Klienditugi: 7440010 (E-R 10-18)

E-raamat: Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives

Edited by Jimmie C. Oxley (Professor of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA), Edited by Avi Kagan (Arizona State University, Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Tempe, USA)

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Ilmumisaeg: 03-Dec-2021
Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Ltd
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780444641052

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Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 03-Dec-2021
Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Ltd
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780444641052

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Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives, Second Edition covers the most current techniques available for explosive detection. This completely revised volume describes the most updated research findings that will be used in the next generation of explosives detection technologies. New editors Drs. Avi Cagan and Jimmie Oxley have assembled in one volume a series of detection technologies written by an expert group of scientists. The book helps researchers to compare the advantages and disadvantages of all available methods in detecting explosives and, in effect, allows them to choose the correct instrumental screening technology according to the nature of the sample.

Covers bulk/remote trace/contact or contact-less detection
Describes techniques applicable to indoor (public transportation, human and freight) and outdoor (vehicle) detection
Reviews both current techniques and those in advanced stages of development
Provides detailed descriptions of every technique, including its principles of operation, as well as its applications in the detection of explosives

Contributors

Preface

xiii

Introduction

1 Ion mobility spectrometry of explosives, the stability of gas phase ions, and prospectives for future explosive trace detectors

C.A. Eiceman

R. Rajapakse

J.A. Stone

1 Introduction

(5)

1.1 Mobility spectra of explosives

(2)

2 Thermal decomposition of gaseous ions at ambient pressure

(4)

2.1 Methods and technology for the determination of decomposition enthalpies

(4)

3 Ion mobility spectrometry of explosives

(4)

3.1 Background

(1)

3.2 Chemistry of ion formation and mobility

(1)

3.3 Impurities or decomposition products

(2)

3.4 Mobility selection of product ions of explosives

(1)

4 Decomposition of chloride adducts of explosives

(4)

4.1 Nitrate explosives and the displacement of NO-3 from M·CI-

(1)

4.2 Nitrite explosives dissociating from M·CI-to CI-

(3)

5 Ions of explosives with exceptional behavior toward thermal decomposition

(4)

5.1 Case
1. Explosive adduct ions stable up to 200°C

(1)

5.2 Case
2. Multiple paths for ion decomposition

(1)

5.3 Case
3. Substances too thermally labile

(1)

5.4 Summary and lessons on decomposition of gas ions of explosives

(1)

6 Existing and future ETD designs based on ion mobility methods

(3)

6.1 Importance and implications of kinetic IMS studies on instrument parameters and design of ETDs

(2)

6.2 Reactive stages in tandem mobility analyzers to improve selectivity of response

(1)

7 Conclusions

(4)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(4)

2 CT technologies

R.C. Smith

James M. Connelly

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Features of X-ray CT imaging

(2)

3 Principles of CT imaging

(9)

3.1 Single-slice CT

(3)

3.2 Multislice CT

(2)

3.3 Fourth generation CT

(1)

3.4 Dual-energy CT

(2)

4 CT scanner operation

(3)

5 CT scanner design considerations

(4)

References

(3)

3 Explosives detection by dogs

Kelvin J. Frank Jr.

Howard K. Holness

Kenneth G. Furton

Lauryn E. DeGreeff

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Process of olfaction

(3)

2.1 Olfaction in dogs

(2)

3 Detector dog versus instrumental detection

(3)

3.1 Detector dog calibration

(2)

4 Chemical analysis of explosives odors

(6)

4.1 The odor of explosives

(4)

4.2 Choosing optimal training materials

(1)

5 Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and homemade explosives (HMEs)

(8)

5.1 Fuel-oxidizer mixtures

(7)

5.2 Peroxide-based explosives

(1)

6 Scientific recommendations

(2)

6.1 The use of training aid mimics

(1)

6.2 Contamination of training material

(1)

7 Conclusion

(8)

References

(8)

4 Mass spectrometry of explosives

Alexander Yevdokimov

Kevin Colizza

Jimmie C. Oxley

1 Sample preparation

(3)

2 Liquid-chromatography (LC)

(1)

3 Solvent choices

(6)

4 Adducts

(1)

5 Mass spectrometer (MS)

(11)

6 Design of Experiment

(2)

7 Comments about various explosive classes

101

(1)

8 Peroxides

102

(2)

9 Nitro-containing explosive species

104

(2)

10 Nitrate esters

106

(8)

11 Nitroarenes (Nitroaromatics)

114

(15)

12 Nitramines (Nitramides) and nitrosamines

129

(15)

13 Conclusion

144

(19)

A Abbreviations and terminology

146

(10)

B Chromatographic conditions and most characteristic ion observed in mass spectrometer for selected explosives

156

(2)

References

158

(5)

5 Trace detection of explosives by ion mobility spectrometry

Reno DeBono

Richard T. Lareau

1 Introduction

163

(1)

2 Ion mobility spectrometry

163

(37)

2.1 Basic principles

163

(1)

2.2 Ion mobility definition

164

(3)

2.3 IMS spectra

167

(1)

2.4 Resolving power, resolution and peak capacity

168

(2)

2.5 Collisional cross-sectional area

170

(1)

2.6 Detailed IMS instrument design

170

(1)

2.7 Sample inlet

171

(4)

2.8 Front end

175

(1)

2.9 Air purification system

175

(1)

2.10 Ionization

176

(4)

2.11 Selective ionization of explosives

180

(1)

2.12 Ko vs MW

181

(4)

2.13 Commonly observed phenomena in IMS spectra

185

(1)

2.14 Calibration

185

(3)

2.15 Detection algorithms

188

(1)

2.16 Impact of electric field on mobility

189

(2)

2.17 Commercial IMS platforms

191

(8)

2.18 Informing power and false alarm rates

199

(1)

2.19 Sensitivity, limit of detection, and limit of alarm, verification

199

(1)

3 Trace detection of explosives

200

(21)

3.1 Development and deployment of trace explosive detectors

200

(1)

3.2 History of trace explosive detection

201

(2)

3.3 Developing ETD platforms for the market

203

(1)

3.4 Trace vapor and particle sampling

204

(2)

3.5 Trace detection requirements

206

(1)

3.6 Characteristics of trace particle residue

207

(2)

3.7 Lifetime of trace explosive particles on surfaces

209

(2)

3.8 Test and evaluation

211

(6)

3.9 Sample swipe materials

217

(3)

3.10 Types of surfaces sampled

220

(1)

4 Current state and future direction of IMS

221

(2)

5 Acronyms/definitions

223

(12)

References

226

(9)

6 Counterterrorist detection techniques of explosives by vapor sensors (handheld)

Avi Kagan

1 Introduction

235

(3)

2 Vapor sensing techniques

238

(9)

2.1 Fluorescence

238

(1)

2.2 Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)

239

(2)

2.3 Ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry

241

(1)

2.4 Chemiresistor sensors

242

(1)

2.5 Nanosensors

243

(1)

2.6 Mid-infrared cavity-ringdown spectroscopy

244

(1)

2.7 Microcantilever sensors

244

(1)

2.8 Electrochemical vapor sensors

244

(2)

2.9 Electromechanical chemical sensors

246

(1)

2.10 Pre-concentrator uses

246

(1)

3 Summary

247

(6)

References

248

(5)

7 Longwave infrared spectral reflectance techniques for measuring explosives

Jay P. Giblin

Julia R. Dupuis

1 Introduction hyperspectral infrared explosives detection

253

(1)

2 Sensor architectures

254

(5)

2.1 Laser based sensors

255

(3)

2.2 Thermal sensors

258

(1)

3 Spectral signature physical models

259

(6)

3.1 Film model

260

(1)

3.2 Particulate model

260

(1)

3.3 Comments on the reflectance models

261

(1)

3.4 Model validation

261

(4)

4 Automated detection algorithms

265

(1)

5 Summary

266

(3)

References

266

(3)

8 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of explosives

Frank C. De Lucia

Jennifer L. Gottfried

1 Introduction

269

(3)

2 Fundamental influences on the LIBS spectra of energetic materials

272

(6)

3 Discrimination of energetic materials based on LIBS emission features

278

(10)

4 Applications for the detection of energetic and related materials with LIBS

288

(11)

5 Characterization of the high-temperature chemistry and performance of energetic materials

299

(4)

6 Future outlook

303

(12)

References

305

(10)

9 X-ray diffraction for explosives detection

Joel A. Greenberg

Joshua Carpenter

1 Introduction

315

(2)

2 XRD signatures

317

(8)

2.1 Measuring the XRD signal

317

(3)

2.2 Structure-property relationships

320

(2)

2.3 Sample XRD form factors for explosives

322

(2)

2.4 Texturing with explosives

324

(1)

3 Explosives discrimination and identification via XRD

325

(5)

3.1 Visualizing signatures in XRD space

325

(2)

3.2 Classification methods for explosives detection

327

(2)

3.3 Choice of features for use in material classification

329

(1)

4 X-ray diffraction tomography

330

(4)

4.1 XRDT architectures

330

(3)

4.2 Correction of the XRDT signal

333

(1)

4.3 Multi-modality XRDT

333

(1)

4.4 Physics-based synthetic data for XRDT development

333

(1)

5 Summary and future prospects

334

(5)

Acknowledgments

335

(1)

References

335

(4)

10 Nuclear techniques to detect explosives

Harry E. Martz Jr.

Steven Glenn

1 Introduction

339

(1)

2 Neutron and high-energy photon interactions with matter

340

(5)

2.1 Neutron interactions with matter

341

(4)

2.2 Photonuclear interactions with matter

345

(1)

3 Neutron and high-energy photon sources

345

(3)

3.1 Neutron sources

346

(2)

3.2 Photon sources

348

(1)

4 Radiation detectors

348

(3)

4.1 Ionization detectors

349

(1)

4.2 Scintillation detectors

350

(1)

5 Nuclear interrogation techniques for explosives detection

351

(22)

5.1 Neutron techniques

354

(13)

5.2 Photonuclear techniques

367

(5)

5.3 Radiography performed with nuclear reactions

372

(1)

6 Summary

373

(1)

7 Future possibilities

373

(10)

Acknowledgments

374

(1)

References

374

(9)

11 Homemade explosives

Jimmie C. Oxley

James L. Smith

Lindsay McLennan

1 Triacetone triperoxide

383

(10)

1.1 Properties

383

(1)

1.2 Formation of cyclic peroxides

384

(3)

1.3 Mechanism of decomposition

387

(3)

1.4 Sensitiveness and performance

390

(1)

1.5 Performance

390

(2)

1.6 Analysis and detection

392

(1)

1.7 Destruction

393

(1)

1.8 Biological activity

393

(1)

2 Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine

393

(10)

2.1 Formation

395

(5)

2.2 Decomposition

400

(1)

2.3 Performance and sensitivity

400

(1)

2.4 Analysis

401

(1)

2.5 Biological activity

402

(1)

3 Nitrate esters

403

(9)

3.1 Synthesis/degradation of nitrate esters

404

(1)

3.2 Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)

405

(1)

3.3 Xylitol pentanitrate

406

(1)

3.4 The hexanitrate esters

407

(1)

3.5 Analysis

408

(1)

3.6 Decomposition

409

(3)

4 Future of HME

412

(11)

References

412

(11)

Index

423

Dr. Kagan received his B.Sc. degree in Chemical Engineering from Ben-Gurion University (Beer Sheva, Israel) and M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering degree from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa, Israel) and his Ph.D. in chemistry from Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ, USA). Dr. Cagan conducted research, leading the explosives detection team, at the Biodesign Institute OF Arizona State University for 7 years. He was a research Scientist (20062008), an Assistant Research Professor (2008-2012). He continues his research in the Chemistry Department at New Mexico State University since then as a Research Professor and works as a Sub-contractor of the Chemistry Department of University of Rhode Island. Dr. Cagan's main activities involve applications of novel analytical techniques for the detection and analysis of hidden explosives. Dr. Oxley earned a Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia, a Masters from California State U. Northridge, and a BA from U of California, San Diego. She is presently Professor of Chemistry at the University of Rhode Island (URI), where she specializes in the study of energetic materials explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics with a specialty in explosives used by terrorists. In addition to research activities Oxley organizes and teaches specialty classes to professionals working in the field of explosives. She has published well over 100 articles on energetic materials.

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