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Part I Economic and Financial Analysis of the Firm |
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1 Production Functions, Cost Minimization, and Profit Maximization |
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3 | (24) |
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3 | (11) |
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3 | (4) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Marginal Product of Factor (MP) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Technical Rate of Substitution of Factor (TRS) |
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9 | (2) |
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1.1.5 Elasticity of Substitution (ES) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Weak Axiom of Cost Minimization (WACM) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (9) |
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1.3.1 Comparative Statics |
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22 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Weak Axiom of Profit Maximization (WAPM) |
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24 | (3) |
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2 Cost Structure of the Firm |
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27 | (38) |
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27 | (5) |
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2.1.1 Short-Run Cost Functions |
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29 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Long-Run Cost Functions |
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30 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Price and Cost Function |
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31 | (1) |
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2.2 Cost Functions in the Short run |
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32 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Short-Run Total Cost Functions |
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32 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Short-Run Average Cost Functions |
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32 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Marginal Cost Function (MC) |
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34 | (4) |
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2.3 Cost Functions in the Short Run: Linear Approximation |
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38 | (13) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Cost-Output Diagram |
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40 | (4) |
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2.3.4 Contribution Margin |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (2) |
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2.3.7 Degree of Operating Leverage |
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50 | (1) |
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2.4 Cost Curves in the Long ran |
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51 | (4) |
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2.4.1 Long-Run Marginal Cost |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (10) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Direct-Indirect Costs and Variable-Fixed Costs |
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58 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Step-Down Order Procedure |
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58 | (7) |
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3 Variance Analysis and Economic Performance |
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65 | (22) |
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3.1 Variance Analysis: Definition and Aim |
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65 | (2) |
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3.2 Sales Revenue Variance |
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67 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Variance Actual Vs Forecast |
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67 | (2) |
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3.3 Cost of Material Variance |
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69 | (4) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Variance Forecast vs Actual |
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71 | (2) |
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3.4 Direct Labour Cost Variance |
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73 | (5) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Variance Forecast vs Actual |
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76 | (2) |
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3.5 Overhead Costs Variance |
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78 | (9) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (8) |
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4 Economic and Financial Dynamic Analysis: Operating Income and Net Income |
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87 | (28) |
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4.1 Economic and Financial Dynamic Analysis of the Firm |
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87 | (2) |
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4.2 Operating Income and Net Income: Scheme of Analysis |
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89 | (5) |
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90 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Non-Operating Section |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Net Operating Revenues |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Gross Profit and Contribution Margin |
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99 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Gross Profit Margin |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (8) |
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101 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Research and Development (R&D) Cost |
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102 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Marketing and Sales (M&S) Cost |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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4.4.6 Leasing and Rent (L&R) Cost |
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106 | (1) |
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4.4.7 General and Administrative (G&A) Cost |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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4.6.1 EBT-Operating Margin |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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4.7.4 Earnings per Share (EPS) |
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113 | (2) |
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5 Economic and Financial Dynamic Analysis: Invested Capital and Capital Structure |
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115 | (28) |
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5.1 Invested Capital and Capital Structure: Scheme of Analysis |
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115 | (5) |
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5.1.1 Invested Capital (IC) |
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116 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Capital Structure (CS) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Operating CapEx (CAPEXop) |
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121 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Non-Operating CapEx (CAPEXNOP) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (6) |
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5.3.1 Operating Net Working Capital (NWCOP) |
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124 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Non-Operating Net Working Capital (NWCNOP) |
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125 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Net Working Capital Management |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
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5.5.1 Book Value and Market Value of Equity |
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130 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Financial Independence |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (5) |
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135 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Financial Debt Sustainability |
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136 | (2) |
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5.7 Relationship between Invested Capital and Capital Structure |
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138 | (5) |
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5.7.1 Relationship in Long Run |
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139 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Relationship in Short Run |
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140 | (3) |
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6 Economic and Financial Dynamic Analysis: Free Cash-Flow to the Firm and Free Cash-Flow to Equity |
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143 | (18) |
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6.1 Free Cash-Flow to the Firm and Free Cash-Flow to Equity: Scheme of Analysis |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Tangible and Intangible Assets |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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6.3 Free Cash-Flow to the Firm |
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149 | (7) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Operating Net Working Capital (NWCOP) |
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151 | (2) |
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6.3.4 Decrease of Provisions (PS) |
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153 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Non-Operating Revenues and Costs |
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154 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Non-Operating Net Working Capital (NWCNOp) |
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154 | (1) |
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6.3.7 Non-Operating CapEx (CAPEXNOP) |
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155 | (1) |
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6.4 Free Cash-Flow to Equity |
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156 | (5) |
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161 | (12) |
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161 | (2) |
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7.1.1 Return on Investment (ROI) |
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161 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Return on Operating Invested Capital (ROIC) |
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162 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Return on Assets (ROA) |
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163 | (1) |
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7.2 Operating Income Growth Rate |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Return on Equity (ROE) |
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165 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Total Return on Shareholders (TRS) |
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167 | (3) |
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7.4 Net Income Growth Rate |
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170 | (3) |
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8 Investment Analysis Rules |
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173 | (10) |
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173 | (1) |
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8.2 Net Present Value (NPV) |
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174 | (3) |
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8.3 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) |
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177 | (6) |
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Part II Risk and Return in the Capital Markets |
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9 Mean-Variance Portfolio Analysis |
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183 | (26) |
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9.1 Portfolio Expected Return |
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183 | (4) |
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9.1.1 Portfolio of Two Assets |
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184 | (2) |
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9.1.2 Portfolio of N Assets |
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186 | (1) |
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9.2 Portfolio Variance: Two Assets |
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187 | (12) |
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9.2.1 Case 1: Portfolio of Two Assets---Perfect Positive Correlation |
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190 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Case 2: Portfolio of Two Assets---Perfect Negative Correlation |
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193 | (4) |
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9.2.3 Correlation Coefficient Between -1 and +1 |
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197 | (2) |
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9.3 Portfolio Variance: N Assets |
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199 | (4) |
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9.4 Asset Marginal Contribution to the Portfolio |
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203 | (6) |
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9.4.1 Asset Marginal Contribution to the Portfolio Return |
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204 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Asset Marginal Contribution to Portfolio Variance |
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204 | (3) |
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9.4.3 Asset Marginal Contribution to Portfolio Standard Deviation |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (26) |
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10.1 Portfolio of Two Risky Assets |
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209 | (8) |
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10.2 Portfolio of N Risky Assets |
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217 | (3) |
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10.3 Portfolio of N Risky Assets and One Riskless Asset |
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220 | (4) |
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10.4 Determination of the Efficient Frontier |
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224 | (11) |
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10.4.1 Case 1) Short Sales Allowed and Riskless Lending and Borrowing |
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224 | (9) |
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10.4.2 Case 2) Short Sales Allowed and No Riskless Lending and Borrowing |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (34) |
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11.1 Expected Utility Theorem |
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235 | (6) |
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238 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Axiom 1: Consistent---Completeness and Transitivity |
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239 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Axiom 2: Monotonicity |
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239 | (1) |
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11.1.4 Axiom 3: Continuity |
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240 | (1) |
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11.1.5 Axiom 4: Independence |
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240 | (1) |
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11.1.6 Axiom 5: Reduction |
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241 | (1) |
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11.2 Investor Behaviour About Risk |
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241 | (9) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (2) |
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11.3 Risk Aversion Measurement |
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250 | (5) |
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252 | (3) |
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11.4 Expected Utility and the Mean-Variance Approach |
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255 | (6) |
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11.4.1 Portfolio's Returns Follow a Normal Distribution |
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256 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Quadratic Utility Function |
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257 | (4) |
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11.5 Selection of Optimal Portfolio |
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261 | (8) |
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269 | (12) |
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12.1 Structure of the Model |
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269 | (3) |
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12.2 Portfolio Expected Return and Variance |
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272 | (3) |
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12.3 Asset Contribution to the Portfolio's Risk |
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275 | (3) |
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12.4 Determination of the Optimum Portfolio |
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278 | (3) |
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13 Capital Asset Pricing Model: Standard Form |
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281 | (20) |
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13.1 Baseline Assumptions |
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281 | (1) |
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13.2 Intuitive Approach to CAPM |
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282 | (7) |
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13.3 Rigorous Approach to CAPM |
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289 | (7) |
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13.4 CAPM in Terms of Prices |
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296 | (5) |
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14 Capital Asset Pricing Model: Non-standard Form |
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301 | (18) |
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301 | (10) |
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14.1.1 Intuitive Approach |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (5) |
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14.1.3 Riskless Lending and No Riskless Borrowing |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (5) |
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Part III Money, Interest Rates and Bond Market |
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15 Demand for Money, Supply of Money, and Equilibrium Interest Rate |
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319 | (26) |
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319 | (5) |
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324 | (5) |
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329 | (2) |
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15.4 Equilibrium Interest Rate: Currency Only |
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331 | (8) |
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15.4.1 The Demand for Money |
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331 | (3) |
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15.4.2 The Supply of Money |
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334 | (1) |
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15.4.3 Equilibrium Interest Rate |
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335 | (4) |
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15.5 Equilibrium Interest Rate: Currency and Checkable Deposit |
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339 | (6) |
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15.5.1 The Demand for Money |
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339 | (1) |
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15.5.2 The Supply of Money |
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340 | (1) |
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15.5.3 The Equilibrium Interest Rate |
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340 | (5) |
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16 Behaviour of Interest Rates |
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345 | (22) |
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345 | (3) |
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347 | (1) |
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16.2 Price, Interest Rate, and Yield to Maturity |
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348 | (2) |
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16.3 Supply, Demand, and Equilibrium in Bond Market |
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350 | (4) |
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16.3.1 Demand Curve of Bond |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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16.3.3 Market Equilibrium |
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352 | (2) |
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16.4 Shift in the Demand Curve for Bonds |
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354 | (5) |
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16.5 Shift in the Supply Curve for Bonds |
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359 | (2) |
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16.6 Expected Inflation and Business Cycle Effects on Demand and Supply of Bond |
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361 | (6) |
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16.6.1 Expected Inflation |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (4) |
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17 Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates |
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367 | (12) |
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17.1 Risk Structure of Interest Rates |
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367 | (3) |
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17.2 Term Structure of Interest Rates |
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370 | (9) |
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17.2.1 Expectations Theory |
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371 | (2) |
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17.2.2 Liquidity Premium Theory |
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373 | (6) |
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Part IV Financial Policies and Capital Structure Choices |
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18 Firm Financing: Equity and Debt |
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379 | (14) |
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379 | (3) |
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379 | (2) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (3) |
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18.2.1 New Shares Issue with Option |
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382 | (2) |
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18.2.2 New Shares Issue Without Option |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (3) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (2) |
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18.3.3 Other Types of Loans |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (5) |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (3) |
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19 Capital Structure Choice and Company Value |
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393 | (24) |
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19.1 Modigliani-Miller Propositions |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (7) |
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402 | (2) |
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19.4 Proposition I with Corporate Taxes |
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404 | (4) |
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19.5 Proposition II with Corporate Taxes |
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408 | (2) |
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19.6 Corporate and Personal Taxes |
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410 | (2) |
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19.7 Optimal Capital Structure Theories |
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412 | (5) |
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412 | (2) |
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19.7.2 Pecking Order Theory |
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414 | (1) |
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19.7.3 Market Time Theory |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (14) |
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20.1 Payout Policy: Dividend and Buyback |
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417 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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20.2 Payout Policy in Perfect Capital Market |
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419 | (3) |
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20.3 Payout Policy and Taxes |
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422 | (5) |
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20.4 Payout Policy and Signaling Theory |
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427 | (1) |
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20.5 Stock Dividend and Stock Split |
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428 | (3) |
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431 | (22) |
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21.1 Investor Expected Return and the Firm's Cost of Capital |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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21.3 Risk-Free Rate Estimation |
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433 | (1) |
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21.4 Risk Premium Estimation |
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434 | (4) |
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21.4.1 Historical Premiums |
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434 | (3) |
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21.4.2 Implied Equity Premiums |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (8) |
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21.5.1 Regression Beta Approach |
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438 | (3) |
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441 | (5) |
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446 | (2) |
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21.7 Weighted Average Cost of Capital |
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448 | (5) |
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22 Firm Valuation Approach |
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453 | (10) |
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22.1 The General Equation of Value of the Firm |
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453 | (1) |
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22.2 Valuation Time Period: Analytical and Synthetical Valuation |
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454 | (4) |
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22.3 Valuation Perspective: Equity Side and Asset Side |
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458 | (5) |
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22.3.1 Equity Side Perspective |
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458 | (1) |
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22.3.2 Asset Side Perspective |
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459 | (4) |
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23 Equity Valuation Models |
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463 | (20) |
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23.1 Dividend Discount Model |
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463 | (3) |
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23.2 Discount Dividend Model: Constant Growth |
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466 | (3) |
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23.3 Discount Dividend Model: Two-Stage Growth |
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469 | (5) |
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23.3.1 The DDM2S Based on Dividends Estimation |
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472 | (1) |
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23.3.2 Two-Stage Growth DDM with H-Model Specification |
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473 | (1) |
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23.4 Discount Dividend Model: Three-Stage Growth |
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474 | (3) |
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23.4.1 The DDM3S Based on Dividends Estimation |
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475 | (2) |
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23.5 Free Cash-Flow to Equity Discounted Model |
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477 | (2) |
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23.6 Free Cash-Flow to Equity Discounted Model: Constant Growth |
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479 | (1) |
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23.7 Free Cash-Flow to Equity Discounted Model: Two-Stage Growth |
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480 | (1) |
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23.8 Free Cash-Flow to Equity Discounted Model: Three-Stage Growth |
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481 | (2) |
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483 | (24) |
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24.1 Free Cash-Flow to the Firm Discount Models |
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483 | (2) |
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24.2 Free Cash-Flow to the Firm Discount Model: Cost of Capital Approach |
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485 | (5) |
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24.2.1 Steady-State Growth Model |
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486 | (1) |
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24.2.2 Two-Stage Growth Model |
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487 | (2) |
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24.2.3 Three-Stage Growth Model |
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489 | (1) |
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24.3 Free Cash-Flow to the Firm Discount Model: Adjusted Present Value Approach |
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490 | (8) |
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491 | (5) |
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24.3.2 Value of Tax Shields |
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496 | (1) |
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24.3.3 Value of Bankruptcy Costs |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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24.4 Discounted Economic Profit |
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498 | (9) |
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24.4.1 Steady-State Growth Rate |
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499 | (8) |
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507 | (28) |
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507 | (2) |
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509 | (4) |
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25.2.1 Steady-State Growth Scenario |
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511 | (1) |
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25.2.2 Two-Stage Growth Scenario |
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512 | (1) |
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25.3 Price to Earning to Growth |
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513 | (3) |
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25.3.1 Steady-State Growth Scenario |
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514 | (1) |
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25.3.2 Two-Stage Growth Scenario |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (3) |
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25.4.1 Steady-State Growth Scenario |
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517 | (1) |
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25.4.2 Two-Stage Growth Scenario |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (3) |
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25.5.1 Steady-State Growth Scenario |
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520 | (1) |
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25.5.2 Two-Stage Growth Scenario |
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521 | (1) |
|
25.6 Firm Value to EBITDA |
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
25.6.1 Steady-State Growth Scenario |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
25.6.2 Two-Stage Growth Scenario |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
25.7 Firm Value to Book Value |
|
|
525 | (4) |
|
25.7.1 Steady-State Growth Scenario |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
25.7.2 Two-Stage Growth Scenario |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
25.8 Firm Value to Sales Revenue |
|
|
529 | (6) |
|
25.8.1 Steady-State Growth Scenario |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
25.8.2 Two-Stage Growth Scenario |
|
|
530 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
535 | (14) |
|
26.1 Definitions and Basic Elements |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
536 | (5) |
|
26.2.1 Investor in Long Position |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
26.2.2 Investor in Short Position |
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
26.2.3 Profit for Call and Put Options |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
26.3 Call and Put Combinations |
|
|
541 | (3) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
26.3.2 Stock and Portfolio Insurance |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
26.5 European and American Options |
|
|
545 | (4) |
|
|
549 | (22) |
|
27.1 Binomial Option Pricing Model |
|
|
549 | (9) |
|
27.1.1 Two-State Single-Period Model |
|
|
549 | (4) |
|
27.1.2 A Multiperiod Model |
|
|
553 | (5) |
|
27.2 Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model |
|
|
558 | (6) |
|
27.2.1 European Put Options |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
27.2.2 Call Option on Dividend-Paying Stocks |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
27.2.3 Replicating Portfolio |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
27.3 Risk-Neutral Probabilities |
|
|
564 | (7) |
|
|
|
28 Mergers & Acquisitions |
|
|
571 | (22) |
|
|
571 | (4) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (3) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
28.3.4 Transaction Advisor |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (5) |
|
28.4.1 Step (1): Preliminary Phase |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
28.4.2 Step (2): Exploratory Phase |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
28.4.3 Step (3): Selection Phase |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
28.4.4 Step (4): Negotiation and Closing Phase |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
28.6 Price and Terms of Payment |
|
|
586 | (4) |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
29 Private Equity, Venture Capital, and Hedge Fund |
|
|
593 | (20) |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
29.2 Phases of the Private Equity Investment |
|
|
595 | (7) |
|
29.2.1 Phase (1): Fundraising |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
29.2.2 Phase (2): Investment |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
29.2.3 Phase (3): Monitoring |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
29.4 Venture Capital Valuation Method |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
29.5 Venture Capital Control Tools |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
|
608 | (5) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
29.6.2 Investment Strategy |
|
|
610 | (3) |
|
30 Initial Public Offering |
|
|
613 | (8) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
30.2 Preparation of the IPO |
|
|
614 | (3) |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (4) |
References |
|
621 | |