutations, and Group Actions
277(50)
7.1 Definition and Examples of Groups
277(2)
7.2 Basic Properties of Groups
279(1)
7.3 Notation for Permutations
280(3)
7.4 Inversions and Sign of a Permutation
283(4)
7.5 Subgroups
287(3)
7.6 Automorphism Groups of Graphs
290(3)
7.7 Group Homomorphisms
293(3)
7.8 Group Actions
296(3)
7.9 Permutation Representations
299(2)
7.10 Stable Subsets and Orbits
301(2)
7.11 Cosets
303(3)
7.12 The Size of an Orbit
306(2)
7.13 Conjugacy Classes in Sn
308(1)
7.14 Applications of the Orbit Size Formula
309(3)
7.15 The Number of Orbits
312(2)
7.16 Polya's Formula
314(2)
Summary
316(3)
Exercises
319(8)
8 Permutation Statistics and q-Analogues
327(32)
8.1 Statistics on Finite Sets
327(2)
8.2 Counting Rules for Finite Weighted Sets
329(1)
8.3 Inversions
330(1)
8.4 q-Factorials and Inversions
331(2)
8.5 Descents and Major Index
333(3)
8.6 q-Binomial Coefficients
336(1)
8.7 Combinatorial Interpretations of q-Binomial Coefficients
337(3)
8.8 q-Binomial Coefficient Identities
340(2)
8.9 q-Multinomial Coefficients
342(2)
8.10 Foata's Bijection
344(3)
8.11 q-Catalan Numbers
347(3)
8.12 Set Partitions and q-Stirling Numbers
350(1)
Summary
351(2)
Exercises
353(6)
9 Tableaux and Symmetric Polynomials
359(70)
9.1 Fillings and Tableaux
359(1)
9.2 Schur Polynomials
360(3)
9.3 Symmetric Polynomials
363(3)
9.4 Vector Spaces of Symmetric Polynomials
366(1)
9.5 Symmetry of Schur Polynomials
367(2)
9.6 Orderings on Partitions
369(3)
9.7 Schur Bases
372(2)
9.8 Tableau Insertion
374(3)
9.9 Reverse Insertion
377(3)
9.10 The Bumping Comparison Theorem
380(2)
9.11 The Pieri Rules
382(1)
9.12 Schur Expansion of halpha
383(3)
9.13 Schur Expansion of ealpha
386(2)
9.14 Algebraic Independence
388(1)
9.15 Power-Sum Symmetric Polynomials
389(1)
9.16 Relations between e's and h's
390(2)
9.17 Generating Functions for e's and h's
392(1)
9.18 Relations between p's, e's, and h's
393(2)
9.19 Power-Sum Expansions of hn, and en
395(3)
9.20 The Involution w
398(2)
9.21 Permutations and Tableaux
400(2)
9.22 Inversion Property of RSK
402(3)
9.23 Words and Tableaux
405(2)
9.24 Matrices and Tableaux
407(3)
9.25 Cauchy's Identities
410(2)
9.26 Dual Bases
412(2)
9.27 Skew Schur Polynomials
414(2)
9.28 Abstract Symmetric Functions
416(2)
Summary
418(3)
Exercises
421(8)
10 Abaci and Antisymmetric Polynomials
429(52)
10.1 Abaci and Integer Partitions
429(2)
10.2 The Jacobi Triple Product Identity
431(2)
10.3 Ribbons and k-Cores
433(5)
10.4 k-Quotients of a Partition
438(2)
10.5 k-Quotients and Hooks
440(1)
10.6 Antisymmetric Polynomials
441(4)
10.7 Labeled Abaci
445(1)
10.8 The Pieri Rule for pk
446(4)
10.9 The Pieri Rule for ek
450(1)
10.10 The Pieri Rule for hk
451(2)
10.11 Antisymmetric Polynomials and Schur Polynomials
453(1)
10.12 Rim-Hook Tableaux
454(4)
10.13 Abaci and Tableaux
458(2)
10.14 Skew Schur Polynomials
460(2)
10.15 The Jacobi-Trudi Formulas
462(4)
10.16 The Inverse Kostka Matrix
466(3)
10.17 Schur Expansion of Skew Schur Polynomials
469(4)
10.18 Products of Schur Polynomials
473(1)
Summary
474(3)
Exercises
477(4)
11 Algebraic Aspects of Generating Functions
481(34)
11.1 Limit Concepts for Formal Power Series
481(3)
11.2 The Infinite Sum and Product Rules
484(1)
11.3 Multiplicative Inverses of Formal Power Series
485(2)
11.4 Partial Fraction Expansions
487(3)
11.5 Generating Functions for Recursively Defined Sequences
490(1)
11.6 Formal Composition and Derivative Rules
491(2)
11.7 Formal Exponentials and Logarithms
493(2)
11.8 The Exponential Formula
495(3)
11.9 Examples of the Exponential Formula
498(2)
11.10 Ordered Trees and Terms
500(2)
11.11 Ordered Forests and Lists of Terms
502(2)
11.12 Compositional Inversion
504(2)
Summary
506(3)
Exercises
509(6)
12 Additional Topics
515(74)
12.1 Cyclic Shifting of Paths
515(2)
12.2 The Chung-Feller Theorem
517(4)
12.3 Rook-Equivalence of Ferrers Boards
521(2)
12.4 Parking Functions
523(2)
12.5 Parking Functions and Trees
525(4)
12.6 Mobius Inversion and Field Theory
529(2)
12.7 q-Binomial Coefficients and Subspaces
531(4)
12.8 Tangent and Secant Numbers
535(4)
12.9 Combinatorial Definition of Determinants
539(5)
12.10 The Cauchy-Binet Theorem
544(2)
12.11 Tournaments and the Vandermonde Determinant
546(2)
12.12 The Hook-Length Formula
548(5)
12.13 Knuth Equivalence
553(6)
12.14 Quasisymmetric Polynomials
559(4)
12.15 Pfaffians and Perfect Matchings
563(7)
12.16 Domino Tilings of Rectangles
570(6)
Summary
576(2)
Exercises
578(11)
Appendix: Definitions from Algebra 589(6)
Rings and Fields
589(1)
Vector Spaces and Algebras
590(3)
Linear Algebra Concepts
593(2)
Bibliography 595(8)
Index 603
Nicholas Loehr is an associate professor of mathematics at Virginia Technical University.