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E-raamat: Connecting Grammaticalisation

(Roskilde University), (University of Copenhagen), (University of Copenhagen)
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Connecting GrammaticalisationSuurem pilt
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This monograph presents a view on grammaticalisation radically different from standard views centering around the cline of grammaticality. Grammar is seen as a complex sign system, and, as a consequence, grammatical change always comprises semantic change. What unites morphology, topology (word order), constructional syntax and other grammatical subsystems is their paradigmatic organisation. The traditional concept of an inflexional paradigm is generalised as the structuring principle of grammar. Grammatical change involves paradigmatic restructuring, and in the process of grammatical change morphological, topological and constructional paradigms often connect to form complex paradigms. The book introduces the concept of connecting grammaticalisation to describe the formation, restructuring and dismantling of such complex paradigms. Drawing primarily on data from Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages, the book offers both a broad general discussion of theoretical issues (part one) and three case studies (part two). As of March 2017, this e-book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched.

Arvustused

[ T]he framework is genuinely new and provides a range of insights into the analysis of grammatical paradigms and their interrelationship. And it also provides a new perspective on how to approach linguistic reconstruction, especially with reference to paradigmatic restructuring and to the interaction between the different parts of language structure, most of all of morphology, syntax, and of constructions. The volume reviewed here therefore constitutes a valuable addition to the range of methodological tools to be consulted by students of grammatical change. -- Bernd Heine, Universität zu Köln, in Studies in Language, 36:1 (2012)

Introduction xi
Part I Grammaticalisation and paradigmatic structure
Chapter 1 Morphology
3(40)
1 Grammaticalisation and morphology
3(7)
2 Basic concepts
10(1)
3 The cline of grammaticality: Deficiencies of the theory
11(6)
4 Morphological change
17(3)
5 The cline revisited
20(2)
6 Words and clitics
22(3)
7 The grammatical system
25(8)
8 Analogy
33(1)
9 Markedness and productivity
34(9)
9.1 Paradigmatic markedness
35(1)
9.2 Variational markedness
36(3)
9.3 Markedness of context
39(1)
9.4 Markedness and productivity
40(3)
Chapter 2 Topology (word order)
43(28)
1 Introduction
43(2)
2 Paradigms and word order
45(6)
3 Innovative topology
51(1)
4 Reanalysis from earlier topology
52(6)
4.1 Principles of topological analysis
53(1)
4.2 Verb second and Wackernagel
53(4)
4.3 Old English synchrony and a possible scenario for Scandinavian verb second
57(1)
5 Degrammation of word order paradigms?
58(5)
6 Examples of topological oppositions integrated in hyperparadigmatic structures
63(8)
6.1 Complex constituent formation
63(2)
6.2 Wackernagel's law in Latin
65(2)
6.3 Old French topology and the tonic - atonic pronominal system - an example of connecting grammaticalisation
67(4)
Chapter 3 Constructions
71(32)
1 Introduction
71(1)
2 Definitions and motivations for introducing the level of constructions
72(20)
2.1 Definition and exemplification of constructions
72(4)
2.2 Constructions are language specific
76(4)
2.3 The transitive construction S-V-O
80(1)
2.4 Overview of paradigmatic oppositions between constructions
81(1)
2.4.1 Telicity in objects
82(1)
2.4.2 Ergativity in purely constructional paradigms
82(1)
2.4.3 Nonspecificity of objects
82(1)
2.4.4 Augmenting from two arguments to three
83(1)
2.4.5 Telicity in free indirect object constructions
84(1)
2.4.6 Types of construction
84(2)
2.5 Morphological marking instead of constructional oppositions
86(4)
2.6 Hyperparadigmatic organisation
90(2)
2.7 Conclusion of Section 2
92(1)
3 Constructions and language change
92(11)
3.1 Regrammation of constructions
92(2)
3.2 Lexical change and constructional change
94(1)
3.2.1 Causative morphology and causative constructions
94(2)
3.2.2 Reinterpretation and regrammation of constructions
96(1)
3.2.3 Ejection of non-prototypical verbs
97(1)
3.3 Further examples of relexicalisation between constructions
98(1)
3.3.1 Voler
98(1)
3.3.2 Forbid
99(1)
3.3.3 Verbs of electronic communication
100(1)
3.4 Conclusion of Section 3
101(2)
Chapter 4 Connecting grammaticalisation
103(12)
1 Grammation, regrammation and degrammation of complex paradigms
105(2)
2 Grammation, regrammation and degrammation of parallel (sets of) paradigms
107(2)
2.1 One content system in more than one expression system
107(1)
2.2 Semantically complementary systems
108(1)
3 Connecting paradigms vs. layering
109(6)
Part II Case studies
Chapter 5 Patterns of connecting grammaticalisation in Russian
115(56)
Jens Nørgard-Sørensen
1 Old Russian syntax
116(13)
2 Animacy as a gender
129(20)
2.1 Animacy in Modern Russian
129(3)
2.2 The problem
132(1)
2.3 From Old Russian to Modern Russian
132(1)
2.3.1 The syntax of the Old Russian noun phrase
132(12)
2.3.2 The rise of animacy as a gender
144(5)
3 Aspect
149(18)
4 Parallel grammaticalisation as a type of connecting grammaticalisation
167(4)
Chapter 6 Word order change as grammaticalisation
171(66)
Lars Heltoft
1 Introduction
171(5)
1.1 The principles of topological analysis
172(3)
1.2 Overview
175(1)
2 Verb second in Scandinavian - paradigms and changes in Danish
176(16)
2.1 Verb second in Old Scandinavian
176(1)
2.2 Modern Danish verb second order and its simple paradigmatic organisation
177(2)
2.3 Verb second as subspecifications of the mood system
179(1)
2.4 Indicative contrasts: Old Danish verb second and Old French verb second
180(5)
2.5 The internal reanalysis of verb second clauses as mood
185(2)
2.6 The external reanalysis as mood: Illocutionary frame as a combination of mood and syntactic hierarchy
187(4)
2.7 Conclusion of Section 2
191(1)
3 The rise of SVO order in Scandinavian from Old Scandinavian OV order in non-finite VPs
192(24)
3.1 The meaning of Old Scandinavian verb second
194(1)
3.2 Positional analysis
195(2)
3.3 Iconic focus
197(4)
3.4 Positional reanalysis of cohesive elements
201(2)
3.5 Functional motivation
203(8)
3.6 Adverbials as false friends
211(1)
3.7 The loss of OV (XV)
212(1)
3.7.1 Reanalysis to VO-structure
213(2)
3.7.2 Details of the reanalysis to VO
215(1)
4 The origin of subjective main clauses
216(9)
4.1 Emotive verb second main clauses and their replacement
217(3)
4.2 SVO main clauses and illocutionary particles
220(5)
5 Conclusions and perspectives
225(12)
5.1 A brief overview of the topological changes from Old Scandinavian to Modern Mainland Scandinavian
226(1)
5.2 Harris and Campbell: A non-semantic concept of syntactic reanalysis
227(3)
5.3 The need for a content based approach
230(4)
5.4 The need for complex paradigms and connecting grammaticalisation
234(1)
Sources
235(2)
Chapter 7 Scenarios of grammatical change in Romance languages
237(87)
Lene Schøsler
1 Introduction
237(11)
1.1 The development of the case system
238(1)
1.2 From Latin to the Romance languages
239(3)
1.3 Constructions
242(1)
1.3.1 Lexicalist account or constructionist account?
242(1)
1.3.2 Definitions of constructions
243(2)
1.3.3 Views on how constructions come into existence and how they may change
245(3)
1.4 Conclusion of Section 1
248(1)
2 An illustration of connecting grammaticalisation processes: The marking of the second and the third argument
248(34)
2.1 The development of the dative as marker of the third argument in Romance languages
250(1)
2.1.1 Latin, stage 1
250(5)
2.1.2 Late Latin and Early Romance languages, stage 2
255(2)
2.1.3 Early Romance languages, stage 2
257(1)
2.1.4 Later periods, stages 2 and 3
258(5)
2.2 The development of the second argument in Romance languages
263(2)
2.2.1 From Latin to Romance
265(4)
2.2.2 Potential merger of the second and the third argument, stages 3 to 4
269(2)
2.3 The development of the personal pronouns: Cross-reference phenomena
271(1)
2.3.1 The development of cross-reference in Romance languages
272(3)
2.3.2 The development of Romance clitics. Discussion concerning a possible typological shift due to the generalised use of clitics
275(3)
2.3.3 The distinction ± human in clitics, stage 3 for French, Italian (and Catalan)
278(3)
2.4 Conclusion of Section 2
281(1)
3 Formation of construction paradigms: The dative as second argument in French
282(21)
3.1 Latin
283(3)
3.2 Old and Middle French
286(7)
3.3 The development of the verb aider from 1500-1799
293(4)
3.4 Modern French, standard and advanced
297(4)
3.5 Conclusion of Section 3
301(2)
4 The importance of absence: Constructional alternation between expressed and unexpressed second argument
303(15)
4.1 Latin
305(1)
4.2 Old French
306(2)
4.3 Middle French
308(2)
4.4 Classical French
310(2)
4.5 Modern Standard French and Colloquial French
312(4)
4.6 Conclusion of section 4
316(2)
5 Conclusion
318(6)
5.1 Simple paradigmatically organised constructions
318(1)
5.2 Creation and reorganisation of complex paradigms
319(1)
5.2.1 The creation of the dative A2 paradigm in French
320(1)
5.2.2 Reorganisation of the non-subject argument paradigm in Peninsular Spanish
321(1)
5.3 Implications for the theory of language change
322(1)
5.3.1 Theoretical implications: Chains of grammaticalisation and connecting grammaticalisation
322(1)
5.3.2 Theoretical and methodological implications
323(1)
Sources 324(3)
References 327(16)
Language index 343(2)
Subject index 345
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