|
|
xv | |
|
|
xix | |
Preface |
|
xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxiii | |
Author |
|
xxv | |
|
Chapter 1 A Preview of Coming Attractions |
|
|
1 | (10) |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
A Preview of Upcoming Chapters |
|
|
4 | (7) |
|
Chapter 2 The Building Blocks of Flow |
|
|
11 | (8) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
David Spitzer's Definition of "Flow" |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Loy Upp's Definition of "Flow" |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
A Comparison of Definitions |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Cross-sectional Area of a Pipe |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
An Alternative View of the Width of Circles |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
Multiple Factors Influence Flow Measurement |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
Chapter 3 Conventional Flowmeters |
|
|
19 | (6) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
Defining Conventional Flowmeters |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
Differential Pressure Transmitters |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Familiarity Breeds Respect |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Switching Technologies Has a Cost |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Chapter 4 Differential Pressure Transmitters |
|
|
25 | (16) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
DP and Other Pressure Transmitters |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Multivariable Transmitters Offer Enhanced Flexibility |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (3) |
|
Emerson Automation Solutions |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Yokogawa Electric Company |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Growth Factors for the DP Flow Transmitter Market |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
Energy Efficiency and Conservation |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Plant Upgrades and Retrofits |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Growth in Developing Markets |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
The DP Flow Transmitter Replacement Market |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
Higher Performance in DP Flow Transmitters |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
Factors Limiting Growth for the DP Flow Transmitter Market |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
Pressure Transmitters Are More Reliable, Reducing the Need for Replacements |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Other Flow Technologies Are Replacing DP Transmitters |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Multivariable Transmitters Include Several Transmitters in a Single Package |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Market Consolidation Has Led to Product Rationalization, Reducing Availability of Some Products |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Offering DP Transmitters with Integrated Flow Elements |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
Technological Advances to Meet Advanced Plant Upgrade and More Stringent Environmental Requirements |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
Higher Performance in DP Flow Transmitters |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
Chapter 5 Primary Elements |
|
|
41 | (22) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
History of Primary Elements and DP Flow Measurement |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Types of Primary Elements |
|
|
44 | (9) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
Primary Elements Companies |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
Primary Elements Products |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Primary Elements Products |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Growth Factors for the Primary Elements Market |
|
|
55 | (3) |
|
The Large Installed Base of DP Flow Transmitters |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Rapid Growth in China, India, and Other Developing Markets |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Technology Improvements in Primary Elements |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Growth in the Use of Multivariate DP Flowmeters |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Growth in the Use of Integrated DP Flowmeters |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Factors Limiting the Growth of the Primary Elements Market |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Other Flow Technologies Are Replacing DP Transmitters |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
In Many Cases, Primary Elements Are Commodity Items |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Measurement and Monitoring of Flare and Stack Gas Flow |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (3) |
|
Technology Improvements in Primary Elements |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Developing More Types of Orifice Plates |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
Combining Different Types of Primary Elements into One |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
Chapter 6 Positive Displacement Flowmeters |
|
|
63 | (24) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
PD Flowmeters Are One of the Earliest Technology Types |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
PD Flowmeters Will Be Around for Many Years to Come |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (4) |
|
Dresser Utility Solutions |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (9) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Other Types and Variations |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Growth Factors for the PD Flowmeter Market |
|
|
78 | (4) |
|
There Are Many PD Flowmeter Suppliers |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
New Products, Applications, and Capabilities |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
High Accuracy: A Major Factor |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Good for Measuring Low Flowrates |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Excel with High Viscosity Liquids |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Factors Limiting the Growth of PD Flowmeters |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
Competition from New-Technology Flowmeters |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Competition from Conventional Meters |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (3) |
|
From "The Meter with a Face" to Electronic Registers |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Improved Manufacturing Methods Increase Precision |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Capitalize on Downstream Refined Fuel Distribution with Integrated Solutions |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Explore New PD Flowmeter Designs |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
Chapter 7 Turbine Flowmeters |
|
|
87 | (18) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
History of Turbine Flowmeters |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Turbine Flowmeter Companies |
|
|
88 | (3) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Honeywell Elster Group GmbH |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Turbine Flowmeter Products |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Turbine Flowmeter Products |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Growth Factors for the Turbine Flowmeter Market |
|
|
93 | (3) |
|
Installed Base of Turbine Flowmeters |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Turbine Flowmeters Are Used for Both Liquid and Gas Measurement |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Approval Organizations Specify Turbine Meters |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Turbine Flowmeters Are a Good Choice for Steady, Medium- to High-Speed Flows |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Turbine Suppliers Continue to Make Technology Improvements |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Factors Limiting the Growth of Turbine Flowmeters |
|
|
96 | (4) |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Competition from New-Technology Flowmeters |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Competition from Conventional Meters |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
A Perceived Lack of Investment in Enhanced Turbine Flowmeter Designs |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Turbine Flowmeter Market Not Keeping Pace with Other Flowmeter Types |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Applications for Turbine Meters |
|
|
100 | (5) |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Improved Construction Materials for Bearings |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Dual Rotor Designs Enhance Performance |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
Chapter 8 Open Channel Flowmeters |
|
|
105 | (16) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
Open Channel Flow vs. Closed Pipe Flow |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Open Channel Flowmeter Companies |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Open Channel Flowmeter Products |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Open Channel Flowmeter Products |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (3) |
|
Growth Factors for Open Channel Flowmeters |
|
|
113 | (3) |
|
An Increasing Need to Measure Water Flow |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Conventional Meters Are Being Replaced by New-Technology Flowmeters |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Flowmeters Are Used at Multiple Places in an Irrigation System |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Increased Regulations and Cost Drive Flowmeter Usage |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Desalination Plant Construction Is a Boon to Instrumentation Suppliers |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Continuing Development of Technologies |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
Factors Limiting the Growth of the Open Channel Flowmeter Market |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
Delays in Funding, Planning, and Deployment |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
Lack of Investment in Open Channel Flowmeters |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
117 | (4) |
|
Measuring the Size of the Channel |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
Integrating Different Technologies |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
Integrating Flowmeters with Control Valves |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
Chapter 9 Variable Area Flowmeters |
|
|
121 | (12) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (3) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Growth Factors for the VA Flowmeter Market |
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
Users Have a Need for the Measurements Done Well by VA Flowmeters |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
The Drive to Enhance Efficiency by Measuring Everything |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Networking Through Communication Interfaces |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
VA Flowmeters Are Chosen by Laboratory, Research, and OEM Users |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
VA Flowmeters Are a Low-Cost Solution |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Factors Limiting the Growth of the VA Flowmeter Market |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Measuring Tube Material Choices |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (3) |
|
Addition of Transmitters and Communication Protocols |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Putting the Right Scale on a VA Meter |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Dealing with Calibration Issues for VA Flowmeters |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 Flowmeters and the Oil and Gas Industry |
|
|
133 | (20) |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
Types of Gas and Other Fluids |
|
|
133 | (3) |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
The Three Main Segments of the Oil and Gas Industry |
|
|
136 | (3) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
The Oil and Gas Industry and the Price of Oil |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
The Underlying Dynamics of the Oil Market |
|
|
139 | (8) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Types of Oil and the Formation of OPEC |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Factors that Influence Oil Prices |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Four Benchmark Oils: WTI, Brent, Dubai/Oman, and the OPEC Reference Basket |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
OPEC and "The Seven Sisters" |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
How Supply and Demand Impact Oil Prices |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
The Flowmeter Market in 2020 |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Flow Measurement and Oil Prices |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Oil Prices in 2019 and 2020 |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Another Extraordinary Meeting |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Effect on the Flowmeter Markets |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
The Oil and Gas Industry and the Other Process Industries |
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
Chapter 11 Four Paradoxes of Continuity |
|
|
153 | (6) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (5) |
|
Chapter 12 Sensing and Measuring |
|
|
159 | (12) |
|
|
159 | (3) |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
The Amplifier or Transducer |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
What is Measurement, and How Does it Differ from Sensing? |
|
|
162 | (3) |
|
Mechanical, Electronic, and Biological Sensors |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (6) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Advantages of Decimal Time |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
|
168 | (3) |
Index |
|
171 | |