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E-raamat: Contrasting English and German Grammar: An Introduction to Syntax and Semantics

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  • Formaat: 327 pages
  • Sari: Mouton Textbook
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Jun-2014
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter Mouton
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783110346190
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Contrasting English and German Grammar: An Introduction to Syntax and SemanticsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 327 pages
  • Sari: Mouton Textbook
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Jun-2014
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter Mouton
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783110346190
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"This book offers an introduction to the derivation of meaning that is accessible and worked out to facilitate an understanding of key issues in compositional semantics. The syntactic background offered is generative, the major semantic tool used is set theory."--Back cover

In a textbook for undergraduate students with no formal background in linguistics, Beck and Gergel introduce the linguistic analysis of language structure and meaning, arguing that it is impossible to understand language, even fairly simple and obvious facts about a language without studying both structure and meaning in tandem. They developed it for German-speaking students, so most of the analysis focuses on English as a comparison. After setting out the principles of syntax (structure) and semantics (meaning), they show how to apply them to cross-linguistic differences. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)
Preface v
Part I Structure and Meaning: An Introduction to Syntax and Semantics
Chapter I-1 Introduction to the field: Syntax and semantics
3(15)
1 The scientific study of language
3(5)
2 Goals and models in syntax and semantics
8(6)
2.1 Syntax
8(3)
2.2 Semantics
11(3)
3 About this book
14(1)
4 The structure of Part I
15(1)
5 Selected references
16(2)
Chapter I-2 Categories, phrases and phrase structure rules
18(20)
1 Grammar makes reference to syntactic categories
18(4)
1.1 Categories
18(1)
1.2 Major lexical categories in English
19(1)
1.3 Crosslinguistic variation in the properties of categories
20(2)
2 Phrases
22(8)
2.1 Noun phrases
22(2)
2.2 First steps towards a formal model: phrase structure rules
24(3)
2.3 Other phrases
27(3)
3 Phrase Structure Grammar and phrase structures
30(6)
3.1 Phrase Structure Grammar
30(1)
3.2 Phrase structure trees and constituency
31(2)
3.3 Structural ambiguities
33(3)
4 Selected references
36(2)
Chapter I-3 A systematic way of constructing phrases
38(23)
1 NPs revisited: more internal structure
38(8)
1.1 Intermediate levels: N'
39(2)
1.2 Complements vs. adjuncts
41(4)
1.3 The new set of phrase structure rules
45(1)
2 Evidence for intermediate projections within verb phrases
46(3)
2.1 First evidence for V'
46(1)
2.2 Complements and adjuncts again
47(2)
3 Generalizing from nouns and verbs: the X' schema
49(4)
3.1 Adjectives and prepositions
49(3)
3.2 The four players: heads, complements, adjuncts, and speci-hers
52(1)
4 A loose end: subcategorization
53(3)
5 Universal and variable aspects of syntactic structure
56(3)
6 Selected references
59(2)
Chapter I-4 Clause structure and movement
61(28)
1 Clausal structure
61(6)
1.1 Finding the head of the clause
61(4)
1.2 Excursus: Mood selection in Romance and Balkan languages
65(2)
2 Head movement
67(10)
2.1 V-to-I movement and affix hopping
67(4)
2.2 I-to-C movement
71(3)
2.3 Differences in head movement: The case of French
74(1)
2.4 An intermediate summary and a note on the model of grammar
75(2)
3 Wh-movement
77(10)
3.1 Basic wh-questions
78(2)
3.2 Wh-phrases
80(1)
3.3 Embedded wh-questions
81(1)
3.4 Complex wh-questions: an analysis and corroborating evidence from German
82(5)
4 Selected references
87(2)
Chapter I-5 Goals and methods in semantics
89(13)
1 What we have to account for
89(7)
1.1 Elements of reasoning: contradiction and consequence
89(4)
1.2 Several meanings: ambiguity
93(1)
1.3 Method: compositionality
94(1)
1.4 Semantic and pragmatic meaning
95(1)
2 Tutorial on sets
96(4)
2.1 Sets and elements
96(1)
2.2 Relations between sets
97(1)
2.3 Operations on sets
98(2)
3 Selected references
100(2)
Chapter I-6 Composing sentence meanings first steps
102(9)
1 Sentence meanings - some distinctions and a first composition rule
102(2)
2 Meanings of parts of sentences: first steps
104(6)
2.1 Referential NPs
105(2)
2.2 Predicates
107(3)
3 Selected references
110(1)
Chapter I-7 Extending the theory
111(12)
1 Step by step composition some trivial steps
111(4)
2 Modifiers
115(3)
2.1 Intersective modifiers
115(2)
2.2 Adjuncts with non-intersective meanings
117(1)
3 Relations
118(4)
3.1 Transitive verbs
118(2)
3.2 Transfer to prepositions
120(1)
3.3 Three-place relations
120(1)
3.4 Interpretability
121(1)
4 Selected references
122(1)
Chapter I-8 NP Semantics
123(21)
1 Definites: referential NPs with presuppositions
123(7)
2 Quantifiers
130(5)
2.1 Quantifiers: non-referential NPs
130(3)
2.2 No simpler meaning is possible for quantified NPs
133(2)
3 Scope ambiguity ambiguity
135(7)
3.1 Interpreting negation
135(4)
3.2 Negation and quantifiers
139(3)
4 Selected references
142(2)
Appendix Syntactic and semantic rules from Part I
144(7)
1 Syntax
144(2)
1.1 PS rules
144(1)
1.2 The generalized X' schema
145(1)
1.3 Transformations
145(1)
2 Rules of composition
146(5)
Part II Extending the Theory and Applying it to Crosslinguistic Differences
Chapter II-1 Introduction and roadmap to the second part
151(8)
1 Aims and background
151(1)
2 The topics ahead
152(7)
2.1 Clause structure - English vs. German
152(1)
2.2 Quantifiers and scope
153(1)
2.3 Negation and polarity
154(1)
2.4 Focus
155(1)
2.5 Ellipsis
156(1)
2.6 Tense and aspect
157(2)
Chapter II-2 Clause structure - English and German
159(24)
1 Review of English clause structure
159(10)
2 German clause structure
169(12)
3 Selected references
181(2)
Chapter II-3 Quantifiers and scope
183(38)
1 Interpreting referential vs. quantified noun phrases
183(8)
1.1 Referential NPs
183(2)
1.2 Quantifiers: non-referential NPs
185(6)
1.3 Paraphrases
191(1)
2 Ambiguities
191(18)
2.1 Ambiguities between quantified subject NPs and elements in the Idomain
191(8)
2.2 Digression: Pronouns, variables
199(3)
2.3 Ambiguities between quantified objects and elements in the I-domain
202(4)
2.4 Subject-object ambiguities
206(1)
2.5 Inverse linking
207(2)
3 Comparison with the German scope facts
209(9)
3.1 The middle field
209(4)
3.1.1 Negation
209(2)
3.1.2 Two quantifiers
211(2)
3.2 The prefield
213(8)
3.2.1 Negation
213(1)
3.2.2 Two quantifiers
214(3)
3.2.3 Inverse linking
217(1)
4 Selected references
218(3)
Chapter II-4 Negation and polarity
221(14)
1 Negative and positive polarity items
221(8)
1.1 Negative polarity items
221(3)
1.2 Downward entailing contexts
224(4)
1.3 Positive polarity items
228(1)
2 Scope in the distribution of some vs. any
229(4)
3 Selected references
233(2)
Chapter II-5 Focus
235(18)
1 What is focus?
235(3)
1.1 Focus can make a difference in discourse appropriateness
236(1)
1.1.1 Questions and answers
236(1)
1.1.2 Contrast
236(1)
1.2 Focus can make a truth conditional difference
237(1)
1.2.1 Focus sensitive adverbs
237(1)
1.2.2 Focus can disambiguate ellipsis
237(1)
2 Focus introduces alternatives
238(9)
2.1 Alternatives: The idea
238(2)
2.2 Deriving focus alternatives
240(3)
2.3 Applying focus alternatives
243(4)
2.3.1 Only revisited
243(1)
2.3.2 Contrast
244(1)
2.3.3 Question/answer congruence
245(1)
2.3.4 Implicatures
246(1)
3 Some remarks on focus across languages
247(4)
3.1 Topicalization vs. prefield
248(1)
3.2 Focus in the middle field
249(2)
4 Further readings
251(2)
Chapter II-6 Ellipsis
253(16)
1 What is ellipsis?
253(2)
2 Structural identity at LF
255(4)
2.1 Why LF?
255(2)
2.2 A note on other kinds of ellipsis and crosslinguistic variation
257(2)
3 Focus in ellipsis
259(3)
3.1 The contrast condition
259(2)
3.2 Pseudogapping
261(1)
4 Antecedent Contained Deletion (ACD)
262(6)
4.1 The phenomenon
262(2)
4.2 The analysis and some consequences
264(4)
5 Selected References
268(1)
Chapter II-7 Tense and Aspect
269(23)
1 What are tense and aspect?
269(3)
1.1 Tense
269(2)
1.2 Aspect
271(1)
2 Compositional semantics for tense and aspect
272(7)
2.1 Tenses are time pronouns
272(1)
2.2 The LF-structure for tense and aspect
273(2)
2.3 Composition rules for tense and aspect
275(3)
2.4 Temporal intension and extensions
278(1)
3 The perfect
279(3)
4 Some tense and aspect contrasts crosslinguistically
282(8)
4.1 On German tense and aspect
282(5)
4.2 The bigger picture
287(3)
5 Selected references
290(2)
Chapter II-8 Conclusions
292(5)
1 What we have done
292(2)
2 Where to go from here
294(3)
2.1 For the linguist
294(2)
2.2 Related fields
296(1)
References 297(15)
Index 312
Sigrid Beck, University of Tübingen, Germany; Remus Gergel, University of Graz, Austria.
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