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E-raamat: Connection-Oriented Networks: SONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS and Optical Networks

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(North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Jun-2005
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470021644
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Connection-Oriented Networks: SONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS and Optical NetworksSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Jun-2005
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470021644
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In a textbook for a second course on computer networks at the graduate or senior undergraduate level, Perros (computer science, North Carolina State U.) explores a two connection-oriented packet-switching networks and two circuit-switching networks, which share common networking principles. The connection-oriented packet-switching networks are ATM, a legacy network developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s to transport Internet Protocol (IP) traffic in access networks; and multi-protocol label switched (MPLS), the architecture of which is an extension of ATM, and must be used to introduce quality of service in IP networks. The circuit-switching networks are SONET/SDH, the underlying transport network of the telephone system and used in all packet-switching networks such at IP and ATM; and Optical Wavelength Routing, which uses optical circuit-switching connections known as ligthpaths. He also presents optical burst switching (OBS), a new optical networking scheme that has not yet been standardized and lies between packet switching and circuit switching. Annotation ©2005 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

A thorough knowledge of modern connection-oriented networks is essential to understanding the current and near-future state of networking.
This book provides a complete overview of connection-oriented networks, discussing both packet-switched and circuit-switched networks, which, though seemingly different, share common networking principles. It details the history and development of such networks, and defines their terminology and architecture, before progressing to aspects such as signaling and standards. There is inclusive coverage of SONET/SDH, ATM networks, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), optical networks, access networks and voice over ATM and MPLS.
Connection-oriented Networks:
* Provides in-depth, systematic coverage of several connection-oriented networks in a single volume
* Explains topics such as the Generic Framing Procedure, Label Distribution Protocols, Wavelength Routing Optical Networks, Optical Burst Switching, and Access Networks in detail
* Illustrates all concepts with problems and simulation projects to test and deepen your understanding
* Includes an accompanying website with solutions manual and complete set of PowerPoint presentations for each chapter
Senior undergraduate and graduate students in telecommunication and networking courses, as well as networking engineers, will find this comprehensive guide to connection-oriented packet-switched and circuit-switched networks useful for their training. The book presents tried and tested material based on an existing, successful course.

Arvustused

"This book presents a unique perspective on the various flavours of connection-orientated networks." (IEEE Communications Magazine, June 2006)

About the Author vi
Preface xiii
List of Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction
1(18)
1.1 Communication Networks
1(2)
1.2 Examples of Connections
3(5)
1.2.1 An ATM Connection
4(1)
1.2.2 An MPLS Connection
5(1)
1.2.3 A Telephone Connection
6(1)
1.2.4 A Wavelength Routing Optical Network Connection
7(1)
1.3 Organization of the Book
8(5)
1.4 Standards Committees
13(5)
1.4.1 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
14(1)
1.4.2 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
14(1)
1.4.3 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
15(1)
1.4.4 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE)
15(1)
1.4.5 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
16(1)
1.4.6 The ATM Forum
16(1)
1.4.7 The MPLS and Frame Relay Alliance
17(1)
1.4.8 The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF)
17(1)
1.4.9 The DSL Forum
18(1)
Problems
18(1)
2 SONET/SDH and the Generic Frame Procedure (GFP)
19(28)
2.1 T1/El
20(2)
2.1.1 Fractional T1/E1
22(1)
2.1.2 Unchannelized Framed Signal
22(1)
2.2 SONET/SDH
22(2)
2.3 The SONET STS-1 Frame Structure
24(8)
2.3.1 The Section, Line, and Path Overheads
26(1)
2.3.2 The STS-1 Section, Line, and Path Overheads
27(2)
2.3.3 The STS-1 Payload
29(3)
2.4 The SONET STS-3 Frame Structure
32(1)
2.5 SONET/SDH Devices
33(2)
2.6 Self-healing SONET/SDH Rings
35(5)
2.6.1 Two-fiber Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (2F-UPSR)
37(1)
2.6.2 Two-fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (2F-BLSR)
38(1)
2.6.3 Four-fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (4F-BLSR)
38(2)
2.7 The Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
40(3)
2.7.1 The GFP Frame Structure
41(1)
2.7.2 GFP Client-independent Functions
42(1)
2.7.3 GFP Client-dependent Functions
43(1)
2.8 Data over SONET/SDH (DoS)
43(2)
2.8.1 Virtual Concatenation
44(1)
2.8.2 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
45(1)
Problems
45(2)
3 ATM Networks
47(34)
3.1 Introduction
48(1)
3.2 The Structure of the Header of the ATM Cell
48(4)
3.3 The ATM Protocol Stack
52(1)
3.4 The Physical Layer
53(2)
3.4.1 The Transmission Convergence (TC) Sublayer
53(2)
3.4.2 The Physical Medium-Dependent (PMD) Sublayer
55(1)
3.5 The ATM Layer
55(3)
3.6 The ATM Switch Architecture
58(4)
3.6.1 The Shared Memory Switch
59(1)
3.6.2 Scheduling Algorithms
60(2)
3.7 The ATM Adaptation Layer
62(10)
3.7.1 ATM Adaptation Layer 1 (AAL 1)
63(5)
3.7.2 ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (AAL 2)
68(3)
3.7.3 ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL 5)
71(1)
3.8 Classical IP and ARP Over ATM
72(2)
3.8.1 ATMARP
73(1)
Problems
74(2)
Appendix: Simulation Project: AAL 2
76(5)
4 Congestion Control in ATM Networks
81(34)
4.1 Traffic Characterization
81(6)
4.1.1 Types of Parameters
82(2)
4.1.2 Standardized Traffic Descriptors
84(1)
4.1.3 Empirical Models
84(1)
4.1.4 Probabilistic Models
85(2)
4.2 Quality of Service (QoS) Parameters
87(3)
4.3 ATM Service Categories
90(2)
4.3.1 The CBR Service
90(1)
4.3.2 The RT-VBR Service
90(1)
4.3.3 The NRT-VBR Service
91(1)
4.3.4 The UBR Service
91(1)
4.3.5 The ABR Service
91(1)
4.3.6 The GFR Service
91(1)
4.3.7 ATM Transfer Capabilities
92(1)
4.4 Congestion Control
92(1)
4.5 Preventive Congestion Control
92(1)
4.6 Call Admission Control (CAC)
93(7)
4.6.1 Classes of CAC Algorithms
93(2)
4.6.2 Equivalent Bandwidth
95(3)
4.6.3 The ATM Block Transfer (ABT) Scheme
98(1)
4.6.4 Virtual Path Connections
99(1)
4.7 Bandwidth Enforcement
100(6)
4.7.1 The Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA)
102(3)
4.7.2 Packet Discard Schemes
105(1)
4.8 Reactive Congestion Control
106(4)
4.8.1 The Available Bit Rate (ABR) Service
106(4)
Problems
110(1)
Appendix: Simulation Project: ATM Traffic Characterization of An MPEG Video Source
111(4)
5 Signaling in ATM Networks
115(16)
5.1 Introduction
115(1)
5.2 The Signaling Protocol Stack
116(1)
5.3 The Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL)
117(6)
5.3.1 The SSCOP
117(4)
5.3.2 Primitives
121(2)
5.4 The Signaling Channel
123(1)
5.5 ATM Addressing
123(3)
5.6 The Format of the Signaling Message
126(1)
5.7 The Signaling Protocol Q.2931
127(3)
5.7.1 Information Elements (IE)
127(1)
5.7.2 Q.2931 Messages
128(2)
Problems
130(1)
6 The Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Architecture
131(18)
6.1 The Internet Protocol (IP): A Primer
131(5)
6.1.1 The IP Header
132(1)
6.1.2 IP Addresses
133(2)
6.1.3 ARP, RARP, and ICMP
135(1)
6.1.4 IP Version 6 (IPv6)
136(1)
6.2 The Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Architecture
136(9)
6.2.1 Label Allocation Schemes
141(1)
6.2.2 The Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry (NHLFE)
142(1)
6.2.3 Explicit Routing
143(1)
6.2.4 An Example of the Use of the Label Stack
144(1)
6.2.5 Schemes for Setting up an LSP
145(1)
6.3 MPLS Over ATM
145(2)
6.3.1 VC Merging
146(1)
6.3.2 Hybrid ATM Switches
147(1)
Problems
147(2)
7 Label Distribution Protocols
149(32)
7.1 The Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)
149(8)
7.1.1 Label Spaces, LDP Sessions, and Hello Adjacencies
150(2)
7.1.2 The LDP PDU Format
152(1)
7.1.3 The LDP Message Format
153(1)
7.1.4 The LDP Messages
153(4)
7.2 The Constrained-Based Routing Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP)
157(10)
7.2.1 CR-LSP Setup Procedure
158(1)
7.2.2 The Label Request Message
159(2)
7.2.3 The Label Mapping Message
161(1)
7.2.4 The Traffic Parameters TLV
161(5)
7.2.5 Classes of Service
166(1)
7.3 The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
167(6)
7.3.1 Reservation Styles
169(1)
7.3.2 Soft State
169(1)
7.3.3 The RSVP Message Format
170(2)
7.3.4 The Path Message
172(1)
7.3.5 The Resv Message
172(1)
7.4 The Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)
173(6)
7.4.1 Service Classes and Reservation Styles
174(1)
7.4.2 The RSVP-TE New Objects
175(3)
7.4.3 The RSVP-TE Path and Resv Messages
178(1)
7.4.4 RSVP-TE Extensions
179(1)
Problems
179(2)
8 Optical Fibers and Components
181(24)
8.1 WDM Optical Networks
181(2)
8.2 How Light is Transmitted Through an Optical Fiber
183(8)
8.2.1 Multi-mode and Single-mode Optical Fibers
186(2)
8.2.2 Impairments
188(3)
8.2.3 Types of Fibers
191(1)
8.3 Components
191(12)
8.3.1 Lasers
192(2)
8.3.2 Photo-detectors and Optical Receivers
194(1)
8.3.3 Optical Amplifiers
194(2)
8.3.4 The 2 x 2 Coupler
196(1)
8.3.5 Optical Cross-connects (OXCs)
197(6)
Problems
203(2)
9 Wavelength Routing Optical Networks
205(36)
9.1 Wavelength Routing Networks
205(5)
9.1.1 Lightpaths
206(2)
9.1.2 Traffic Grooming
208(2)
9.2 Protection Schemes
210(3)
9.2.1 Point-to-point Links
210(1)
9.2.2 WDM Optical Rings
210(2)
9.2.3 Mesh Optical Networks
212(1)
9.3 The ITU-T G.709 Standard - The Digital Wrapper
213(5)
9.3.1 The Optical Channel (Och) Frame
214(1)
9.3.2 Overhead Types
215(3)
9.4 Control Plane Architectures
218(2)
9.5 Generalized MPLS (GMPLS)
220(9)
9.5.1 Basic Features of GMPLS
221(5)
9.5.2 CR-LDP Extensions for GMPLS
226(2)
9.5.3 RSVP-TE Extensions For GMPLS
228(1)
9.6 The OIF UNI
229(6)
9.6.1 The UNI Abstract Messages
230(2)
9.6.2 LDP Extensions for UNI Signaling
232(2)
9.6.3 RSVP Extensions For UNI Signaling
234(1)
Problems
235(1)
Appendix: Simulation Project: Calculation of Call Blocking Probabilities in a Wavelength Routing Network
236(5)
10 Optical Burst Switching 241(20)
10.1 Optical Packet Switching
242(3)
10.1.1 A Space Switch
243(2)
10.2 Optical Burst Switching (OBS)
245(6)
10.2.1 Connection Setup Schemes
246(2)
10.2.2 Reservation and Release of Resources in an OXC
248(1)
10.2.3 Scheduling of Bursts at an OBS Node
249(1)
10.2.4 Lost Bursts
250(1)
10.2.5 Burst Assembly
251(1)
10.3 The Jumpstart Project
251(8)
10.3.1 Signaling Messages
252(2)
10.3.2 The Signaling Message Structure
254(1)
10.3.3 Addressing
255(1)
10.3.4 The Routing Architecture
256(3)
Problems
259(2)
11 Access Networks 261(30)
11.1 The ADSL-based Access Networks
261(11)
11.1.1 The Discrete Multi-tone (DMT) Technique
263(1)
11.1.2 Bearer Channels
264(2)
11.1.3 The ADSL Super Frame
266(1)
11.1.4 Schemes for Accessing Network Service Providers
266(3)
11.1.5 The ADSL2 and ADSL2+ Standards
269(3)
11.2 The Cable-based Access Network
272(9)
11.2.1 The Physical Layer
274(1)
11.2.2 The DOCSIS MAC Frame Format
275(2)
11.2.3 The DOCSIS MAC Protocol Operation
277(3)
11.2.4 Quality of Service (QoS)
280(1)
11.3 The ATM Passive Optical Network
281(8)
11.3.1 Frame Structures for Downstream and Upstream Transmission
284(1)
11.3.2 The PLOAM Cell
285(2)
11.3.3 The Divided-slots Cell
287(2)
11.3.4 Churning
289(1)
11.3.5 Ranging
289(1)
Problems
289(2)
12 Voice Over ATM and MPLS 291(26)
12.1 Background
292(9)
12.1.1 Basic Concepts
292(2)
12.1.2 Channel-Associated Signaling (CAS)
294(2)
12.1.3 Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)
296(1)
12.1.4 Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN)
297(3)
12.1.5 Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1 (DSS1)
300(1)
12.2 Voice Over ATM Specifications
301(1)
12.3 The Circuit Emulation Services (CES) Specification
302(2)
12.3.1 Structured DS1/E1/J2 N x 64Kbps Service
303(1)
12.3.2 DS1/E1/J2 Unstructured Service
303(1)
12.4 The ATM Trunking Using AAL 2 for Narrowband Services Specification
304(2)
12.4.1 Switched and Non-Switched Trunking
305(1)
12.4.2 IWF Functionality for Switched Trunking
305(1)
12.4.3 IWF Functionality for Non-switched Trunking
305(1)
12.5 The AAL 2 Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) for Trunking
306(4)
12.5.1 User Functions
306(2)
12.5.2 The Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer
308(2)
12.6 The Segmentation and Reassembly SSCS for AAL 2 (SEG-SSCS)
310(2)
12.6.1 SSSAR
311(1)
12.6.2 SSTED
311(1)
12.6.3 SSADT
312(1)
12.7 Voice Over MPLS (VoMPLS)
312(1)
12.8 TDM Transport Over MPLS Using AAL 1
313(2)
12.9 I.366.2 Voice Trunking Format Over MPLS
315(1)
Problems
316(1)
Bibliography 317(6)
Index 323
Harry G. Perros is a Professor of Computer Science, an Alumni Distinguished Graduate Professor, and the Program Coordinator of the Master of Science degree in Computer Networks at NC State University. He received the B.Sc. degree in Mathematics in 1970 from Athens University, Greece, the M.Sc. degree in Operational Research with Computing from Leeds University, England, in 1971, and the Ph.D. degree in Operations Research from Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, in 1975. He ahs held visiting faculty positions at INRIA, Rocquencourt, France (1979), NORTEL, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (1988-89 and 1995-96) and University of Paris 6, France (1995-96, 2000, and 2002).

He has published numerous papers in the area of performance modeling of computer and communication systems, and he has organized several national and international conferences. He has also published two print books: Queueing Networks with Blocking: Exact and Approximate Solutions, Oxford Press 1994, An Introduction to ATM Networks, Wiley 2002, and an e-book Computer Simulation Techniques - The Definitive Introduction, 2002 (available through his Web site).

In 1995, he founded the IFIP Working Group 6.3 on the Performance of Communication Systems, and he was the chairman from 1995 to 2002. As of 2004, he is the chairman of the IFIP Working Group 6.10 on Optical Networks. He is also a member of IFIP Working Groups 6.2, and 7.3, and an IEEE Senior Member. In addition, he is an associate Editor for the Performance Evaluation Journal, and the Telecommunications Systems Journal. His current research interests are in the area of optical networks. In his free time he likes to go sailing on the Aegean, a Pearson 31!
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