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E-raamat: Computer Systems Architecture

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Computer Systems ArchitectureSuurem pilt
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Computer Systems Architecture provides IT professionals and students with the necessary understanding of computer hardware. It addresses the ongoing issues related to computer hardware and discusses the solutions supplied by the industry.

The book describes trends in computing solutions that led to the current available infrastructures, tracing the initial need for computers to recent concepts such as the Internet of Things. It covers computers data representation, explains how computer architecture and its underlying meaning changed over the years, and examines the implementations and performance enhancements of the central processing unit (CPU). It then discusses the organization, hierarchy, and performance considerations of computer memory as applied by the operating system and illustrates how cache memory significantly improves performance.

The author proceeds to explore the bus system, algorithms for ensuring data integrity, input and output (I/O) components, methods for performing I/O, various aspects relevant to software engineering, and nonvolatile storage devices, such as hard drives and technologies for enhancing performance and reliability. He also describes virtualization and cloud computing and the emergence of software-based systems architectures.

Accessible to software engineers and developers as well as students in IT disciplines, this book enhances readers understanding of the hardware infrastructure used in software engineering projects. It enables readers to better optimize system usage by focusing on the principles used in hardware systems design and the methods for enhancing performance.
Preface xi
Author xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historic Perspective
1(46)
Introduction And Historic Perspective
1(44)
The First Computers
6(2)
Attributes of the First Computers
8(1)
Von Neumann Architecture
9(2)
Computers' Evolution
11(2)
Moore's Law
13(1)
Classification of Computers
13(2)
Historic Perspective
15(3)
Personal Computers
18(2)
Computer Networks
20(3)
1970s Computers: The First Mainframes
23(2)
1980s Computers: The Last Mainframes
25(1)
"The Network Is the Computer"
26(2)
Network Computers
28(1)
Computing Attributes
29(3)
Terminal Services
32(1)
Client/Server
33(1)
File Server
34(1)
Client/Server
35(7)
Additional "Computers"
42(1)
Key Takeaway
43(2)
References
45(2)
Chapter 2 Data Representation
47(38)
Data Representation
47(23)
Numerical Systems
48(1)
Decimal Numbering System
49(1)
Other Numbering Systems
50(1)
Binary System
50(4)
Representing Real Numbers
54(1)
Converting Natural Numbers
54(3)
Converting Fractions
57(1)
Explanation
57(1)
Negative Numbers Representation
58(3)
Range of Numbers
61(2)
Computer's Arithmetic
63(2)
Additions and Subtractions
65(2)
Floating Point
67(1)
Scientific Notation
68(2)
The 754 Standard
70(15)
Range of Floating-Point Numbers
72(2)
Special Numbers
74(1)
Converting 754 Numbers
75(3)
Adding Floating-Point Numbers
78(1)
Multiplying Floating-Point Numbers
79(2)
Decimal Numbers Representations
81(1)
Key Takeaway
82(3)
Chapter 3 Hardware Architecture
85(12)
Hardware Architecture
85(10)
Computer Generations
86(2)
Computer Classification
88(2)
Computer Systems
90(3)
Processor
93(2)
Key Takeaway
95(1)
References
95(2)
Chapter 4 Central Processing Unit
97(88)
Part I Central Processing Unit
97(25)
Registers
97(2)
Stack-Based Architecture
99(4)
Accumulator-Based Architecture
103(2)
Memory--Register Architecture
105(4)
Register--Register Architecture
109(3)
Architecture Summary
112(1)
Processor Paths
113(2)
Instructions Execution
115(1)
Performance
116(2)
Processor's Internal Clock
118(1)
"Iron Law" of Processor Performance
119(3)
Cycles Per Instruction-Based Metric
122(12)
Performance Estimation
125(2)
Benchmark Programs
127(4)
Calculating and Presenting the Results Obtained
131(1)
Key Takeaway
132(2)
Part II Central Processing Unit
134(51)
Amdahl's Law
134(4)
Processors' Types
138(3)
CISC Technology
141(4)
RISC Technology
145(3)
CISC versus RISC
148(2)
Instruction-Level Parallelism
150(4)
Instruction-Level Parallelism Problems
154(2)
Instruction-Level Parallelism Hazards
156(1)
Data Hazards
157(1)
Resources' Access Conflicts Hazards
158(4)
Dynamic Scheduling
162(3)
Scoreboarding
165(12)
Performance Enhancements
177(1)
Branch Prediction
177(5)
Loop Buffer
182(1)
Key Takeaway
183(2)
Chapter 5 Memory
185(52)
Memory
185(52)
Memory Sizes
187(1)
Memory Organization
188(3)
Explanation
191(3)
Running Programs
194(5)
Estimating the Processor's Utilization
199(3)
Partitions
202(3)
Virtual Memory
205(10)
Paging
215(5)
Segments
220(5)
Swap
225(1)
Memory Performance
226(5)
Memory Organization
231(1)
Memory Technologies
232(2)
Key Takeaway
234(3)
Chapter 6 Cache Memory
237(20)
Cache Memory
237(20)
Hit Rate
243(4)
Miss Penalty
247(3)
Address Translation
250(3)
Multiple Processor Architectures
253(2)
Key Takeaway
255(2)
Chapter 7 Bus
257(38)
Bus
257(38)
Bus Principle
261(3)
Bus Evolution
264(7)
Hard Drive Buses
271(2)
Serial Bus
273(4)
Extending the Bus Concept
277(3)
Bus Expansion beyond the System Boundaries
280(1)
Reliability Aspects
281(7)
Hamming Codes
288(5)
Key Takeaway
293(2)
Chapter 8 Input and Output
295(16)
Input And Output
295(16)
Methods for Performing I/O
296(8)
Operating System Considerations
304(1)
I/O Buffering
305(4)
I/O and Performance
309(1)
Key Takeaway
309(2)
Chapter 9 Storage
311(30)
Mass Storage
311(30)
Storage Devices
311(1)
Disk Structure
312(4)
Disk Speed
316(2)
Disk Capacity
318(1)
Performance Enhancements
319(1)
Solid-State Disk (SSD)
320(2)
Access Algorithms
322(3)
Disk Controller
325(2)
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
327(9)
Storage Attached Network (SAN)
336(2)
Network Attached Storage (NAS)
338(1)
Key Takeaway
338(3)
Chapter 10 Additional Architectures
341(26)
Additional Architectures
341(26)
Computer Classification
341(9)
Grid Computing
350(1)
Service-Oriented Architecture
351(3)
Web Services
354(1)
Cloud Computing
355(5)
Virtualization
360(4)
Key Takeaway
364(3)
Chapter 11 Software Architectures
367(46)
Software Architectures
367(45)
Software Architecture
367(1)
Prearchitectural Era
368(1)
Client/Server Architecture
369(2)
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture
371(4)
Layered Architecture
375(2)
Tier Architecture
377(3)
Object-Oriented Architecture
380(5)
Service-Oriented Architecture
385(3)
CORBA: Common Object Request Broker Architecture
388(3)
Component Object Model (COM) and Distributed COM (DCOM)
391(2)
Java RMI and Java Beans
393(6)
Java 2 Enterprise Edition
399(3)
Aspect-Oriented Architecture
402(3)
Additional Architectures
405(5)
Key Takeaway
410(2)
References
412(1)
Bibliography 413(8)
Glossary 421(16)
Index 437
Aharon Yadin is a senior lecturer at Yezreel Valley College. He has over 40 years of IT experience encompassing systems analysis and design, systems architecture design and configuration, the analysis of current and emerging trends in software and hardware technologies, IT project management, benchmarking, system performance and evaluation, and the commercialization of research results. He is the author of dozens of papers and nine instructional books covering various areas of computing.
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