Universal Constants |
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i | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
Preface to First Edition |
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xvii | |
Preface to Second Edition |
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xix | |
Preface to Third Edition |
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xxi | |
About the Authors |
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xxiii | |
Nomenclature |
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xxv | |
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1 Introduction to Combustion Engineering |
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 The Nature of Combustion |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Sustainability and Global Climate Change |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Structure of the Book |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
Part I Basic Concepts |
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9 | (32) |
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9 | (4) |
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2.1.1 Characterization of Gaseous Fuels |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (10) |
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2.2.1 Molecular Structure |
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14 | (4) |
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2.2.2 Characterization of Liquid Fuels |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (15) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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2.3.4 Refuse-Derived Fuels |
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32 | (1) |
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2.3.5 Characterization of Solid Fuels |
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33 | (5) |
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38 | (3) |
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3 Thermodynamics of Combustion |
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41 | (46) |
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3.1 Review of First Law Concepts |
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41 | (2) |
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3.2 Properties of Mixtures |
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43 | (4) |
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3.3 Combustion Stoichiometry |
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47 | (8) |
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55 | (10) |
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3.4.1 Heat of Formation and Absolute Enthalpy |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (6) |
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65 | (13) |
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3.5.1 Chemical Equilibrium Criterion |
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66 | (9) |
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3.5.2 Properties of Combustion Products |
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75 | (3) |
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3.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature |
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78 | (8) |
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86 | (1) |
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4 Chemical Kinetics of Combustion |
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87 | (30) |
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87 | (5) |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (6) |
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4.4 Nitric Oxide Kinetics |
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103 | (7) |
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4.4.1 Prompt NO and Fuel-Bound NO |
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110 | (1) |
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4.5 Reactions at a Solid Surface |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (3) |
Part II Combustion of Gaseous and Vaporized Fuels |
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117 | (34) |
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5.1 Laminar Premixed Flames |
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117 | (8) |
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5.1.1 Effect of Stoichiometry on Laminar Flame Speed |
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118 | (3) |
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5.1.2 Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Laminar Flame Speed |
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121 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Stabilization of Premixed Flames |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (10) |
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5.2.1 Laminar Flame Equations |
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128 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Simplified Laminar Flame Model |
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130 | (5) |
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5.3 Turbulent Premixed Flames |
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135 | (5) |
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5.3.1 Turbulence Parameters, Length Scales, and Time Scales |
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135 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Turbulent Flame Types |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (7) |
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143 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Concentric Jet Flames |
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144 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Concentric Jet Flame with Bluff Body |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (2) |
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6 Gas-Fired Furnaces and Boilers |
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151 | (18) |
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6.1 Energy Balance and Efficiency |
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151 | (7) |
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6.1.1 Furnace and Boiler Efficiency |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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6.3 Residential Gas Burners |
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159 | (2) |
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6.4 Industrial Gas Burners |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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6.6 Low Swirl Gas Burners |
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164 | (4) |
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168 | (1) |
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7 Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion |
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169 | (30) |
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7.1 Introduction to the Spark-Ignition Engine |
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169 | (4) |
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173 | (2) |
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7.3 One-Zone Model of Combustion in a Cylinder |
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175 | (5) |
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7.4 Two-Zone Model of Combustion in a Cylinder |
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180 | (3) |
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7.5 In-Cylinder Flame Structure |
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183 | (2) |
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7.6 Combustion Chamber and New Concepts |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (2) |
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7.8 Alternative SI Engine Fuels |
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189 | (1) |
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7.9 Review of Terminology for Premixed Gas, Four-Stroke Engines |
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190 | (7) |
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197 | (2) |
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8 Detonation of Gaseous Mixtures |
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199 | (20) |
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8.1 Transition to Detonation |
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199 | (1) |
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8.2 Steady-State Detonations |
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200 | (5) |
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8.3 One-Dimensional Model for Propagation Velocity, Pressure, and Temperature Rise across a Detonation |
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205 | (7) |
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8.4 Pulse and Maintained Detonations |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (4) |
Part III Combustion of Liquid Fuels |
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9 Spray Formation and Droplet Behavior |
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219 | (30) |
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220 | (2) |
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9.2 Droplet Size Distributions |
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222 | (5) |
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227 | (14) |
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9.3.1 Steady Flow Injectors |
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227 | (4) |
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9.3.2 Intermittent Injectors |
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231 | (10) |
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9.4 Vaporization of Single Droplets |
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241 | (5) |
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246 | (3) |
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10 Oil-Fired Furnace Combustion |
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249 | (14) |
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249 | (3) |
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10.2 Spray Combustion in Furnaces and Boilers |
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252 | (4) |
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10.3 Plug Flow Model of a Uniform Field of Droplets |
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256 | (4) |
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10.4 Emissions from Oil-Fired Furnaces and Boilers |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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11 Gas Turbine Spray Combustion |
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263 | (26) |
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11.1 Gas Turbine Operating Parameters |
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263 | (4) |
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267 | (8) |
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270 | (3) |
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11.2.2 Flame Stabilization |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (8) |
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283 | (1) |
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11.5 Low-Emissions Combustors |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (3) |
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12 Compression-Ignition Engine Combustion |
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289 | (24) |
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12.1 Introduction to Diesel Engine Combustion |
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289 | (2) |
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12.2 Combustion Chamber Geometry and Flow Patterns |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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12.4 Diesel Spray Combustion Process |
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293 | (4) |
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12.5 One-Zone Model and Rate of Combustion |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (4) |
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12.6.1 Diesel Engine Emission Standards |
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303 | (1) |
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12.7 Unconventional Compression Ignition Engines |
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304 | (3) |
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12.8 Alternative Diesel Engine Fuels |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (4) |
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13 Detonation of Liquid and Gaseous Mixtures |
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313 | (14) |
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13.1 Detonation of Liquid Fuel Sprays |
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314 | (6) |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (3) |
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13.2 Detonation of Liquid Fuel Layers |
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320 | (4) |
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324 | (3) |
Part IV Combustion of Solid Fuels |
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14 Solid Fuel Combustion Mechanisms |
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327 | (24) |
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14.1 Drying of Solid Fuels |
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327 | (6) |
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14.1.1 Drying of Small Particles |
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328 | (4) |
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14.1.2 Drying of Larger Particles |
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332 | (1) |
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14.2 Devolatilization of Solid Fuels |
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333 | (6) |
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339 | (8) |
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343 | (3) |
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14.3.2 Char Surface Temperature |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (22) |
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351 | (5) |
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15.2 Space-Heating Stoves Using Logs |
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356 | (2) |
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15.3 Grate Burning Systems for Heat and Power |
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358 | (2) |
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15.3.1 Traveling Grate Spreader Stokers |
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358 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Vibrating Grate Spreader Stokers |
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359 | (1) |
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15.4 Combustion Efficiency and Boiler Efficiency |
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360 | (1) |
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15.5 Modeling Combustion of Solid Fuels on a Grate |
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361 | (11) |
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15.5.1 Modeling Fixed Bed Char Combustion |
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361 | (5) |
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15.5.2 Modeling Fixed Bed Combustion of Biomass |
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366 | (6) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (22) |
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16.1 Pulverized Coal Burning Systems |
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373 | (5) |
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16.1.1 Location of Fuel and Air Nozzles |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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16.2 Pulverized Coal Combustion |
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378 | (9) |
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16.2.1 Isothermal Plug Flow of Pulverized Coal |
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379 | (6) |
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16.2.2 Non-Isothermal Plug Flow of Pulverized Char Suspension |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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16.4 Emissions from Pulverized Coal Boilers |
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388 | (1) |
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16.5 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration |
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389 | (1) |
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16.6 Biomass-Fired Boilers |
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390 | (3) |
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393 | (2) |
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17 Fluidized Bed Combustion |
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395 | (25) |
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17.1 Fluidization Fundamentals |
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396 | (9) |
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17.1.1 Pressure Drop across the Bed |
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399 | (1) |
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17.1.2 Minimum Fluidization Velocity |
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400 | (1) |
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17.1.3 Single Particle Terminal Velocity |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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17.1.5 Heat and Mass Transfer in the Bed |
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403 | (2) |
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17.2 Combustion in a Bubbling Bed |
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405 | (7) |
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17.2.1 Neglect Bubbles and Assume Complete Combustion in Bed |
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405 | (5) |
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17.2.2 Neglect Bubbles but Include Some Combustion above the Bed |
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410 | (1) |
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17.2.3 Include the Effect of Bubbles and Some Combustion above the Bed |
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410 | (1) |
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17.2.4 Fuel Hold-Up in the Bed |
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411 | (1) |
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17.3 Atmospheric Pressure Fluidized Bed Combustion Systems |
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412 | (1) |
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17.3.1 Emissions from Fluidized Bed Boilers |
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413 | (1) |
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17.4 Circulating Fluidized Beds |
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413 | (2) |
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17.5 Pressurized Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass |
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415 | (5) |
Bibliography |
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420 | (1) |
Appendix A: Properties of Fuels |
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421 | (8) |
Appendix B: Properties of Air (at 1 atm) |
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429 | (2) |
Appendix C: Thermodynamic Properties of Combustion Products |
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431 | (16) |
Appendix D: Historical Perspective on Combustion Technology |
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447 | (8) |
Index |
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455 | (7) |
Conversion Factors - English to SI Units |
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462 | |