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E-raamat: Computational Fluid Dynamics in Fire Engineering: Theory, Modelling and Practice

, (Professor, Mechanical Engineering (CFD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, University of New South Wales, Australia)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Apr-2009
  • Kirjastus: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080570037
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Apr-2009
  • Kirjastus: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080570037

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Fire and combustion presents a significant engineering challenge to mechanical, civil and dedicated fire engineers, as well as specialists in the process and chemical, safety, buildings and structural fields. We are reminded of the tragic outcomes of ‘untenable’ fire disasters such as at King’s Cross underground station or Switzerland’s St Gotthard tunnel. In these and many other cases, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is at the forefront of active research into unravelling the probable causes of fires and helping to design structures and systems to ensure that they are less likely in the future.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is routinely used as an analysis tool in fire and combustion engineering as it possesses the ability to handle the complex geometries and characteristics of combustion and fire. This book shows engineering students and professionals how to understand and use this powerful tool in the study of combustion processes, and in the engineering of safer or more fire resistant (or conversely, more fire-efficient) structures.

No other book is dedicated to computer-based fire dynamics tools and systems. It is supported by a rigorous pedagogy, including worked examples to illustrate the capabilities of different models, an introduction to the essential aspects of fire physics, examination and self-test exercises, fully worked solutions and a suite of accompanying software for use in industry standard modeling systems.

· Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is widely used in engineering analysis; this is the only book dedicated to CFD modeling analysis in fire and combustion engineering
· Strong pedagogic features mean this book can be used as a text for graduate level mechanical, civil, structural and fire engineering courses, while its coverage of the latest techniques and industry standard software make it an important reference for researchers and professional engineers in the mechanical and structural sectors, and by fire engineers, safety consultants and regulators
· Strong author team (CUHK is a recognized centre of excellence in fire eng) deliver an expert package for students and professionals, showing both theory and applications. Accompanied by CFD modeling code and ready to use simulations to run in industry-standard ANSYS-CFX and Fluent software.

Fire and combustion presents a significant engineering challenge to mechanical, civil and dedicated fire engineers, as well as specialists in the process and chemical, safety, buildings and structural fields. We are reminded of the tragic outcomes of ‘untenable’ fire disasters such as at King’s Cross underground station or Switzerland’s St Gotthard tunnel. In these and many other cases, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is at the forefront of active research into unravelling the probable causes of fires and helping to design structures and systems to ensure that they are less likely in the future.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is routinely used as an analysis tool in fire and combustion engineering as it possesses the ability to handle the complex geometries and characteristics of combustion and fire. This book shows engineering students and professionals how to understand and use this powerful tool in the study of combustion processes, and in the engineering of safer or more fire resistant (or conversely, more fire-efficient) structures.

No other book is dedicated to computer-based fire dynamics tools and systems. It is supported by a rigorous pedagogy, including worked examples to illustrate the capabilities of different models, an introduction to the essential aspects of fire physics, examination and self-test exercises, fully worked solutions and a suite of accompanying software for use in industry standard modeling systems.

· Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is widely used in engineering analysis; this is the only book dedicated to CFD modeling analysis in fire and combustion engineering
· Strong pedagogic features mean this book can be used as a text for graduate level mechanical, civil, structural and fire engineering courses, while its coverage of the latest techniques and industry standard software make it an important reference for researchers and professional engineers in the mechanical and structural sectors, and by fire engineers, safety consultants and regulators
· Strong author team (CUHK is a recognized centre of excellence in fire eng) deliver an expert package for students and professionals, showing both theory and applications. Accompanied by CFD modeling code and ready to use simulations to run in industry-standard ANSYS-CFX and Fluent software.

Muu info

Engineers and professionals in the fire and combustion field need this book, the only dedicated title on the theory and practical application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools and techniques to fire and combustion engineering
Preface xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Development of Fire Modeling
1
1.2 Overview of Current Trends in Fire Modeling
4
1.3 Review of Major Fire Disasters and Impact on Fire Modeling
11
1.3.1 Kings Cross Fire
11
1.3.2 World Trade Center Fire
12
1.4 Application of Fire Dynamics Tools in Practice
17
1.5 Validation and Verification of Fire Dynamics Tools
23
1.6 Scope of the Book
26
Review Questions
28
2. Field Modeling Approach 29
Part I Mathematical Equations
2.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics: Brief Introduction
29
2.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics in Field Modeling
31
2.3 Equation of State
35
2.4 Equations of Motion
37
2.4.1 Continuity Equation
38
2.4.2 Momentum Equation
40
2.4.3 Energy Equation
46
2.4.4 Scalar Equation
50
2.5 Differential and Integral Forms of the Transport Equations
52
2.6 Physical Interpretation of Boundary Conditions for Field Modeling
57
2.7 Numerical Approximations of Transport Equations for Field Modeling
59
2.7.1 Discretisation Methods
61
2.7.1.1 Steady Flows
61
2.7.1.2 Unsteady Flows
69
2.7.2 Solution algorithms
71
2.7.2.1 Matrix Solvers
71
2.7.2.2 Pressure-Velocity Linkage Methods
74
2.7.3 Boundary Conditions
81
2.8 Summary
83
Part II Turbulence
2.9 What Is Turbulence?
85
2.10 Overview of Turbulence Modeling Approaches
86
2.11 Additional Equations for Turbulent Flow—Standard k-E Turbulence Model
90
2.12 Other Turbulence Models
93
2.12.1 Variant of Standard k-E Turbulence Models
96
2.12.2 Reynolds Stress Models
102
2.13 Near-Wall Treatments
106
2.14 Setting Boundary Conditions
110
2.15 Guidelines for Setting Turbulence Models in Field Modeling
113
2.16 Worked Examples on the Application of Turbulence Models in Field Modeling
114
2.16.1 Single-Room Compartment Fire
114
2.16.2 Influence of Gaps of Fire Resisting Doors on Smoke Spread
121
2.17 Summary
131
Review Questions
132
3. Additional Considerations in Field Modeling 135
Part III Combustion
3.1 Turbulent Combustion in Fires
135
3.2 Detailed Chemistry versus Simplified Chemistry
139
3.3 Overview of Combustion Modeling Approaches
151
3.4 Combustion Models
153
3.4.1 Generalized Finite-Rate Formulation
153
3.4.1.1 Background Theory
153
3.4.1.2 Species Transport Equations
154
3.4.1.3 Laminar Finite-Rate Chemistry
161
3.4.1.4 Eddy Break-up and Eddy Dissipation
163
3.4.2 Combustion Based on Conserved Scalar
168
3.4.2.1 Description of Approach
168
3.4.2.2 Definition of Mixture Fraction
170
3.4.2.3 Flame Sheet Approximation
172
3.4.2.4 State Relationships
175
3.4.2.5 Probability Density Function (PDF) of Turbulence-Chemistry
179
3.4.2.6 Laminar Flamelet Approach
187
3.5 Guidelines for Selecting Combustion Models in Field Modeling
194
3.6 Worked Examples on the Application of Combustion Models in Field Modeling
196
3.6.1 Single-Room Compartment Fire
196
3.6.2 Two-Room Compartment Fire
202
3.7 Summary
208
Part IV Radiation
3.8 Radiation in Fires
209
3.9 Radiative Transfer Equation
212
3.10 Radiation Properties of Combustion Products
215
3.10.1 Gray Gas Assumption
216
3.10.2 Weighted Sum of Gray Gases Model
223
3.10.3 Other Models
227
3.11 Radiation Methods for Field Modeling
230
3.11.1 Monte Carlo
233
3.11.2 P-1 Radiation Model
237
3.11.3 Discrete Transfer Radiative Model
240
3.11.4 Discrete Ordinates Model
243
3.11.5 Finite Volume Method
250
3.12 Guidelines for Selecting Radiation Models in Field Modeling
252
3.13 Worked Examples on the Application of Radiation Models in Field Modeling
253
3.13.1 Single-Room Compartment Fire
253
3.13.2 Two-Room Compartment Fire
260
3.14 Summary
264
Review Questions
265
4. Further Considerations in Field Modeling 267
Part V Soot Production
4.1 Importance of Soot Radiation
267
4.2 Overview and Limitations of Soot Modeling
269
4.3 Soot Models for Field Modeling
272
4.3.1 Single-Step Empirical Rate
272
4.3.2 Semi-Empirical Approach
276
4.4 Population Balance Approach to Soot Formation
285
4.4.1 What Is Population Balance?
285
4.4.2 Formulation of Transport Equations and Rate Mechanisms
288
4.5 Guidelines for Selecting Soot Models in Fire Modeling
299
4.6 Worked Examples on the Application of Soot Models in Field Modeling
300
4.6.1 Two-Room Compartment Fire
300
4.6.2 Multi-Room Compartment Fire
307
4.7 Summary
313
Part VI Pyrolysis
4.8 Importance of Pyrolysis in Fires
314
4.9 Phenomenological Understanding of Pyrolysis Processes
317
4.10 Physico-Chemical Description of Pyrolysis Processes
319
4.10.1 Pyrolysis of Cellulose
322
4.10.2 Pyrolysis of Hemicellulose
322
4.10.3 Pyrolysis of Lignins
323
4.10.4 Pyrolysis of Wood
323
4.11 Formulation of Governing Equations
324
4.11.1 Conservation of Energy for Wood Pyrolysis
324
4.11.2 Conservation of Mass for Wood Pyrolysis
326
4.11.3 Modeling Wood Pyrolysis Source Terms
329
4.11.4 Thermophysical Properties of Wood Pyrolysis
332
4.12 Practical Guidelines to Pyrolysis Models in Field Modeling
338
4.13 Worked Example on Ignition of Combustible of Charring Material in a Cone Calorimeter
339
4.14 Worked Example on Fire Growth ad Flame Spread Over Combustible Wall Lining in a Single-Room Compartment
352
4.15 Summary
363
Review Questions
364
5. Advance Technique in Field Modeling 367
5.1 Next Stages of Development and Application
367
5.2 Alternative Approach to Handling Turbulence
369
5.2.1 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)
369
5.2.2 Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
374
5.3 Favre-Averaged Navier-Stokes versus Large Eddy Simulation
393
5.4 Formulation of Numerical Algorithm
395
5.4.1 Explicit Predictor-Corrector Scheme
395
5.4.2 Combustion Modeling
402
5.4.3 Inclusion of Other Physical Models
408
5.5 Worked Examples on Large Eddy Simulation Applications
410
5.5.1 A Freestanding Buoyant Fire
410
5.5.2 Fire in a Single-room Compartment
418
5.6 Summary
422
Review Questions
423
6. Other Challenges in Fire Safety Engineering 425
6.1 Fire Safety Evaluation and Assessment
425
6.1.1 Deviation from Prescriptive-Based Statutory Requirements
425
6.1.2 Adopting Performance-Based Methodologies
426
6.2 Overview of Emerging Technique in Field Modeling
432
6.3 Overview of Evacuation Modeling
439
6.4 Overview of Probabilistic Approach
441
6.5 Case Studies
443
6.5.1 The Predictive Capability of Artificial Neural Network Fire Model in a Single-Room Compartment Fire
444
6.5.2 The Application of CFD-Based Fire Model and Evacuation Model for Fire Safety Evaluation and Assessment
450
6.6 Future Developments in Fire Predictive and Assessment Models
457
6.7 Summary
459
Review Questions
460
Appendix A Higher-Order Differencing Schemes and Time-Marching Methods 463
Appendix B Algebraic Equation System and CFD-Based Fire Model 473
Appendix C Advanced Combustion Modeling 479
Appendix D Relevant Tables for Combustion and Radiation Modeling 483
References and Further Suggested Reading 491
Index 517
Guan Heng Yeoh is a professor at the School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, and a principal research scientist at ANSTO. He is the founder and editor of the Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows and the group leader of Computational Thermal-Hydraulics of OPAL Research Reactor, ANSTO. He has approximately 250 publications including 10 books, 12 book chapters, 156 journal articles and 115 conference papers with an H-index of 33 and over 4490 citations. His research interests are computational fluid dynamics (CFD); numerical heat and mass transfer; turbulence modelling using Reynolds averaging and large eddy simulation; combustion, radiation heat transfer, soot formation and oxidation, and solid pyrolysis in fire engineering; fundamental studies in multiphase flows: free surface, gas-particle, liquid-solid (blood flow and nanoparticles), and gas-liquid (bubbly, slug/cap, churn-turbulent, and subcooled nucleate boiling flows); computational modelling of industrial systems of single-phase and multiphase flows.