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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xvii | |
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Section A Water contamination |
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1 | (120) |
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1 Contamination of water resources in the mining region |
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3 | (16) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Sources of contamination |
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3 | (6) |
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1.3 Pathways of contamination |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4 Impacts of mines on vegetation and humans |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (7) |
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12 | (7) |
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2 Contamination of water resources in and around saline lakes |
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19 | (12) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 Types of saline lakes around the world |
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20 | (1) |
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2.3 Contamination of saline lakes |
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21 | (5) |
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2.4 Management and conservation of lakes |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (5) |
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27 | (4) |
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3 Contamination of groundwater by fly ash heavy metals at landfill sites |
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31 | (18) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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3.5 Impact of fly ash disposal on groundwater |
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33 | (1) |
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3.6 Status of groundwater contamination |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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3.8 Fly ash: heavy metal contaminant |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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3.11 Particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering analyser (pre and postmonsoon analysis) |
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35 | (1) |
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3.12 Fourier transform infrared analysis of dyke ash (pre and postmonsoon) |
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35 | (1) |
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3.13 Mineralogy of dyke ash by x-ray diffraction (pre and postanalysis) |
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35 | (2) |
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3.14 Particle size analysis of ash by dynamic light scattering |
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37 | (1) |
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3.15 Fourier transform infrared analysis of ash |
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37 | (2) |
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3.16 Mineralogy of ash by x-ray diffraction |
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39 | (1) |
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3.17 Seasonal concentration of heavy metal in fly ash |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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3.19 Dry disposal system of fly ash |
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41 | (1) |
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3.20 Wet disposal system of fly ash |
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42 | (1) |
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3.21 Heavy metal analysis of pre and postmonsoon disposed ash |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (3) |
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47 | (2) |
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4 Current scenario of heavy metal contamination in water |
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49 | (16) |
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4.1 Introduction: water contamination and measure concerns |
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49 | (1) |
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4.2 Types of water pollutants |
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50 | (2) |
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4.3 Standard permissible limits and sources of heavy metal pollution in water |
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52 | (1) |
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4.4 Heavy metal contamination in water sources: environmental and health hazards |
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53 | (2) |
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4.5 Heavy metal decontamination: remediation methods and techniques |
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55 | (3) |
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4.6 Concluding remarks and future aspects |
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58 | (7) |
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58 | (7) |
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5 Health impacts due to fluoride contamination in water: current scenario |
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65 | (20) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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5.3 Sources of fluoride in the environment |
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66 | (1) |
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5.4 Factors responsible for the contribution of fluoride ions to groundwater resources |
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67 | (1) |
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5.5 Fluoride availability in groundwater/drinking water |
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68 | (1) |
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5.6 Bioavailability of fluoride |
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68 | (5) |
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5.7 Effects on human health due to fluoride |
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73 | (1) |
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5.8 Human health risk assessment due to fluoride |
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74 | (2) |
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5.9 Remedial techniques to remove fluoride from water/waste water |
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76 | (2) |
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5.10 Consumer behavior and use of water |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (6) |
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79 | (6) |
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6 Contamination of water resources in industrial zones |
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85 | (14) |
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85 | (1) |
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6.2 Types of contaminants present in water resources |
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86 | (2) |
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6.3 Negative impacts of contaminants on human health and ecotoxicity |
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88 | (1) |
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6.4 Remediation technology |
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88 | (6) |
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94 | (5) |
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94 | (5) |
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7 Contamination of groundwater resources by pesticides |
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99 | (10) |
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99 | (1) |
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7.2 Historical perspectives of pesticide pollution |
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100 | (1) |
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7.3 The fate of pesticides in the environment |
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101 | (1) |
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7.4 Initial deposition and fate of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems |
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102 | (1) |
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7.5 Impacts of pesticides |
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103 | (1) |
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7.6 Management practices and remedies against pesticide pollution in groundwater |
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104 | (1) |
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7.7 Conclusion and future direction |
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105 | (4) |
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105 | (4) |
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8 Current scenario of pesticide contamination in water |
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109 | (12) |
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109 | (2) |
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8.2 Pesticides contamination in water resources |
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111 | (2) |
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8.3 Emerging pesticides as water pollutants |
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113 | (1) |
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8.4 Source of pesticides release in water bodies |
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114 | (1) |
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8.5 Ecological and health risk assessment |
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115 | (2) |
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8.6 Conclusion and future outlook |
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117 | (4) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (4) |
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Section B Health risk assessment |
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121 | (180) |
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9 Contamination of water resources with potentially toxic elements and human health risk assessment: Part 1 |
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123 | (20) |
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123 | (1) |
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9.2 Water---a boon to mankind |
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123 | (3) |
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9.3 Impure or heavy metal contaminated drinking water |
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126 | (4) |
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9.4 Remediation and mitigation of heavy metals |
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130 | (5) |
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9.5 Biotechnological approaches for the detection of contaminants in freshwater |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (6) |
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137 | (6) |
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10 Contamination of water resources with potentially toxic elements and human health risk assessment: Part 2 |
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143 | (14) |
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143 | (1) |
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10.2 Natural distribution, industrial production, and applications of toxic heavy metals |
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144 | (3) |
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10.3 Heavy metals contamination in water resources |
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147 | (2) |
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10.4 Potential for human exposure |
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149 | (1) |
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10.5 Mechanisms of toxicity |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (5) |
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153 | (4) |
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11 Chemical water contaminants: potential risk to human health and possible remediation |
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157 | (16) |
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157 | (1) |
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11.2 Various types of toxic elements sources, occurrence and their health impact |
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158 | (4) |
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11.3 Human health risk assessment |
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162 | (1) |
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11.4 Remediation techniques for water contaminants |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (9) |
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164 | (9) |
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12 Fluoride contamination in water resources and its health risk assessment |
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173 | (14) |
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173 | (1) |
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12.2 Sources of fluoride in water |
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173 | (2) |
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12.3 Acceptable concentration of fluoride in water |
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175 | (1) |
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12.4 Fluoride affected areas |
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175 | (5) |
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12.5 Fluoride metabolism in the human Body |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (4) |
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183 | (4) |
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13 Arsenic contamination in water resources and its health risk assessment |
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187 | (12) |
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187 | (1) |
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13.2 Health and social problems with arsenic in drinking water |
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187 | (1) |
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13.3 Worldwide extent of arsenic problem |
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188 | (1) |
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13.4 Sources and basic chemistry of arsenic in water |
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189 | (1) |
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13.5 Arsenic removal technologies |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (6) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (6) |
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14 Integrated assessment of ammonia-nitrogen in water environments and its exposure to ecology and human health |
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199 | (18) |
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199 | (1) |
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14.2 Occurrence of ammonia in aquatic environment |
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200 | (1) |
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14.3 Diversity of ammonia oxidizers |
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201 | (1) |
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14.4 Conventional biochemical process for ammonia removal |
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202 | (2) |
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14.5 Factors affecting ammonia removal in water |
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204 | (2) |
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14.6 Omics strategies to study ammonia oxidizers and ammonia abatement |
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206 | (2) |
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14.7 Nutrient pollution-associating nitrogen with phosphorus |
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208 | (1) |
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14.8 Global warming potential from aquatic ammonia transformation |
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209 | (1) |
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14.9 Nutrient recovery and life cycle assessment associated with nutrient recycling |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (5) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (4) |
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15 Radiological contaminants in water: pollution, health risk, and treatment |
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217 | (20) |
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217 | (4) |
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15.2 Radioactivity and water |
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221 | (5) |
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15.3 Effect of radiation on human health |
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226 | (1) |
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15.4 Classification of radiological wastes |
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226 | (2) |
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15.5 Treatment of radioactive wastes |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (6) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (3) |
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16 Organic pollutants in water and its health risk assessment through consumption |
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237 | (14) |
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237 | (2) |
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16.2 Sources of organic contaminations |
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239 | (1) |
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16.3 Types of organic contaminants |
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240 | (1) |
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16.4 Movement and mechanisms of contaminations |
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241 | (1) |
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16.5 Health risk assessments |
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242 | (4) |
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16.6 Cases of organic contamination of water |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (4) |
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248 | (3) |
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17 Nanomaterial and microplastic-based contamination in water and its health risk assessment |
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251 | (14) |
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251 | (1) |
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17.2 Nanomaterial based water contamination and health risk assessment |
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252 | (4) |
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17.3 Microplastics in the aquatic environment |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (6) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (5) |
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18 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: occurrence, detection, risk, and removal technologies in aquatic environment |
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265 | (20) |
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265 | (1) |
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18.2 Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in different aquatic systems |
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266 | (4) |
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18.3 Advancement in detection technologies of pharmaceuticals and personal care products |
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270 | (2) |
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18.4 Toxic effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: impact on aquatic biota |
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272 | (2) |
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18.5 Treatment options for abating pharmaceuticals and personal care products |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (8) |
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278 | (7) |
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19 Emerging pollutants in water and human health |
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285 | (16) |
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285 | (1) |
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19.2 Origin of emerging pollutants |
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286 | (1) |
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19.3 Categorization and human health effect of emerging pollutants |
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287 | (8) |
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19.4 Regulation regarding emerging pollutants |
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295 | (1) |
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19.5 Conclusion and future perspectives |
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296 | (5) |
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296 | (5) |
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Section C Water treatment strategies |
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301 | (282) |
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20 Process intensification in wastewater treatments |
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303 | (10) |
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303 | (1) |
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20.2 Wastewater treatment and process intensification |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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20.5 Membrane distillation |
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307 | (1) |
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20.6 Membrane absorption/stripping |
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307 | (1) |
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20.7 Membrane extraction (Perstraction) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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20.9 Reactive crystallization/precipitation |
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307 | (1) |
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20.10 Reactive distillation |
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308 | (1) |
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20.11 Extractive distillation |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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20.14 Capacitive deionization |
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308 | (1) |
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20.15 Static mixer/oscillatory baffled reactor |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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20.17 Reuse of treated wastewater |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (4) |
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309 | (4) |
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21 Process intensification in wastewater treatments: basics of process intensification and inorganic pollutants |
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313 | (26) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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21.3 Pollutants in wastewater |
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314 | (1) |
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21.4 Inorganic pollutants |
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315 | (1) |
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21.5 Wastewater treatment |
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315 | (1) |
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21.6 Process intensification |
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316 | (3) |
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21.7 Process intensification in wastewater treatment |
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319 | (2) |
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21.8 Conventional and process intensification approaches for treatment of wastewater containing inorganics |
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321 | (8) |
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21.9 Discussion and conclusion |
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329 | (10) |
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330 | (9) |
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22 Treatment of contaminated water: membrane separation and biological processes |
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339 | (12) |
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339 | (2) |
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22.2 Major steps in wastewater treatment process |
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341 | (1) |
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22.3 Membrane separations for wastewater treatment |
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342 | (3) |
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22.4 Biological processes |
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345 | (1) |
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22.5 Recent selected studies in wastewater treatment using membrane and biological processes |
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346 | (1) |
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22.6 Membrane bioreactors |
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347 | (2) |
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22.7 Conclusions and future challenges |
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349 | (2) |
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349 | (2) |
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23 Process intensification in wastewater treatments: advanced oxidation processes for organic pollutants |
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351 | (12) |
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351 | (1) |
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23.2 Status of wastewater and its treatment |
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351 | (1) |
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23.3 Wastewater pollutants and methods for treatment |
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352 | (1) |
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23.4 Process intensification and wastewater treatment |
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352 | (1) |
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23.5 Advanced oxidation processes |
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352 | (2) |
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23.6 Intensifying approaches in advanced oxidation processes |
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354 | (4) |
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23.7 Recent trends and future recommendations |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (4) |
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359 | (4) |
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24 Process intensification in wastewater treatment: cavitation and hybrid technologies for organic pollutants |
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363 | (12) |
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363 | (1) |
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24.2 Recent treatment options for organic pollutants |
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364 | (2) |
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24.3 Intensification in wastewater treatment with cavitation |
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366 | (6) |
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24.4 Emerging cavitation coupled hybrid technologies |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (3) |
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374 | (1) |
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25 Bio-inspired materials for adsorptive removal of water pollutants |
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375 | (10) |
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Steplinpaulselvin Selvinsimpson |
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375 | (1) |
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25.2 Usage of bio-inspired materials in adsorption |
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376 | (2) |
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25.3 Preparation of bio-inspired materials |
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378 | (1) |
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25.4 Elimination of water contaminants using bio-inspired materials |
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378 | (3) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (4) |
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381 | (4) |
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26 Oxidative stress biomarkers in cyanobacteria exposed to heavy metals |
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385 | (20) |
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385 | (1) |
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26.2 Oxidative stress sources in cyanobacteria |
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386 | (1) |
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26.3 Heavy metal pollution |
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387 | (1) |
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26.4 Heavy metal interactions and accumulation in living cells |
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387 | (3) |
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26.5 Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress |
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390 | (3) |
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26.6 Cyanobacterial defense system to combat oxidative stress |
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393 | (3) |
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26.7 Conclusion and future perspectives 396 References |
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396 | (9) |
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27 Sulfur-based advance nanomaterials for water treatment |
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405 | (12) |
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405 | (1) |
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27.2 The permissible concentration of heavy metal ions in drinking water |
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405 | (1) |
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27.3 Methods for heavy metals elimination |
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405 | (2) |
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27.4 Sulfur-based nanomaterials as adsorbents for water purification |
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407 | (6) |
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27.5 Conclusions and future prospects |
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413 | (4) |
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413 | (4) |
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28 Inorganic nanotubes for water treatment through adsorption and photocatalytic degradation |
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417 | (14) |
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Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar |
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417 | (1) |
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28.2 General process for synthesis of inorganic nanotubes |
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417 | (1) |
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28.3 Mode of action for potential application of inorganic nanotubes |
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418 | (8) |
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28.4 Remediation of pollutant by inorganic nanotubes |
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426 | (1) |
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28.5 Conclusion and perspective |
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426 | (5) |
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426 | (5) |
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29 Graphene oxide-based nanocomposites for adsorptive removal of water pollutants |
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431 | (18) |
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431 | (2) |
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29.2 Various methods of formulation of graphene |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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29.4 Reduced graphene oxide |
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434 | (1) |
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29.5 Elimination of heavy metals from contaminated water using graphene oxide and its composites |
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435 | (3) |
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29.6 Removal of organic contaminants using graphene oxide/graphene oxide based composites |
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438 | (4) |
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29.7 Conclusion and future prospects |
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442 | (7) |
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443 | (6) |
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30 Ferrite based magnetic nanocomposites for wastewater treatment through adsorption |
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449 | (12) |
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449 | (1) |
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30.2 Nanomaterials as adsorbents |
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450 | (1) |
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30.3 Ferrite and ferrite based nanocomposites |
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450 | (3) |
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30.4 Surface modification of nanoferrites |
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453 | (2) |
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30.5 Regeneration/reusability of adsorbent |
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455 | (1) |
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30.6 Conclusion 456 Acknowledgment |
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456 | (5) |
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456 | (5) |
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31 Magnetically separable (carbon) graphene oxide based nano-composites for water treatment |
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461 | (24) |
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461 | (2) |
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31.2 Synthesis strategies for graphene oxide based magnetic composites |
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463 | (2) |
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31.3 Properties of magnetically separable graphene oxide based nano-composite towards water contaminants removal |
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465 | (3) |
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31.4 Wastewater treatment application of graphene oxide-magnetic composites |
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468 | (8) |
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31.5 Concluding remarks and future prospects |
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476 | (9) |
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476 | (9) |
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32 Phytogenic plant-based nanocomposites for water treatment |
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485 | (10) |
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485 | (1) |
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32.2 Definition of phytochemicals |
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485 | (1) |
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32.3 Nanoparticle synthesis techniques |
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485 | (2) |
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32.4 Synthesis of phytogenic plant-based nanocomposites |
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487 | (1) |
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32.5 Application of phytogenic plant-based nanocomposites for water treatment |
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488 | (2) |
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490 | (5) |
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490 | (1) |
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490 | (5) |
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33 Graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide-based materials: a comparative adsorption performance |
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495 | (14) |
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495 | (1) |
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33.2 Synthesis of graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide |
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496 | (3) |
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33.3 Adsorption performance of the graphene and graphene derivatives nanocomposites |
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499 | (3) |
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33.4 Resuscitation of graphite oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites |
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502 | (1) |
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33.5 Concluding remarks and future tasks |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (6) |
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503 | (1) |
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503 | (6) |
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34 Progress in carbon nanotubes for water treatment |
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509 | (10) |
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509 | (1) |
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34.2 Advancement in virgin nanotubes |
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510 | (3) |
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34.3 Interaction mechanism pathways |
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513 | (2) |
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34.4 Environmental concerns |
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515 | (1) |
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34.5 Conclusion and outlooks |
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515 | (4) |
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515 | (4) |
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35 Adsorptive removal of water pollutants using reduced graphene oxide-based nanocomposites |
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519 | (10) |
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519 | (1) |
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35.2 Sources of contaminants in water |
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519 | (2) |
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35.3 Classification of water contaminants/pollutants |
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521 | (1) |
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35.4 Effect of contaminated water on human health |
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521 | (1) |
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35.5 Techniques used for wastewater treatment |
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521 | (1) |
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35.6 Recent advancement in wastewater treatment by using reduced graphene oxide-based nanocomposite |
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522 | (3) |
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35.7 Advantages, disadvantages and future prospects |
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525 | (1) |
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526 | (3) |
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526 | (1) |
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526 | (3) |
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36 Multifunctional organic-inorganic materials for water treatment |
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529 | (12) |
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529 | (1) |
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36.2 Adsorption: a promising technique for water treatment |
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529 | (1) |
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36.3 Adsorptive organic-inorganic nanocomposites |
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530 | (1) |
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36.4 Methods of synthesis of organic-inorganic composites |
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531 | (1) |
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36.5 Multifunctional nature of organic-inorganic nanocomposites |
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531 | (1) |
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36.6 Multifunctional nature of adsorptive organic-inorganic nanocomposites for water treatment |
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532 | (2) |
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36.7 Advantages of organic-inorganic multifunction nanocomposites over other virgin nanoparticles |
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534 | (1) |
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36.8 Conclusion and future prospects |
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534 | (7) |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (6) |
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37 4d Metal-based nanomaterials for water treatment |
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541 | (18) |
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37.1 Introduction: water as a natural resource |
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541 | (1) |
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37.2 Water contamination: an ecological risk |
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542 | (2) |
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37.3 4d metal-based nanomaterials: application in water treatment |
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544 | (10) |
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37.4 Conclusion and future prospects |
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554 | (5) |
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554 | (5) |
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38 Magnetically separable graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite for water remediation |
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559 | (16) |
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559 | (2) |
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38.2 Synthesis of graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite |
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561 | (2) |
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38.3 Recent development of graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite for water treatment |
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563 | (2) |
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38.4 Role of graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite in water remediation |
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565 | (2) |
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38.5 Magnetic recovery and reuse of graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite |
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567 | (1) |
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568 | (1) |
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568 | (7) |
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569 | (6) |
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39 Microbial fuel cell: a greener way to protect the environment |
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575 | (8) |
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575 | (1) |
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39.2 Materials and methods |
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576 | (1) |
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39.3 Preparation nutrient medium for bacterial culture |
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577 | (2) |
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39.4 Result and discussion |
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579 | (2) |
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39.5 Innovations shown by the project: possible industry linkage/business idea |
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581 | (2) |
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39.6 Conclusion and future perspective |
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|
583 | (1) |
| References |
|
583 | (2) |
| Index |
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585 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta