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Tables of Cases and Materials |
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xix | |
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xxvii | |
| General Introduction |
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1 | (6) |
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1 A Revision of the Concept of Monetary Sovereignty |
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7 | (30) |
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7 | (1) |
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I Money and Monetary Sovereignty in International Law: Conceptual Foundations and Underlying Legal Theories |
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8 | (8) |
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A Ex post facto ius oritur. classical monetary sovereignty in context |
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9 | (2) |
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B The legal theories of money and their respective relevance today |
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11 | (5) |
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II The Conceptual Evolution of Monetary Sovereignty Under the Impact of Contemporary Constraints on its Exercise |
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16 | (8) |
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A Factual erosion of monetary sovereignty or conceptual evolution in light of the dual nature of sovereignty? |
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16 | (3) |
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B Contemporary monetary sovereignty as an essentially contested concept |
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19 | (5) |
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III Conceptual Implications for the Evaluation of the Exercise of Sovereign Powers in the Realm of Money |
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24 | (11) |
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A The normative components of contemporary monetary sovereignty as regulatory guidance and a legitimacy benchmark |
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24 | (7) |
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B Regulating an increasingly interdependent global economy: contemporary monetary sovereignty as cooperative sovereignty |
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31 | (4) |
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35 | (2) |
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2 The Increasing Hybridization of International Monetary Law |
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37 | (48) |
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37 | (1) |
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I The Diversification of the Legal Regime for International Current and Capital Transactions Across the Three Pillars of International Economic Law |
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38 | (26) |
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A The intersection of international trade, investments, and the related flows of capital and payments |
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38 | (7) |
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B The emergence of an overarching framework promoting the liberalization and protection of international transfers of funds |
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45 | (1) |
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1 The OECD codes on capital liberalization and the economic pressure arising from the eurocurrency markets |
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45 | (3) |
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2 Transfer-of-funds provisions in bilateral investment treaties as an increasingly important material source of international monetary law |
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48 | (1) |
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a The varying scopes of transfer-of-funds provisions in bilateral investment treaties |
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49 | (1) |
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b Different standards of investor protection with respect to the type of currency and the applicable exchange rate |
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50 | (2) |
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3 The WTO framework for trade in services as an essential part of contemporary international monetary law |
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52 | (2) |
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C Balance-of-payments derogations: towards a coherent regime across international economic law? |
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54 | (1) |
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1 Institutional and procedural aspects of IMF---WTO interaction: the scope of the consultation requirement in GATT Article XV:2 |
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55 | (4) |
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2 The legal value and role of the findings issued by the IMF upon consultation by the WTO under GATT Article XV:2 |
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59 | (2) |
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3 Balance-of-payments derogations across international economic law and the IMF's imperfect lead role |
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61 | (3) |
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II The Evolving Normative Effects of IMF and World Bank Conditionality and the Impact of IMF Surveillance and Technical Assistance |
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64 | (12) |
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A The reshuffle of the conditionality of IMF and World Bank lending: past and current paradigm changes |
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64 | (1) |
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1 Procedural aspects of IMF and World Bank lending and the legal nature of their respective conditionalities |
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64 | (4) |
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2 Implementation techniques as the key vectors of conditionality |
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68 | (1) |
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3 Contemporary monetary sovereignty and the rise and fall of structural conditionality |
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69 | (3) |
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B The shaping of domestic policies through IMF surveillance and technical assistance put into perspective |
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72 | (4) |
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III The Rise in Importance of Transnational Monetary Law and its Implications |
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76 | (7) |
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A Eurocurrencies as private and transnational money |
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76 | (3) |
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B The irresistible emergence of a truly transnational monetary and financial system |
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79 | (2) |
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C Towards a monetary and financial lex mercatoria? |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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3 Exchange Rate Misalignment and International Law |
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85 | (58) |
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85 | (5) |
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I The Code of Conduct in IMF Article IV: 1---An Effective Framework for Securing Systemic Stability? |
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90 | (17) |
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A IMF Article IV: 1 and the struggle for domestic regulatory autonomy |
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91 | (3) |
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B The IMF's 2007 and 2012 reforms of bilateral surveillance and the new combined focus on balance of payments stability and domestic stability |
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94 | (7) |
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C The main scenarios of exchange rate misalignment and their economic impact in the light of international law |
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101 | (6) |
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II Trade Law as an Alternative for Tackling the Maintenance of an Undervalued Real Exchange Rate? |
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107 | (24) |
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A The maintenance of an undervalued real exchange rate as an export subsidy under WTO rules? |
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107 | (1) |
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1 Preliminary remarks on the governmental measures at issue |
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107 | (1) |
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2 Subsidies and subsidized trade under WTO law |
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108 | (3) |
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3 Assessment under the WTO criteria of an export subsidy |
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111 | (1) |
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a Financial contribution or any other form of income or price support |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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B The main legislative proposals in the US for unilateral trade remedies against exchange rate manipulation |
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117 | (5) |
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C The enigmas of GATT Article XV and their impact on the viability of a WTO challenge of an undervalued real exchange rate |
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122 | (1) |
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1 The consultation requirement under GATT Article XV:2 |
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122 | (1) |
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2 The exception under GATT Article XV:9(a) |
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122 | (6) |
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3 Role and legal value of GATT Article XV:4---an independent basis for a WTO claim? |
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128 | (3) |
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III Overarching Conceptual Issues and the Underlying Challenge to Systemic Stability |
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131 | (11) |
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A The conceptual differences between the IMF and WTO legal frameworks and their implications |
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131 | (4) |
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B The G-20's ongoing efforts to reduce global current account imbalances put into perspective |
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135 | (7) |
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142 | (1) |
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4 The Increasing Regionalization of Monetary Sovereignty |
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143 | (48) |
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143 | (1) |
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I The Increasing Regionalization of Monetary Sovereignty: Economic Rationale and Legal Characteristics |
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144 | (13) |
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A The sovereign decision to enter a monetary union in light of the constraints of the `Inconsistent Quarret' |
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145 | (3) |
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B An overview of the internal and external monetary competences of eurozone and non-eurozone EU member states |
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148 | (4) |
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C Key features of existing monetary unions and of plans for such unions in Africa, the Caribbean, South America, and the Gulf region |
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152 | (1) |
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1 Existing monetary unions in Africa |
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152 | (2) |
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2 Plans for additional monetary unions in Africa |
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154 | (1) |
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3 Monetary union in the Eastern Caribbean |
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154 | (1) |
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4 Plans for a monetary union in the Gulf region |
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155 | (1) |
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5 Plans for a monetary union within the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas |
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156 | (1) |
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II Adapting the EU Legal Framework to the Impact of Domestic Economic and Fiscal Policies on Regional Economic Stability |
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157 | (14) |
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A Until 2011: loose coordination and surveillance of domestic policies under a constantly weakened Stability and Growth Pact |
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157 | (4) |
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B The various reforms of the EU legal framework undertaken since 2010 in order to strengthen fiscal governance |
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161 | (1) |
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1 The strengthened SGP resulting from the 2011 Six-Pack |
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162 | (4) |
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2 The Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance |
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166 | (1) |
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3 Further strengthened fiscal governance: the Two-Pack |
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167 | (1) |
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C The EU's new legal framework for strengthened macroeconomic governance |
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168 | (3) |
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III Overarching Legal and Conceptual Challenges Exposed by the Potential Sovereign Default of Monetary Union Members |
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171 | (18) |
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A The legal techniques and mechanisms developed to avoid or at least delay the sovereign default of members of the eurozone |
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171 | (1) |
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1 The arrangements devised by the Troika in 2010 to assist Greece with its sovereign debt crisis |
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171 | (3) |
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2 The creation of institutionalized crisis resolution mechanisms in 2010-2011 and their use to support Ireland, Portugal, and again Greece |
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174 | (4) |
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3 The European Stability Mechanism as a permanent crisis resolution mechanism for the eurozone |
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178 | (4) |
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B Fighting imbalances instead of taking decisive steps towards fiscal union: the EU's technique to avoid a new logical inconsistency |
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182 | (3) |
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C The increasing regionalization of monetary sovereignty: surrender or effective exercise of monetary sovereignty? |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (2) |
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5 The Reorganization of the International Financial Architecture in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis |
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191 | (38) |
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191 | (2) |
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I The G-20: The Self-Appointed Steering Board of the Contemporary International Financial Architecture and its Achievements |
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193 | (9) |
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A Origins, mandate, and legitimacy of the G-20 |
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193 | (3) |
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B The G-20's main initiatives aimed at strengthening global financial stability |
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196 | (6) |
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II The Financial Stability Board: The New Key Institution in the Reorganized International Financial Architecture? |
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202 | (9) |
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A The shift from the FSF to the FSB: greater inclusiveness, a broadened mandate, and evolving challenges |
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202 | (5) |
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B The FSB and its relationship with the IMF put into perspective |
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207 | (1) |
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1 The underlying division of labour |
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207 | (1) |
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2 The joint FSB-IMF Early Warning Exercise |
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208 | (1) |
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3 The FSB's Key Standards for Sound Financial Systems |
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209 | (2) |
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III The Evolving Role of an Evolving IMF in the International Financial Architecture |
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211 | (15) |
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A The Fund's work on global financial stability: key features and recent reforms put into perspective |
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211 | (1) |
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1 Ensuring the continued relevance of the IMF's and the World Bank's work on standards and codes |
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211 | (3) |
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2 The Financial Sector Assessment Program and its 2009 reform in reaction to the Global Financial Crisis |
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214 | (2) |
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3 The 2010 reform of the Financial Sector Assessment Program as a vital part of the Fund's revision of its surveillance mandate |
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216 | (5) |
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B The 2008 and 2010 overhauls of IMF governance: increasing the Fund's legitimacy and effectiveness in fulfilling its evolving role |
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221 | (5) |
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226 | (3) |
| Concluding Remarks |
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229 | (6) |
| Bibliography |
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235 | (18) |
| Index |
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253 | |