Contributors |
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xiii | |
Editors' biography |
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xv | |
Section A Introduction of standalone microgrids |
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1 Integration of distributed energy resources in power systems: Issues, challenges, technology options, and the need for resilience |
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3 | (5) |
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1.1.1 Motivation and incitement |
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4 | (2) |
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1.1.2 DER: Concept and significance |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Large-scale penetration of DERs |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2 DERs: Technology options |
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8 | (4) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3 DER integration in existing power systems: Impact and challenges |
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12 | (5) |
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13 | (4) |
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1.4 Need for increasing the resilience of the grid |
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17 | (2) |
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1.5 Recommendations: The path forward in the development of DERs |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (5) |
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2 Operational and environmental aspects of standalone microgrids |
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26 | (1) |
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2.2 Overview of technical challenges |
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27 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Planning of microgrids |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Effect of integrating DGs with the distribution grid |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Microgrid protection |
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31 | (2) |
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2.3 Available technologies and their environmental concerns |
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33 | (6) |
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2.3.1 Available technologies |
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34 | (4) |
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2.3.2 Ongoing developments |
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38 | (1) |
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2.4 Operational aspects of distribution systems |
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39 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Distribution systems in general |
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39 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Operational issues in distribution systems |
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40 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Operational issues in deregulation |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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2.6 Environmentally friendly power system incorporating microgrids |
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42 | (2) |
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2.6.1 Environmental impacts of conventional power plants |
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43 | (1) |
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2.7 Alleviation of environmental problems by using DG-powered standalone systems |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Decrease in greenhouse gases |
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44 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Reduced health hazards |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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2.8 Threat response of standalone grids |
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45 | (3) |
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2.8.1 Undesirable occurrences on power grids |
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46 | (2) |
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2.9 Proposals for improvement in resilience of stand-alone grids |
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48 | (3) |
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2.9.1 Emergency control and protection |
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49 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Distribution-level restoration |
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50 | (1) |
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2.9.3 Renewable energy sources readiness |
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50 | (1) |
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2.10 Results and discussions |
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51 | (4) |
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2.10.1 Voltage decrement without DG |
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52 | (2) |
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2.10.2 Voltage improvement with DG |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (8) |
Section B Architecture of standalone microgrids |
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3 Operation of unbalanced three-phase islanded microgrids |
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65 | (4) |
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67 | (2) |
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3.2 Modeling and characterization of microgrids |
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69 | (7) |
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3.2.1 Mixed-integer nonlinear programming model |
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69 | (4) |
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3.2.2 Linearizations and the MISOCP model |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Deterministic microgrid operation |
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77 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Stochastic microgrid operation |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (4) |
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4 A robust DC microgrid for residential buildings |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Hybrid energy sources |
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87 | (4) |
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4.3.2 Hybrid energy storage system |
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91 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Interfacing devices |
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91 | (3) |
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4.4 Modeling of the DC microgrid components |
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94 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Modeling of a solar PV array |
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95 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Modeling of a fuel cell |
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96 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Modeling of a battery |
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96 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Modeling of a supercapacitor |
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96 | (1) |
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4.5 Renewable energy sources converter control topologies |
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97 | (2) |
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4.5.1 Solar PV MPPT controller |
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97 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Fuel cell stack power controller |
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97 | (2) |
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4.6 Power control strategy |
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99 | (3) |
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4.7 Simulation results, discussions, and analysis |
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102 | (6) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (3) |
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5 Scope of architecture improvement for standalone microgrids |
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113 | (1) |
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5.2 Definition of a microgrid |
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114 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Basics components of a microgrid |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Advantages and challenges of the microgrid |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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5.4 Microgrid architecture |
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118 | (10) |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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5.4.4 AC microgrid with DC storage |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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5.4.6 Solid-state transformer-based microgrid |
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127 | (1) |
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5.5 Current microgrid standards |
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128 | (1) |
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5.6 Three principle classes of microgrids: Remote, associated, and networked |
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129 | (1) |
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5.7 New innovative kinds of microgrid |
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130 | (1) |
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5.8 Case studies: Microgrids around the globe |
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130 | (3) |
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5.9 Future scope of microgrids |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (5) |
Section C Control of standalone microgrids |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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6.3 Advantages and disadvantages and its applications |
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141 | (1) |
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6.4 Hierarchical control for standalone microgrids |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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7 Hierarchical control of islanded microgrid with dynamic load power sharing: Case studies |
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149 | (3) |
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7.2 The proposed topology |
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152 | (1) |
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7.3 Design and parameter selection of energy storage elements |
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153 | (3) |
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7.4 Control of VDC, IBAT, and IUC |
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156 | (1) |
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7.5 Classification of VSC control |
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157 | (8) |
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7.5.1 Time domain-based controls of the VSC |
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157 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Frequency domain-based controls of the VSC |
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158 | (2) |
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7.5.3 Adaptive controls of the VSC |
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160 | (2) |
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7.5.4 Predictive controls of the VSC |
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162 | (2) |
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7.5.5 Optimization-based controls |
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164 | (1) |
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7.6 Results and discussion |
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165 | (15) |
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7.6.1 Time domain-based control |
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165 | (4) |
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7.6.2 Frequency domain-based control |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (7) |
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7.6.4 Predictive controls |
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177 | (1) |
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7.6.5 Optimization-based control |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (8) |
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8 Coordination control of a standalone microgrid |
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189 | (1) |
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8.2 Distributed energy resources |
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190 | (3) |
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191 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Electrochemical devices: Fuel cell |
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191 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Wind power generation |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Solar power generation |
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192 | (1) |
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8.3 Concept of the microgrid |
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193 | (4) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Standalone microgrid |
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195 | (2) |
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8.4 Case study: Coordination control strategy |
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197 | (18) |
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8.4.1 Control strategy of a PV array |
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197 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Control strategy of a battery |
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199 | (5) |
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204 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Coordinated control of a standalone microgrid |
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204 | (11) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (3) |
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9 SM- and FL-based MRALFC schemes for solar-wind-based microgrid |
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218 | (3) |
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9.2 Solar photovoltaic (SPV) system |
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221 | (4) |
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9.2.1 Modeling of a solar cell |
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221 | (2) |
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9.2.2 Modeling of SPV module |
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223 | (1) |
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9.2.3 P&O MPPT algorithm for SPV system |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (6) |
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225 | (3) |
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9.3.2 MPPT techniques for WECS |
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228 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Fuzzy wind power generation model (FWPGM) |
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229 | (2) |
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9.4 Solar-wind-based itG system |
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231 | (5) |
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9.4.1 MRALFC scheme for solar-wind-based µG |
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231 | (5) |
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9.5 Results and discussion |
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236 | (4) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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10 Adaptive control-based droop current regulator for a DC microgrid system |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
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10.3 Case study for a DC microgrid |
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246 | (2) |
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10.3.1 PV panel used for the microgrid system |
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246 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Controller used for the PV system |
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246 | (2) |
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10.4 Methodology for adaptive droop control |
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248 | (2) |
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10.5 Results and discussions |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (4) |
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11 Effective control architecture for a microgrid hybrid energy system |
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257 | (2) |
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11.2 Hybrid energy system description |
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259 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Solar energy system model |
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260 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Wind energy system model |
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262 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Predictive techniques |
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263 | (1) |
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11.3 Proposed advanced control architectures |
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264 | (5) |
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11.3.1 Fuzzy-based control system |
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264 | (4) |
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11.3.2 Model predictive-based control system |
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268 | (1) |
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11.4 Results and discussion |
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269 | (5) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (3) |
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12 Minimum order disturbance observer-aided integral sliding mode controller for frequency regulation of hybrid power system |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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12.2.1 Wind power generator |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (6) |
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12.3.1 Integral sliding mode controller |
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280 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Minimum order disturbance observer |
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281 | (5) |
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12.3.3 Stability analysis |
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286 | (1) |
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12.4 Results and discussion |
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286 | (7) |
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12.4.1 Case 1: Study with load at t=5s |
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286 | (2) |
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12.4.2 Case 2: Study with multiple load |
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288 | (2) |
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12.4.3 Case 3: Study with multiple load and wind power perturbations |
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290 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Case 4: Study of an interconnected HPS with multiple load and wind power perturbations |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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13 Optimal scheduling of a microgrid using AI techniques |
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297 | (2) |
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13.1.1 General introduction to the topic |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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13.3 Distributive generators and EVs modeling |
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301 | (5) |
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13.3.1 Generation characteristics of DGs |
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301 | (2) |
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13.3.2 Charging and discharging model of EVs |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (4) |
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13.4.1 Objective functions |
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306 | (3) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (2) |
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13.5.1 Particle swarm optimization |
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310 | (2) |
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13.6 Results and discussions |
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312 | (20) |
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13.6.1 Test systems and DG and EV parameters |
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312 | (1) |
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13.6.2 Scenarios and cases |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (18) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (3) |
Index |
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