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E-raamat: Contractual Indemnities

(University of Singapore)
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Promises of indemnity are found in many kinds of commercial contracts, not just contracts of insurance. This book examines the nature and effect of contractual indemnities outside the insurance context. It is the first work to provide a detailed account of the subject in English law. The book presents a coherent theory of the promise of indemnity while also addressing important practical issues, such as the construction of contractual indemnities. The subject is approached from two perspectives. The foundations are laid by examining general principles applicable to indemnities in various forms. This covers the nature of indemnity promises; general principles of construction; the determination of scope; and the enforcement of indemnities. The approach then moves from the general to the specific, by examining separately particular forms of indemnity. Included among these are indemnities against liability to third parties, and indemnities against default or non-performance by third parties. The book states English law but it draws upon a considerable amount of material from other common law jurisdictions, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Singapore. It will appeal to readers from those countries. Reviews 'Overall, the book involves a close analysis of cases and dicta both in Australia and in other countries, notably the United Kingdom. In this respect it is a meticulous, scholarly and thorough work . In setting out the principles which emerge from the [ indemnity] cases, the book reminds the reader of the importance of the clauses in those cases. This book will greatly assist the drafting process'. Malcolm A Clarke, Journal of Contract Law ' ...an excellent book ... Wayne Courtney has done a very good job of distilling centuries of English and Commonwealth case law on indemnities into a narrative that sets out the main principles of interpretation. His experiences as a practising lawyer and as an academic have undoubtedly contributed to making this a useful work'. Mark Anderson, IP Draughts 'This is a scholarly text which covers in meticulous detail the full range of issues associated with indemnities: not simply the technical issues of their nature and their construction, but also the more practical issues of their breach and enforcement. The author fulfils the stated aim "to provide a coherent account of the construction and enforcement of promises of indemnity". This is a valuable and landmark work which should be of immense assistance to commercial practitioners, litigators and judges alike when confronted by indemnity problems'. Rohan Havelock, New Zealand Business Law Quarterly
Preface v
Table of Cases
xiii
Table of Legislation
xlix
Table of Conventions, Agreements etc
liii
Part I Introduction
1(14)
1 Introduction
3(12)
Overview
3(3)
Contractual Indemnities
3(1)
Other Indemnities
4(2)
The Concept of Exact Protection
6(2)
Scope and Structure of Book
8(2)
Scope
8(2)
Structure
10(1)
Influences of Legal History
10(5)
Part II General Principles
15(134)
2 The Nature of the Promise of Indemnity
17(17)
Introduction
17(1)
Differences in the Nature of Indemnity Promises
17(2)
Indemnity as a Promise of Prevention of Loss
19(5)
Illustrations
20(1)
Method of Indemnification
21(2)
Prevention of Loss and Exact Protection
23(1)
Indemnity as a Promise of Compensation for Loss
24(5)
Illustrations
25(4)
Method of Indemnification
29(1)
Compensation for Loss and Exact Protection
29(1)
Other Constructions
29(1)
Comparison with Indemnity Insurance
30(4)
3 Construction
34(23)
Introduction
34(1)
Construction Issues
34(2)
Raw Material
36(3)
Use of Context
36(2)
Use of Precedent
38(1)
Standards of Construction
39(14)
Strict Construction
40(6)
Commercial Construction
46(2)
The Present Law
48(1)
The Rise of Commercial Construction
48(2)
Comparison with Position in Australia
50(3)
The Contra Proferentem Rule
53(4)
4 The Scope of the Indemnity
57(47)
Introduction
57(1)
The Concept of Scope
57(3)
Definition and Structure
57(2)
Relationship with Concepts of Loss and Damnification
59(1)
General Limitations
60(9)
Causation or Connection
60(1)
Overview
60(2)
Where Causal or Connective Relation Not Satisfied
62(3)
Service Contracts and Claims by Third Parties
65(1)
Exclusion of Concurrent Causes or Concurrent Liabilities
66(3)
Losses Not Reasonably Foreseen or Contemplated
69(1)
Avoided and Reasonably Avoidable Loss
70(10)
Avoidable Loss
71(4)
Increased Loss
75(1)
Reduced Loss
76(4)
Exclusions Based on Fault or Legal Wrongs
80(12)
The Indemnified Party's Responsibility for the Loss
80(1)
Negligence
81(7)
Conversion
88(2)
Breach of Statutory Duty
90(1)
Breach of Contract
91(1)
Insurance and Other Risk Allocation Clauses
92(9)
Types of Risk Allocation Clause
92(2)
Relationship between Clauses
94(1)
Ascertainment of Scope of Clauses
94(6)
Ultimate Responsibility for Loss
100(1)
Costs
101(3)
5 Enforcement
104(45)
Introduction
104(1)
Restrictions on Enforcement
105(3)
Formal Requirements
105(1)
The Statute of Frauds
105(2)
Consumer Protection
107(1)
Non-Compliance with Terms of Contract Containing Indemnity
108(5)
General
108(1)
Condition Precedent
109(3)
Discharge for Breach of Contract
112(1)
Other Conduct Affecting the Indemnity
113(8)
Dealings Affecting the Subject-Matter of the Indemnity
114(3)
Dealings Affecting the Indemnifier
117(3)
Unfair Contract Terms
120(1)
Enforcement Generally
121(6)
Scope
121(2)
Indemnified Parties and Others
123(3)
Actual Loss and Potential Loss
126(1)
Enforcement after Loss
127(6)
Nature of Enforcement
127(2)
Losses within the Scope of the Indemnity
129(1)
Accrual of Right to Enforce Indemnity
129(1)
Impact of Contract Damages Principles
130(3)
Losses beyond the Scope of the Indemnity
133(3)
Compensatory Indemnities
134(1)
Preventive Indemnities
135(1)
Theoretical Justifications
136(4)
Compensatory Indemnities
137(1)
Preventive Indemnities
137(1)
Orthodox Analysis
138(1)
Agreed Damages Analysis
139(1)
Enforcement before Loss
140(4)
Orders for Indemnification
140(1)
Nature of Relief
140(1)
Conditions for and Form of Relief
141(1)
Theoretical Justification
142(1)
Orders to Preserve Assets
143(1)
Declaratory Relief
144(5)
Part III Particular Indemnities
149(154)
6 Claims by or Liabilities to Third Parties: Classification and Establishing Loss
151(34)
Introduction
151(1)
Classification
152(1)
Nature of Indemnity
153(9)
Usual Construction is to Prevent Loss
153(2)
Illustrations
155(4)
What is meant by Preventing Loss?
159(2)
Exceptions to Preventive Construction
161(1)
Establishing Loss
162(5)
Existence of Loss
162(1)
Default Construction
162(1)
Other Constructions
163(4)
Proof of Liability of Indemnified Party
167(18)
Standard of Validity
168(3)
Proof of Actual Liability
171(1)
Whether Special Principle Applicable to Judgments
172(2)
Estoppel
174(4)
Where Indemnifier Breaches or Repudiates Contract
178(2)
Proof of a Reasonable Settlement
180(3)
The Position in the United States
183(1)
Liability Must Otherwise be within Scope of Indemnity
183(2)
7 Claims by or Liabilities to Third Parties: Performance and Enforcement
185(40)
Introduction
185(1)
Method of Indemnification
185(7)
Exoneration from Claim by or Liability to Third Party
187(1)
Defence of Action
187(1)
Extinction of Claim or Liability
188(1)
Abandonment of Claim by Indemnifier
189(1)
Claims for Contribution
190(1)
Circular Indemnities and Similar Arrangements
190(1)
Payment to Indemnified Party
191(1)
Enforcement
192(33)
Enforcement before Loss
192(1)
Nature of Enforcement
192(3)
Preconditions
195(9)
Orders for Indemnification
204(11)
Exculpation
215(2)
Other Issues
217(1)
The Interest Rule
217(6)
Right of Third Party to Benefit of Indemnity
223(2)
8 Claims by or Liabilities to the Indemnifier
225(9)
Introduction
225(1)
Classification
225(3)
Nature of Indemnity
228(3)
Method of Indemnification
231(1)
Enforcement
231(3)
9 Non-Performance by a Third Party
234(34)
Introduction
234(1)
Classification
235(1)
Definition
235(1)
Illustrations
236(2)
Comparison with Similar Legal Relationships
238(12)
Guarantees
238(8)
Performance Bonds
246(4)
Nature of Indemnity
250(1)
Establishing Loss
251(5)
Existence of Loss
251(3)
Proof of Loss of Indemnified Party
254(2)
Method of Indemnification
256(1)
Enforcement
257(11)
The Status of the Principal Contract
257(1)
Principal Contract is Inherently Ineffective
257(3)
Principal Contract is Effective but Subsequently Discharged
260(3)
Enforcement after Loss
263(1)
Accrual of Right to Enforce Indemnity
263(1)
Assessment of Loss
264(3)
Enforcement before Loss
267(1)
10 Breach of Contract by the Indemnifier
268(35)
Introduction
268(1)
Classification
268(7)
Express Indemnities
269(3)
Implied Indemnities
272(3)
Nature of Indemnity
275(5)
Prevention of Loss from Breach
276(1)
Compensation for Loss from Breach
277(1)
An Agreement on Damages
278(2)
Establishing Loss
280(2)
Method of Indemnification
282(1)
Enforcement
283(20)
Relationship between Right to Indemnity and Right to Damages
283(2)
Enforcement after Loss
285(1)
Accrual of Right to Enforce Indemnity and Date of Assessment of Loss
285(2)
Extent of Protection against Loss
287(1)
Causation
288(1)
Remoteness
289(5)
Mitigation
294(1)
Measure of Loss
295(4)
Penalties
299(2)
Enforcement before Loss
301(2)
Index 303
Wayne Courtney is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of Sydney.