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E-raamat: Conservation Biogeography

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Jan-2011
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781444390018
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Conservation BiogeographySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Jan-2011
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781444390018
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CONSERVATION BIOGEOGRAPHY The Earths ecosystems are in the midst of an unprecedented period of change as a result of human action. Many habitats have been completely destroyed or divided into tiny fragments, others have been transformed through the introduction of new species, or the extinction of native plants and animals, while anthropogenic climate change now threatens to completely redraw the geographic map of life on this planet. The urgent need to understand and prescribe solutions to this complicated and interlinked set of pressing conservation issues has lead to the transformation of the venerable academic discipline of biogeography the study of the geographic distribution of animals and plants. The newly emerged sub-discipline of conservation biogeography uses the conceptual tools and methods of biogeography to address real world conservation problems and to provide predictions about the fate of key species and ecosystems over the next century. This book provides the first comprehensive review of the field in a series of closely interlinked chapters addressing the central issues within this exciting and important subject.

Arvustused

In all of these respects, this volume succeeds admirably, and deserves a place of prominence in any conservation biologists perspective on how to advance our field.  (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 June 2013)

With a glossary and references, this book will be very useful for students.  (Mammalia, 1 January 2013)

The entire collection certainly has a distinctive and unique niche among ecological texts. It is aimed at a postgraduate market and is most likely to be used by conservationists and planners who daily face the problems with which these essays deal.  (Bulletin of the British Ecological Society, 1 June 2012)

Ladle, Whittaker, and their contributors have provided a volume that is informative, engaging, and respectful of the many scientists, naturalists, and practitioners who work and philosophies inform contemporary biogeographic research and its application.  (Ecology, 1 March 2012)

"This book represent a nice, clear presentation of conservation biogeography from the perspective of ecological biogeography ... We sincerely congratulate the editors and we believe that this book represents a gateway to a new vision of conservation." (Biological Conservation Reviewers, 2011) "Conservation Biogeography provides an exceptionally well-done introduction to, and status report of, an emerging field of inquiry. . . Summing Up: Essential. All readership levels." (Choice, 1 September 2011)

 

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Contributing authors xii
PART 1 ROOTS, RELEVANCE, AIMS AND VALUES
1(44)
1 The Roots Of Conservation Biogeography
3(10)
1.1 What is conservation biogeography?
3(1)
1.2 The emergence of conservation biology and conservation biogeography
4(3)
1.3 The scope of conservation biogeography
7(4)
1.3.1 To what ends?
7(4)
1.4 Outline of the following chapters
11(1)
Suggested reading
12(1)
2 Social Values And Conservation Biogeography
13(18)
2.1 Many values, many goals
13(1)
2.2 The origins and values of different protected area types
14(8)
2.2.1 Sacred sites
16(1)
2.2.2 Resource and game reserves
17(1)
2.2.3 State and country parks
18(1)
2.2.4 Nature monuments and nature reserves
19(1)
2.2.5 Wildlife sanctuaries and refuges
19(1)
2.2.6 Wilderness areas
20(1)
2.2.7 National parks
21(1)
2.2.8 Community conservation areas
22(1)
2.3 Reserve designations from international conventions
22(1)
2.4 An international system for categorizing protected areas
23(3)
2.5 Social values and conservation practice
26(3)
2.5.1 Attitudes to non-native species
26(2)
2.5.2 Restoration and rewilding
28(1)
2.6 Concluding remarks
29(1)
For discussion
30(1)
Suggested reading
30(1)
3 Baselines, Patterns And Process
31(14)
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 Ecosystem composition and function
31(1)
3.3 Balance versus flux
32(2)
3.4 Understanding ecosystems in flux
34(4)
3.5 Defining and using baselines
38(4)
3.5.1 Baselines derived from relict pristine systems
38(1)
3.5.2 Baselines derived from long-term ecology
39(2)
3.5.3 Rewilding
41(1)
3.5.4 The challenge of rapid environmental change
42(1)
3.6 Adaptive ecosystem management
42(2)
For discussion
44(1)
Suggested reading
44(1)
PART 2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF DIVERSITY: CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS
45(116)
4 Basic Biogeography: Estimating Biodiversity And Mapping Nature
47(46)
4.1 Introduction
47(2)
4.1.1 Our incomplete knowledge of biodiversity
47(1)
4.1.2 Why do we map?
48(1)
4.2 Three knowledge shortfalls
49(13)
4.2.1 The Linnean shortfall
49(5)
4.2.2 The Wallacean shortfall
54(4)
4.2.3 The extinction estimate shortfall
58(4)
4.3 The fundamental taxonomic units of conservation biogeography
62(3)
4.3.1 Species versus other genetically-based conservation units
62(2)
4.3.2 Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs)
64(1)
4.3.3 Other conservation units
65(1)
4.4 Spatial distributions: from genes to biogeographical regions
65(11)
4.4.1 Mapping species individually and collectively
65(7)
4.4.2 Phylogeography
72(2)
4.4.3 Endemism
74(1)
4.4.4 Biogeographical regions
75(1)
4.5 Mapping function
76(7)
4.5.1 Biomes, ecosystems and communities
76(6)
4.5.2 Ecoregions
82(1)
4.6 Natural units in the marine realm
83(8)
For discussion
91(1)
Suggested reading
92(1)
5 The Shaping Of The Global Protected Area Estate
93(43)
5.1 Origins
93(2)
5.2 Typology of frameworks
95(9)
5.2.1 Spatial classification of approaches - contiguous areas, landscape units and habitat islands
97(3)
5.2.2 Biogeographical (compositional) versus Ecological (functional) approaches
100(2)
5.2.3 Strategic goals - composition, function, numbers and attributes
102(2)
5.3 Terrestrial protected area schemes
104(17)
5.3.1 IUCN Biogeographical Regions (Dasmann-Udvardy) scheme
104(2)
5.3.2 Endemic Bird Areas
106(3)
5.3.3 Conservation International's hotspots
109(4)
5.3.4 The WWF Ecoregions scheme
113(4)
5.3.5 Important Bird Areas and Key Biodiversity Areas
117(4)
5.4 Marine protected areas
121(13)
5.4.1 Status of the marine realm
121(1)
5.4.2 Origins and expansion of the marine protected area estate
122(1)
5.4.3 A global representative system of marine protected areas
123(3)
5.4.4 Reefs at risk - hotspots/threatspots
126(4)
5.4.5 Large Marine Ecosystems
130(1)
5.4.6 WWF Global 200 - the marine perspective
131(1)
5.4.7 Coastal Zone Management and critical seascapes
132(1)
5.4.8 High seas protected areas
132(2)
5.5 Current trends and future directions
134(1)
For discussion
135(1)
Suggested reading
135(1)
6 Systematic Conservation Planning: Past, Present And Future
136(25)
6.1 Introduction
136(2)
6.2 What is systematic conservation planning and why use it?
138(1)
6.3 Concepts and principles
138(2)
6.3.1 Representativeness
138(1)
6.3.2 Persistence (adequacy)
139(1)
6.3.3 Efficiency
139(1)
6.3.4 Flexibility
140(1)
6.4 Developing a systematic conservation plan
140(12)
6.4.1 Achieving representation
140(6)
6.4.2 Achieving persistence
146(5)
6.4.3 Achieving efficiency
151(1)
6.4.4 Achieving flexibility
152(1)
6.5 Decision support tools to identify and prioritize new protected areas
152(3)
6.6 Consultation and implementation of systematic conservation plans
155(1)
6.7 What does the future of systematic conservation planning hold?
156(3)
6.7.1 Conservation planning is a dynamic problem
158(1)
6.7.2 Conservation assets change through time
158(1)
6.7.3 A mix of conservation actions could occur at any site
158(1)
6.7.4 Better economics and socio-economics
158(1)
6.7.5 Dealing with uncertainty
158(1)
6.7.6 Properly accounting for threats
159(1)
6.7.7 Persistence - attainable goal or impractical utopia?
159(1)
6.7.8 How much should we invest in improving a conservation plan?
159(1)
For discussion
159(1)
Suggested reading
160(1)
PART 3 CONSERVATION PLANNING IN A CHANGING WORLD
161(84)
7 Planning For Persistence In A Changing World
163(27)
7.1 Introduction
163(1)
7.2 Using the past to understand the present and predict the future
164(12)
7.2.1 Predicting future ecosystem responses to changing conditions
168(1)
7.2.2 Interpreting recent trends in their historical context
169(1)
7.2.3 Geographical range collapse
170(6)
7.3 Predicting biodiversity change
176(7)
7.3.1 Modelling the current distributions of species, habitats and biomes
177(3)
7.3.2 Modelling range shifts
180(3)
7.4 What do we do about it? Dynamic conservation planning
183(5)
7.4.1 Incorporating dynamic biotic and abiotic processes into conservation plans
183(2)
7.4.2 Changes in socio-economic factors
185(1)
7.4.3 Climate change, conservation planning and assisted migration
185(3)
7.5 Closing remarks
188(1)
For discussion
188(1)
Suggested reading
189(1)
8 Applied Island Biogeography
190(34)
8.1 Introduction
190(4)
8.2 Implications of habitat loss and fragmentation: from theory to evidence
194(14)
8.2.1 The use of species-area relationships in conservation
194(5)
8.2.2 Relaxation and the extinction debt
199(4)
8.2.3 Ecosystem collapse and threshold responses in habitat islands
203(5)
8.3 Species incidence
208(5)
8.3.1 Minimum viable populations, minimum areas and incidence functions
208(3)
8.3.2 Metapopulation dynamics
211(2)
8.4 Nestedness
213(6)
8.4.1 Edge effects
216(1)
8.4.2 Habitat corridors
217(1)
8.4.3 Landscape context - matrix effects
218(1)
8.5 Emergent guidelines for conservation
219(3)
For discussion
222(1)
Suggested reading
223(1)
9 Biological Invasions And The Homogenization Of Faunas And Floras
224(21)
9.1 The biogeography of species invasions
224(5)
9.1.1 The invasion process
224(2)
9.1.2 Human-assisted versus prehistoric invasions
226(1)
9.1.3 Economic and ecological impacts of invasion
227(2)
9.2 Biotic homogenization
229(3)
9.2.1 The process of biotic homogenization
230(1)
9.2.2 Different manifestations of biotic homogenization
230(2)
9.3 Patterns of biotic homogenization
232(6)
9.3.1 Fishes
232(3)
9.3.2 Birds
235(2)
9.3.3 Plants
237(1)
9.3.4 Mammals
237(1)
9.4 Environmental and human drivers of biotic homogenization
238(2)
9.5 Biotic homogenization and conservation
240(1)
9.6 Novel assemblages
241(1)
For discussion
242(1)
Suggested reading
243(2)
PART 4 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
245(14)
10 Prospects And Challenges
247(12)
10.1 Why we need conservation biogeography
247(1)
10.2 The challenges
248(9)
10.2.1 Filling the Wallacean and Linnean shortfalls
248(2)
10.2.2 Improving models, simulations and forecasts
250(1)
10.2.3 Turning theory into practice
251(1)
10.2.4 Education, communication and public engagement
252(5)
10.2.5 Reconciliation ecology and a biogeography of the countryside
257(1)
10.3 Looking to the future
257(2)
Glossary of terms 259(5)
References 264(33)
Index 297
Richard J. Ladle was the founding Director of Oxford Universitys MSc in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management. Since 2009 he has been working in Brazil as an international conservation consultant and science writer. He is currently a Visiting Professor at the Federal University of Alagoas, teaching and doing research on diverse and interdisciplinary aspects of conservation, biogeography and ecology.

Robert J. Whittaker is the current Academic Director of the MSc in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management, and holds the title of Professor of Biogeography in the School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford. He is a founding member and past President (20092010) of the International Biogeography Society and since 2004 has been the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Biogeography. He has a long-standing interest in island biogeography, patterns and processes controlling diversity, and the application of biogeography to conservation.

The author/editor royalties for this book are to be donated to the International Biogeography Society, for furtherance of its work promoting the study, dissemination and application of biogeography. For further information on the IBS visit www.biogeography.org.
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