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E-raamat: Contaminated Land: Problems and Solutions, Second Edition

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Mar-1998
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781135809997
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Contaminated Land: Problems and Solutions, Second EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Mar-1998
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781135809997
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Contaminated land is a problem both in the short and long term as it cannot be used without remediation. The investigation and analysis of the problem, along with the legal responsibilities surrounding the issues, continue to present difficulties to those wishing to use or develop a contaminated site. Since publication of the 1st edition, the area has developed rapidly. Building on the success of the first edition, the new edition has been fully updated to take account of advances in the field.

Arvustused

'A comprehensive text that will be of interest to practitioners and students.' - ASI Journal

Preface to the second edition xii
Acknowledgement xiv
Contributors xv
International responses
1(9)
Introduction
1(1)
Differences in national responses to land contamination
2(6)
Various national viewpoints
2(1)
The complexity of soil systems
3(2)
Identification of land contamination and necessary clean-up standards
5(2)
Variation in legislation and controls
7(1)
Signs of an international consensus
8(2)
Risks from contaminated land
10(18)
Introduction
10(1)
What is 'contaminated land'?
11(1)
Estimating the amount of contaminated land
12(1)
Standards and criteria to establish if land is contaminated
13(4)
Risk assessment of ground contamination
17(3)
The development of legislation, policy and practices in the UK
20(5)
Netherlands policies and practices
25(1)
Summary
26(2)
Rational site investigations
28(50)
Introduction
28(1)
Purposes of site investigation
29(6)
Risks to land users
30(1)
Effects on the environment
31(2)
Level of detail required
33(1)
Topics of interest
34(1)
Site investigation strategy
35(1)
Preparation
36(12)
Data collection
36(3)
Recorded physical conditions
39(1)
Previous uses and contamination potential
40(4)
Preliminary conceptual model
44(1)
Site reconnaissance
45(2)
Defining objectives
47(1)
Designing an investigation
48(14)
Information required
48(1)
Sampling strategy
49(1)
Non-targeted sampling
50(3)
Targeted sampling
53(1)
Sampling depths
54(1)
Background conditions
54(1)
Groundwater and surface water sampling
55(3)
Gas monitoring
58(1)
Analytical testing
59(1)
Sample type and size
60(2)
Exploratory techniques
62(4)
Hand methods
62(1)
Trial pits
62(2)
Light cable percussion boreholes
64(1)
Power auger drilling
64(1)
Dynamic probes and small diameter boreholes
65(1)
Soil gas surveys
65(1)
Implementation
66(6)
Specification
66(1)
Site work stage
66(2)
Recording of data
68(1)
Sample preservation
69(1)
Safety precautions
70(1)
Testing programmes
70(2)
Reporting and interpretation
72(4)
Presentation of data
72(1)
Characterizing zones
73(2)
Assessment of targeted testing
75(1)
Assessment of water testing
75(1)
Report recommendations
76(1)
Conclusions
76(2)
Reclamation options
78(21)
Introduction
78(1)
Reclamation choice in the United Kingdom
78(6)
Evolution of the UK's emphases on land contamination
78(3)
Challenges to current UK emphases
81(3)
Reclamation choices when health and environmental concerns dominate
84(3)
Engineering-based (broad spectrum) techniques
87(6)
Excavation and disposal
87(1)
On-site encapsulation
88(1)
Dilution of contamination
89(1)
Clean covers
90(1)
Soil dry screening
90(1)
Summary
91(2)
Innovative (narrow spectrum) techniques
93(5)
Introduction
93(1)
Remediation of oily contamination
93(3)
Removal of cyanides and heavier hydrocarbon contamination
96(1)
Treatment of metal contaminated sites
97(1)
Summary
98(1)
Clean cover technology
99(29)
Introduction
99(1)
Basic design decisions
100(12)
What does a cover have to do?
100(1)
How long does a cover have to remain effective?
101(1)
What materials can be included in a cover?
102(1)
Detailing the necessary material properties
103(4)
Quantifying the cover design
107(1)
Identifying possible failure mechanisms
108(3)
The time before any failure becomes apparent
111(1)
Ensuring that the client appreciates the design methodology and any liabilities this may imply
112(1)
Simple covers
112(1)
Covers intended to combat upward migration of contamination
113(6)
Designing a capillary break layer cover
113(3)
Example
116(3)
Covers designed to minimize groundwater pollution
119(7)
Introduction
119(1)
Rainfall infiltration and cover design
119(5)
Encapsulation covers
124(2)
Soil cappings
126(1)
Appropriate and non-appropriate applications of clean covers
126(2)
In-ground barriers
128(30)
Introduction
128(2)
The requirements for a cut-off
130(1)
Gas permeability
131(1)
Potentials tending to cause flow
132(1)
Types of vertical barrier
133(2)
Driven barriers
134(1)
Injected barriers
134(1)
Cut-and-fill type barriers
134(1)
The slurry trench process
135(1)
Types of slurry trench cut-offs
136(3)
Soil--active clay cut-offs
136(1)
Clay--cement cut-offs
136(1)
Clay--cement--aggregate cut-offs
137(1)
Cut-offs with membranes
138(1)
High-density walls
139(1)
Drainage walls
139(1)
Slurry preparation
139(1)
Requirements for the excavation slurry
140(2)
Excavation stabilization
141(1)
Slurry loss
141(1)
Bleeding and settlement
142(1)
Setting time
142(1)
Displacement
142(1)
Compatibility of materials
142(3)
Clays and water
142(2)
Cements and cement replacement materials
144(1)
Mix water
145(1)
Sampling slurries
145(1)
Sample containers, storage and handling
146(1)
Testing slurries
146(3)
Density
146(1)
Rheological measurements
147(1)
The Marsh funnel
148(1)
Other parameters
148(1)
Testing hardened properties
149(1)
Unconfined compression tests
149(1)
Confined drainage triaxial testing
149(1)
Permeability tests
150(1)
Specifications for slurry trench cut-offs
150(4)
Mechanical performance: permeability
151(1)
Stress--strain behaviour
152(1)
Durability
153(1)
The design compromise
153(1)
Overtopping and capping
154(2)
Capping
155(1)
Future developments
156(1)
The bio-barrier
156(1)
Active barriers
156(1)
Conclusions
156(2)
Reclaiming potentially combustible sites
158(19)
Introduction
158(1)
Combustion processes
158(4)
General combustion
158(3)
Spontaneous combustion
161(1)
Combustion tests
162(11)
Introduction
162(1)
British Standard tests
162(1)
Direct combustion testing
162(1)
Loss-on-ignition tests
163(1)
Calorific value testing
163(2)
Fire Research Station test method
165(1)
Combustion potential test
165(6)
Air permeability test
171(2)
Use of the combustion potential test
173(2)
Case study 1
173(1)
Case study 2
174(1)
Case study 3
174(1)
Case study 4
174(1)
Case study 5
175(1)
Case study 6
175(1)
Conclusions
175(2)
Gas and vapour investigations
177(38)
Introduction
177(1)
Principal subsurface gases and their properties
177(1)
Gas and vapour monitoring
178(10)
Monitoring equipment
178(1)
Gas monitoring observation works
179(7)
Gaseous properties of importance
186(2)
Establishing most hazardous gassing conditions
188(6)
Introduction
188(1)
Factors affecting landfill gas (and other degradation product gas) results
188(3)
Factors affecting the measurements of gases not generated by degradation
191(2)
Conclusions
193(1)
Gas and vapour survey procedures
194(5)
Introduction
194(1)
Selecting observation hole locations
194(1)
Including more hazardous gassing conditions in gas and vapour surveys
195(2)
Data consistency
197(1)
Gassing categories
197(2)
Solutions to subsurface gaseous contaminants
199(3)
Introduction
199(2)
Gas source identification
201(1)
Legislative controls and official advice on redevelopment
202(2)
Introduction
202(1)
Main restrictions
203(1)
Gas emission predictions
204(1)
Case studies
204(9)
Glasgow greenbelt
204(1)
Paper mill site, central Scotland
205(2)
Former steel mill site, West Midlands
207(2)
Midlands foundry site
209(2)
Leisure development, London Docklands
211(2)
Summary
213(2)
Establishing new landscapes
215(21)
Introduction
215(1)
Plant requirements
216(6)
Sunlight
216(1)
Anchorage
217(2)
Water availability
219(2)
Plant nutrients
221(1)
Soil cover
222(4)
Evaluation
222(1)
Depth of cover
222(2)
Soil ameliorants
224(2)
Soil fertility
226(1)
Site preparation
227(1)
Establishing grass cover
228(2)
Establishing trees and shrubs
230(2)
Maintenance
232(1)
Species selection
233(1)
Natural regeneration
234(1)
Conclusion
235(1)
UK legal framework
236(25)
Introduction
236(1)
Sources of law relating to contaminated land
236(3)
Legislation: primary and subordinate
236(1)
Case law
237(1)
Common law
237(1)
Guidance Notes and Codes of Practice
238(1)
European Union regulations, decisions and directives
238(1)
Law relating to contaminated land
239(8)
General outline
239(1)
Principal legislation
239(7)
Common law
246(1)
The Environment Act 1995
247(9)
Other relevant legislation
256(4)
Introduction
256(1)
Government overall policy
256(1)
Building regulations
257(1)
Waste management powers
257(2)
Summary
259(1)
Conclusions
260(1)
Introduction to waste management practices in the United States of America
261(27)
Introduction
261(1)
Regulatory impetus for remediation
261(7)
Background on regulations
262(2)
The landbans
264(1)
BDATs (Best Demonstrated and Available Technologies)
265(1)
Characteristic wastes versus listed wastes
266(2)
Phase II disposal role -- Universal Treatment Standards
268(1)
Regulation escalation and backlash
268(7)
The remediation process under CERCLA
275(7)
Preliminary assessment/site investigation
277(1)
Assignment to National Priority List
277(1)
Remedial investigation/feasibility study
277(2)
The remedy selection process
279(1)
Remedial action selection
280(1)
Remedial process selection
281(1)
Remedial design/remedial action
281(1)
Post closure
281(1)
Public participation
281(1)
Cost
282(1)
Reforms needed
282(1)
Trends in remediation technology
282(1)
Remediation under RCRA
283(1)
Radioactive wastes
284(1)
Remediation markets
285(1)
Remediation business outlook
286(1)
Conclusions
286(2)
Netherlands' reclamation practices
288(13)
Introduction
288(1)
Legal and administrative controls
288(2)
Private-sector initiatives
290(1)
Decision-making on contaminated sites
291(3)
Introduction
291(1)
Current practice
291(3)
Designing a risk assessment
294(2)
Introduction
294(1)
Use of CSOIL model
294(1)
Ecotoxicological assessments
295(1)
Contaminant migration
295(1)
Remediation procedures
296(2)
Introduction
296(1)
Remediation plan and specifications
297(1)
Regulation of excavated soils
297(1)
Soil remediation practices
298(2)
Introduction
298(1)
Current trends
298(1)
Recent initiatives
299(1)
Summary
300(1)
Effective management of contaminated land reclamations
301(28)
Introduction
301(1)
The pre-site work period
301(4)
Introduction
301(1)
Information to contractors
302(2)
Insurance cover
304(1)
Contact with external bodies
304(1)
Conclusion
305(1)
Health and Safety at Work Regulations and Legislation
305(3)
Introduction
305(1)
Breaches of Health and Safety Regulations
305(1)
Consequences of information limitations
306(2)
Regulatory requirements
308(1)
The site investigation period
308(7)
Introduction
308(2)
Information to be collected
310(1)
Conclusion
311(4)
Quality assurance of reclamations
315(13)
Introduction
315(1)
Quality systems
315(7)
Appropriate quality systems
322(6)
Summary
328(1)
Appendix I Soil guidelines (UK) and Dutch Intervention Values 329(6)
Appendix II Semi-quantified risk assessment methodology 335(2)
Appendix III Other useful guidelines and standards 337(21)
References 358


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