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E-raamat: Control of Standalone Microgrid

Edited by (Professor and Head of ICE Division, Netaji Subhas University, Dwarka, India), Edited by (Senior Research Fellow (SRF) in Renewable Energy, IGDTUW, Delhi, India), Edited by (Postdoctoral Researcher, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands), Edited by (As)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128234310
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128234310

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Control of Standalone Microgrid looks at a practical and systematic elaboration of the architecture, design and control of standalone microgrids. It is oriented towards more advanced readers who want to enhance their knowledge in the fields of power engineering, sustainable energy, microgrids and their control.

With an enriched collection of topics pertaining to the architecture and control of standalone microgrids, this book presents recent research that will bring advancements in the current power system scenario, discussing operational and technical issues due to high penetration of distributed generation units.

Including executable plans for standalone microgrid systems this book enables researchers and energy executives to understand the future of energy delivery systems as well as global case studies and models to apply control techniques for standalone microgrids and protection schemes which provide a deeper level of understanding.

  • Includes significant case studies and global case studies of control techniques and protection schemes
  • Provides a working guideline in the design, analysis and development of Standalone microgrid and its applications
  • Features detailed description of the types and components of standalone microgrids, modeling and simulation and performance analysis
Contributors xiii
Editors' biography xv
Section A Introduction of standalone microgrids
1 Integration of distributed energy resources in power systems: Issues, challenges, technology options, and the need for resilience
Akanksha Sharma
H.P. Singh
R.K. Viral
Naqui Anwer
1.1 Introduction
3(5)
1.1.1 Motivation and incitement
4(2)
1.1.2 DER: Concept and significance
6(1)
1.1.3 Large-scale penetration of DERs
7(1)
1.2 DERs: Technology options
8(4)
1.2.1 DER applications
9(2)
1.2.2 Benefits
11(1)
1.3 DER integration in existing power systems: Impact and challenges
12(5)
1.3.1 DER impact
13(4)
1.4 Need for increasing the resilience of the grid
17(2)
1.5 Recommendations: The path forward in the development of DERs
19(1)
1.6 Conclusion
19(1)
1.7 Summary
19(1)
Glossary
20(1)
References
21(5)
2 Operational and environmental aspects of standalone microgrids
Masood Nazir
Aijaz Ahmad
Ikhlaq Hussain
2.1 Introduction
26(1)
2.2 Overview of technical challenges
27(6)
2.2.1 Planning of microgrids
28(1)
2.2.2 Effect of integrating DGs with the distribution grid
29(1)
2.2.3 Voltage control
29(1)
2.2.4 Power quality
30(1)
2.2.5 Microgrid protection
31(2)
2.3 Available technologies and their environmental concerns
33(6)
2.3.1 Available technologies
34(4)
2.3.2 Ongoing developments
38(1)
2.4 Operational aspects of distribution systems
39(3)
2.4.1 Distribution systems in general
39(1)
2.4.2 Operational issues in distribution systems
40(1)
2.4.3 Operational issues in deregulation
40(2)
2.5 Control objectives
42(1)
2.6 Environmentally friendly power system incorporating microgrids
42(2)
2.6.1 Environmental impacts of conventional power plants
43(1)
2.7 Alleviation of environmental problems by using DG-powered standalone systems
44(1)
2.7.1 Higher efficiency
44(1)
2.7.2 Decrease in greenhouse gases
44(1)
2.7.3 Reduced health hazards
45(1)
2.7.4 Reduced land use
45(1)
2.8 Threat response of standalone grids
45(3)
2.8.1 Undesirable occurrences on power grids
46(2)
2.9 Proposals for improvement in resilience of stand-alone grids
48(3)
2.9.1 Emergency control and protection
49(1)
2.9.2 Distribution-level restoration
50(1)
2.9.3 Renewable energy sources readiness
50(1)
2.10 Results and discussions
51(4)
2.10.1 Voltage decrement without DG
52(2)
2.10.2 Voltage improvement with DG
54(1)
2.10.3 Optimum capacity
54(1)
2.11 Conclusion
55(1)
2.12 Summary
56(1)
Glossary
56(1)
References
57(8)
Section B Architecture of standalone microgrids
3 Operation of unbalanced three-phase islanded microgrids
Jhon A. Castrillon
Juan S. Giraldo
Pedro P. Vergara
3.1 Introduction
65(4)
3.1.1 Literature review
67(2)
3.2 Modeling and characterization of microgrids
69(7)
3.2.1 Mixed-integer nonlinear programming model
69(4)
3.2.2 Linearizations and the MISOCP model
73(2)
3.2.3 Solution process
75(1)
3.3 Case studies
76(4)
3.3.1 Deterministic microgrid operation
77(2)
3.3.2 Stochastic microgrid operation
79(1)
3.4 Conclusion
80(1)
References
81(4)
4 A robust DC microgrid for residential buildings
Jaynendra Kumar
Anshul Agarwal
Nitin Singh
Anuradha Tomar
4.1 Introduction
85(1)
4.2 literature survey
86(1)
4.3 System description
87(7)
4.3.1 Hybrid energy sources
87(4)
4.3.2 Hybrid energy storage system
91(1)
4.3.3 Interfacing devices
91(3)
4.4 Modeling of the DC microgrid components
94(3)
4.4.1 Modeling of a solar PV array
95(1)
4.4.2 Modeling of a fuel cell
96(1)
4.4.3 Modeling of a battery
96(1)
4.4.4 Modeling of a supercapacitor
96(1)
4.5 Renewable energy sources converter control topologies
97(2)
4.5.1 Solar PV MPPT controller
97(1)
4.5.2 Fuel cell stack power controller
97(2)
4.6 Power control strategy
99(3)
4.7 Simulation results, discussions, and analysis
102(6)
4.8 Conclusions
108(1)
4.9 Summary
108(2)
References
110(3)
5 Scope of architecture improvement for standalone microgrids
Manisha
Prerna Gaur
5.1 Introduction
113(1)
5.2 Definition of a microgrid
114(3)
5.2.1 Basics components of a microgrid
114(1)
5.2.2 Mode of operation
115(1)
5.2.3 Advantages and challenges of the microgrid
116(1)
5.3 Types of microgrid
117(1)
5.4 Microgrid architecture
118(10)
5.4.1 DC microgrid
118(3)
5.4.2 AC microgrid
121(1)
5.4.3 Hybrid microgrid
122(2)
5.4.4 AC microgrid with DC storage
124(1)
5.4.5 DC zonal microgrid
125(2)
5.4.6 Solid-state transformer-based microgrid
127(1)
5.5 Current microgrid standards
128(1)
5.6 Three principle classes of microgrids: Remote, associated, and networked
129(1)
5.7 New innovative kinds of microgrid
130(1)
5.8 Case studies: Microgrids around the globe
130(3)
5.9 Future scope of microgrids
133(1)
5.10 Conclusion
133(1)
References
134(5)
Section C Control of standalone microgrids
6 Hierarchical control-I
Anuradha Tomar
Amruta Pattnaik
6.1 Introduction
139(1)
6.2 Hierarchical control
140(1)
6.3 Advantages and disadvantages and its applications
141(1)
6.4 Hierarchical control for standalone microgrids
142(4)
6.5 Conclusion
146(1)
References
146(3)
7 Hierarchical control of islanded microgrid with dynamic load power sharing: Case studies
Mukul Chankaya
Ikhlaq Hussain
Aijaz Ahmad
7.1 Introduction
149(3)
7.2 The proposed topology
152(1)
7.3 Design and parameter selection of energy storage elements
153(3)
7.4 Control of VDC, IBAT, and IUC
156(1)
7.5 Classification of VSC control
157(8)
7.5.1 Time domain-based controls of the VSC
157(1)
7.5.2 Frequency domain-based controls of the VSC
158(2)
7.5.3 Adaptive controls of the VSC
160(2)
7.5.4 Predictive controls of the VSC
162(2)
7.5.5 Optimization-based controls
164(1)
7.6 Results and discussion
165(15)
7.6.1 Time domain-based control
165(4)
7.6.2 Frequency domain-based control
169(1)
7.6.3 Adaptive controls
170(7)
7.6.4 Predictive controls
177(1)
7.6.5 Optimization-based control
178(2)
7.7 Conclusion
180(1)
References
181(8)
8 Coordination control of a standalone microgrid
Pankaj Gupta
Ritu Kandari
Ashwani Kumar
8.1 Introduction
189(1)
8.2 Distributed energy resources
190(3)
8.2.1 Microturbines
191(1)
8.2.2 Electrochemical devices: Fuel cell
191(1)
8.2.3 Wind power generation
191(1)
8.2.4 Storage devices
192(1)
8.2.5 Solar power generation
192(1)
8.3 Concept of the microgrid
193(4)
8.3.1 AC microgrid
193(1)
8.3.2 DC microgrid
194(1)
8.3.3 Hybrid microgrid
194(1)
8.3.4 Standalone microgrid
195(2)
8.4 Case study: Coordination control strategy
197(18)
8.4.1 Control strategy of a PV array
197(2)
8.4.2 Control strategy of a battery
199(5)
8.4.3 Inverter control
204(1)
8.4.4 Coordinated control of a standalone microgrid
204(11)
8.5 Conclusions
215(1)
References
215(3)
9 SM- and FL-based MRALFC schemes for solar-wind-based microgrid
Pawan Kumar Pathak
Anil Kumar Yadav
9.1 Introduction
218(3)
9.2 Solar photovoltaic (SPV) system
221(4)
9.2.1 Modeling of a solar cell
221(2)
9.2.2 Modeling of SPV module
223(1)
9.2.3 P&O MPPT algorithm for SPV system
224(1)
9.3 WECS
225(6)
9.3.1 Dynamics of WT
225(3)
9.3.2 MPPT techniques for WECS
228(1)
9.3.3 Fuzzy wind power generation model (FWPGM)
229(2)
9.4 Solar-wind-based itG system
231(5)
9.4.1 MRALFC scheme for solar-wind-based µG
231(5)
9.5 Results and discussion
236(4)
9.6 Conclusion
240(1)
Glossary
241(1)
Acknowledgment
241(1)
References
241(2)
10 Adaptive control-based droop current regulator for a DC microgrid system
Javed Dhillon
Sachin Mishra
10.1 Introduction
243(1)
10.2 Adaptive control
244(2)
10.3 Case study for a DC microgrid
246(2)
10.3.1 PV panel used for the microgrid system
246(1)
10.3.2 Controller used for the PV system
246(2)
10.4 Methodology for adaptive droop control
248(2)
10.5 Results and discussions
250(3)
10.6 Conclusions
253(1)
References
253(4)
11 Effective control architecture for a microgrid hybrid energy system
Iram Akhtar
Sheeraz Kirmani
11.1 Literature review
257(2)
11.2 Hybrid energy system description
259(5)
11.2.1 Solar energy system model
260(2)
11.2.2 Wind energy system model
262(1)
11.2.3 Predictive techniques
263(1)
11.3 Proposed advanced control architectures
264(5)
11.3.1 Fuzzy-based control system
264(4)
11.3.2 Model predictive-based control system
268(1)
11.4 Results and discussion
269(5)
11.5 Conclusion
274(1)
References
274(3)
12 Minimum order disturbance observer-aided integral sliding mode controller for frequency regulation of hybrid power system
Vivek Patel
Dipayan Guha
Shubhi Purwar
12.1 Introduction
277(1)
12.2 Modeling of HPS
278(2)
12.2.1 Wind power generator
280(1)
12.3 Controller design
280(6)
12.3.1 Integral sliding mode controller
280(1)
12.3.2 Minimum order disturbance observer
281(5)
12.3.3 Stability analysis
286(1)
12.4 Results and discussion
286(7)
12.4.1 Case 1: Study with load at t=5s
286(2)
12.4.2 Case 2: Study with multiple load
288(2)
12.4.3 Case 3: Study with multiple load and wind power perturbations
290(1)
12.4.4 Case 4: Study of an interconnected HPS with multiple load and wind power perturbations
291(2)
12.5 Robustness study
293(1)
12.6 Conclusion
294(1)
Appendix
294(1)
References
295(2)
13 Optimal scheduling of a microgrid using AI techniques
Piyush Jha
Nipun Sharma
Vinay Kumar Jadoun
Anshul Agarwal
Anuradha Tomar
13.1 Introduction
297(2)
13.1.1 General introduction to the topic
297(1)
13.1.2 Field of study
298(1)
13.1.3 Relevance of work
298(1)
13.2 Literature review
299(2)
13.3 Distributive generators and EVs modeling
301(5)
13.3.1 Generation characteristics of DGs
301(2)
13.3.2 Charging and discharging model of EVs
303(3)
13.4 Optimization model
306(4)
13.4.1 Objective functions
306(3)
13.4.2 Constraints
309(1)
13.5 Methodology
310(2)
13.5.1 Particle swarm optimization
310(2)
13.6 Results and discussions
312(20)
13.6.1 Test systems and DG and EV parameters
312(1)
13.6.2 Scenarios and cases
312(2)
13.6.3 Results
314(18)
13.7 Conclusions
332(2)
References
334(3)
Index 337
Dr. Anuradha Tomar has 12 years of experience and currently is working as Postdoctoral researcher at Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands. She has received her B.E Degree in Electronics Instrumentation & Control with Honours (2007) from University of Rajasthan and M.Tech Degree with Honours in Power System (2009) from National Institute of Technology Hamirpur. She has received her Ph. D in Electrical Engineering, from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. Dr. Tomar has committed her research work for the development of sustainable, energy efficient solutions for the empowerment of society. Her research interest are Photovoltaic systems, Microgrid, Energy conservation and Automation. She has authored or co-authored 69 research/review papers in various reputed International, National Journals, and Conferences. Her research interests include photovoltaic systems, microgrids, energy conservation. She has also filled seven Indian patents on her name. Dr. Tomar is Senior member of IEEE, LM of ISTE, IETE, IEI, and IAENG. Prof. Prerna Gaur completed her Ph.D. from Delhi University in the field of Artificial Intelligence and control, B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from G.B. Pant University of Technology and Agriculture, Pantnagar in 1988, M.Tech from Delhi College of Engineering in 1996. She has over 6 years of Industry experience and 26 years of Teaching experience in Delhi College of Engineering (later DTU, Delhi) and NSUT, Delhi(erstwhile NSIT). She is Director, East Campus, NSUT and has served as Head in Instrumentation and Control Department, NSUT between 2018-Jan21. She has more than 140 research papers in International Journals and IEEE Conferences. She has organized IICPE2010 and INDICON2020 IEEE international Conferences in NSUT. Besides teaching, she is actively associated with IEEE (Senior Member), ISTE (Life Member), IETE Fellow, and IE (Fellow) as well. Her major areas of research include Renewable Energy, Power Electronics, Power Quality, Artificial Intelligent based Control, Electrical Drives. Ritu Kandari received her B.Tech. Degree in Electrical and Electronics from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, India, in 2010, and M.Tech. Degree in Digital Communication from Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research, Delhi, in 2012. She joined HMR Institute of Technology and Management, Delhi as an assistant professor in 2012. She is currently pursuing her PhD. Degree in renewable energy at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IGDTUW, Delhi. Kandari has co-edited 3 books with Elsevier and was also a guest associate editor of the special issue on electricity islands for the journal Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. Dr. Neeraj Gupta is Ph.D. in power systems from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India. He is a senior member of IEEE. He was a faculty with the Thapar University, from 2008 to 2009, Adani Institute of Infrastructure Engineering, Ahmedabad, India, in 2015 and NIT Hamirpur from 2015 to 2018 and presently, he has been working as an Assistant professor with the Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, J&K, India. His work has been published in Q-1 international journals of repute like IEEE, Elsevier etc. He is also in the scientific advisory/organizing secretary of many reputed conferences of the country. He is referee of reputed journals of IEEE, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, IET etc. His research interests include uncertainty quantification of power system, probabilistic power system, solar, wind, and electric vehicle technologies, Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, prediction etc.