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E-raamat: Computational Modeling in Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics

(Professor of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Department of Bioengineering & Biotechnology, at University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania), (Professor of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Elect),
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Sep-2020
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128178980
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Computational Modeling in Biomedical Engineering and Medical PhysicsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Sep-2020
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128178980
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Mathematical and numerical modelling of engineering problems in medicine is aimed at unveiling and understanding multidisciplinary interactions and processes and providing insights useful to clinical care and technology advances for better medical equipment and systems. When modelling medical problems, the engineer is confronted with multidisciplinary problems of electromagnetism, heat and mass transfer, and structural mechanics with, possibly, different time and space scales, which may raise concerns in formulating consistent, solvable mathematical models.

Computational Medical Engineering

presents a number of engineering for medicine problems that may be encountered in medical physics, procedures, diagnosis and monitoring techniques, including electrical activity of the heart, hemodynamic activity monitoring, magnetic drug targeting, bioheat models and thermography, RF and microwave hyperthermia, ablation, EMF dosimetry, and bioimpedance methods. The authors discuss the core approach methodology to pose and solve different problems of medical engineering, including essentials of mathematical modelling (e.g., criteria for well-posed problems); physics scaling (homogenization techniques); Constructal Law criteria in morphing shape and structure of systems with internal flows; computational domain construction (CAD and, or reconstruction techniques based on medical images); numerical modelling issues, and validation techniques used to ascertain numerical simulation results. In addition, new ideas and venues to investigate and understand finer scale models and merge them into continuous media medical physics are provided as case studies.

  • Presents the fundamentals of mathematical and numerical modeling of engineering problems in medicine
  • Discusses many of the most common modelling scenarios for Biomedical Engineering, including, electrical activity of the heart hemodynamic activity monitoring, magnetic drug targeting, bioheat models and thermography, RF and microwave hyperthermia, ablation, EMF dosimetry, and bioimpedance methods
  • Includes discussion of the core approach methodology to pose and solve different problems of medical engineering, including essentials of mathematical modelling, physics scaling, Constructal Law criteria in morphing shape and structure of systems with internal flows, computational domain construction, numerical modelling issues, and validation techniques used to ascertain numerical simulation results
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
1 Physical, mathematical, and numerical modeling
1(42)
1.1 Experiments and numerical simulation
1(1)
1.2 The system and its boundary
2(1)
1.3 First law analysis: energy, heat, and work interactions
3(4)
Electromagnetic power transferred through the boundary (at the electrical terminals)
5(2)
1.4 Multidisciplinary (multiphysics) problems
7(1)
1.5 Mathematical models
8(6)
Complete and independent, coherent, and noncontradictory system of laws
8(1)
Boundary conditions (external interactions) and initial conditions (initial state)
9(1)
Initial values problems
10(1)
Boundary and initial values problems
11(3)
1.6 Numerical solutions to the mathematical models
14(1)
1.7 Coupled (multiphysics) problems
15(1)
1.8 Time and space scales
16(4)
1.9 Properties of anatomic media
20(7)
Electrical properties
20(3)
Rheological properties of blood
23(1)
Bioheat models, homogenization methods
24(3)
1.10 The computational domain
27(3)
Allometric laws, fractal geometry, and constructal law
28(2)
Medical image-based construction, CAD and fused computational domains
30(1)
1.11 Diffusion---convection problems: heatfunction and massfunction
30(3)
1.12 A roadmap to a well-posed, direct problem and its solution
33(10)
References
35(3)
A.1 Scalar and Vector Fields
38(1)
Scalar fields
39(1)
Vector fields
39(4)
2 Shape and structure morphing of systems with internal flows
43(28)
2.1 Natural form and organization---quandary, observation, and rationale
43(2)
2.2 Biomimetics, bionics, fractal geometry, constructal theory
45(2)
2.3 Shape and structure
47(9)
The fundamental problem of volume to point flow and the constructal growth
47(2)
Fluid trees
49(2)
Living trees
51(3)
Counterflow convection trees
54(2)
2.4 Structure in time: rhythm
56(7)
Intermittent heat transfer
56(1)
Respiration
57(3)
Heart beating
60(2)
Coupled rhythms in the cardio-pulmonary system
62(1)
2.5 The effect of body size
63(8)
References
67(4)
3 Computational domains
71(22)
3.1 Physical domains generated using computer-aided design techniques
71(2)
A CAD construct for an intervertebral disc
71(1)
A CAD abstraction of the kidney
72(1)
3.2 Image-based reconstruction of anatomically accurate computational domains
73(20)
Rigid and elastic arterial networks
75(8)
The heart
83(2)
A vertebral column segment
85(4)
References
89(4)
4 Electrical activity of the heart
93(50)
4.1 Introduction
93(6)
Electrophysiology insights
95(3)
Bioelectric sources. The direct ECG problem
98(1)
4.2 Coupled direct and inverse ECG problems for electrical imaging
99(5)
Image-based construction of a human heart and thorax
102(2)
4.3 The electrical activity of the cardiac strand
104(7)
One-dimension action potential propagation
105(3)
Two-dimensional action potential propagation
108(3)
4.4 Coupling the action potential with the electric field diffusion in the thorax
111(5)
4.5 Blood pressure pulse wave reflections
116(7)
The blood pressure wave
116(3)
The augmentation index
119(1)
The generalized transfer function
120(1)
Using small size data collections to process the arterial flow evaluation
121(2)
4.6 Arterial function evaluation
123(20)
The arterial hemodynamic
123(2)
Structural analysis
125(1)
Pressure transducers and their positioning
126(3)
Arterial flow evaluation
129(4)
A equivalent lumped parameters electric circuit
133(2)
References
135(8)
5 Bioimpedance methods
143(28)
5.1 Introduction
143(1)
5.2 The electrical impedance
144(3)
5.3 The electrical impedance in noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring
147(2)
The plethysmogram
147(1)
Bioimpedance methods and models
148(1)
5.4 Thoracic bioimpedance methods and models
149(4)
The thoracic electrical bioimpedance
149(1)
The electrical velocimetry model and the cardiometry method
150(3)
5.5 The electrical cardiometry---electrical velocimetry
153(8)
The electrical conductivity of the blood
154(1)
Hemodynamic of larger vessels
155(2)
The electromagnetic field
157(4)
5.6 The ECM brachial bioimpedance
161(4)
5.7 Some comments on numerical modeling results
165(6)
References
166(5)
6 Magnetic drug targeting
171(46)
6.1 Introduction
171(2)
6.2 Magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic drug targeting
173(4)
Magnetic properties of materials used in designing the magnetic drug targeting medication
173(1)
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
174(2)
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesis, coating, and functionalization
176(1)
6.3 Several modeling concerns in magnetic drug targeting
177(2)
6.4 Magnetic drug mixing
179(1)
6.5 Magnetic drug targeting, from the blood vessel to the targeted region
180(19)
Hemodynamic and magnetic field driven mass transfer in larger vessels
182(3)
The constructal optimization of the magnetic field source
185(6)
Using electromagnets for magnetic drug targeting
191(3)
From conceptual to more realistic models
194(5)
6.6 The magnetic drug transfer from the larger blood vessel to the region of interest
199(18)
Biorheological models in magnetic drug transfer
199(2)
Magnetic drug transfer thorough larger vessels
201(3)
Magnetic drug transfer through the membrane and tissue
204(6)
References
210(7)
7 Magnetic stimulation and therapy
217(32)
7.1 Introduction
217(3)
7.2 Magnetic stimulation of long cell fibers, a reduced mathematical model
220(10)
Cable theory and the activating function
220(3)
A computational model for the induced electric field and the activating function
223(2)
The activating function produced by circular coils
225(2)
Example of activation function distribution inside the body
227(3)
7.3 Magnetic stimulation of the spinal cord
230(4)
Modeling the lumbar magnetic stimulation
230(3)
Numerical simulation results
233(1)
7.4 Transcranial magnetic stimulation
234(5)
Modeling the transcranial magnetic stimulation
235(2)
Numerical simulation results
237(2)
7.5 Magnetic therapy
239(10)
Modeling the magnetic field therapy
240(2)
Numerical simulation results
242(3)
References
245(4)
8 Hyperthermia and ablation
249(46)
8.1 Thermotherapy methods
249(4)
Hyperthermia
249(3)
Ablation
252(1)
8.2 Radiofreguency thermotherapy
253(13)
Thermal ablation of a kidney tumor
255(1)
Mathematical modeling
255(4)
Numerical modeling
259(4)
Some thermographic considerations
263(3)
8.3 Pin interstitial applicators for microwave hyperthermia
266(11)
Numerical analysis of heating when blood flow is taken into account
268(3)
Thermal analysis in mild hyperthermia of soft tissue
271(4)
Temperature-dependent dielectric properties
275(2)
8.4 Magnetic hyperthermia
277(6)
The magnetic field work interactions
278(2)
Microwave magnetic thermal thermotherapy of a hepatic tumor
280(3)
8.5 Ultrasound thermotherapy
283(12)
The ultrasound work interactions
285(1)
Ultrasound ablation of a breast tumor
285(4)
References
289(6)
Index 295
Alexandru M. Morega is professor of electrical engineering at the University Politehnica of Bucharest, the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, the Faculty of Medical Engineering. He received the Dipl. Eng. (1980), and the Doctoral (1987) degrees in EE from the same university, and the Ph.D. degree in ME (1993) from Duke University of Durham, North Carolina, USA. Alexandru Morega is founding member of the Laboratory for Electrical Engineering in Medicine (1998), at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, and of the Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology (2002) and the Faculty of Medical Engineering (2010), at the University Politehnica of Bucharest. Mihaela Morega is professor of electrical engineering, with teaching and research responsibilities in applied electromagnetics, at University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania, the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology. She received the Dipl. Eng. and Doctoral degrees in EE, from the same university in 1980 and 1988, respectively. Her research interests and specializations include computer aided modelling of electrophysiological phenomena, characterization of the electromagnetic environment, interactions of electromagnetic field with the living matter for applications in biomedical engineering, numerical dosimetry and the study of specific processes in the electro-thermal and electro-mechanical energy conversion. She is currently engaged in promoting bioelectromagnetics as an educational and research topic in electrical engineering. Alin A. Dobre is lecturer at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania, since 2015. He was one of the research team members of the International Center of Biodynamics, Bucharest, between 2012 and 2015. He received his BSc and PhD from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in 2009 and 2012, respectively, and his MSc from the Faculty of Medical Engineering in 2011, all from the same university. Medical image-based reconstruction of computational domains, numerical modelling and simulation of medical procedures, biosignal acquisition and processing, electrical machines and drives and computer networks are his main teaching and research interests. He was an IEEE and IEEE-EMBS student member from 2009 to 2012 and he is an IEEE and IEEE-EMBS member since 2015.
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