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E-raamat: Critical Thinking: Your Guide to Effective Argument, Successful Analysis and Independent Study

  • Formaat: 384 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Apr-2022
  • Kirjastus: Sage Publications Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781529784947
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  • Formaat: 384 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Apr-2022
  • Kirjastus: Sage Publications Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781529784947
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Your personal toolkit for critical thinking provides a power pack of resources to help you succeed in your essays and coursework - and in life!

What is critical thinking? How do you apply it in your assessments? How do you build a good argument or find evidence? 

Critical thinking is a set of techniques. You just need to learn them.

This is your personal toolkit for demystifying critical thinking. Clear and focused, it shows you how to sharpen your ability to think critically by developing and honing your skills. You’ll learn how to:

  • Build a solid argument and express your ideas clearly
  • Evaluate evidence and identify errors
  • Understand and account for biased or flawed thinking
  • Become a savvy user of technology
  • Sift through the deluge of digital information
  • Develop confident critical writing.

Designed to work with a power pack of digital resources and exercises, you'll find practical and effective tools to think and write critically in an information-saturated age.

Whether you're starting your first degree or arriving as an international or mature student, this book equips you with the skills, insights and confidence to succeed.

This second edition has been redesigned and fine-tuned with a focus on accessibility: with a new and improved layout to improve the eBook experience, and updated language, examples and further reading recommendations throughout.

Arvustused

Toms book continues to be a real hit with both undergraduate and postgraduate students. This book immerses students into the world of critical thinking using practical applications and experiences. The book triggers a meaningful sensemaking process and demystifies critical reading, thinking and reading, allowing students to develop their skills. -- Paul McEvoy Clarke Tom has a knack for providing relatable examples to break down the ideas around being a critical reader and writer. This second edition is no different and continues to carefully guide us all with developing our skills of criticality. A must read for anyone engaged with academic writing. -- Andy Taylor

Thanks and acknowledgements ix
Preface to the second edition xi
Welcome to the book!
1(4)
What this book will help you to do
1(1)
Thinking critically for yourself
2(1)
Thinking critically online
3(2)
What is critical thinking (and why does it matter)?
5(18)
The opposite of uncritical thinking
5(5)
Scepticism and objectivity
10(2)
The battle against bias
12(2)
Fast and slow thinking
14(2)
Allocating your attention
16(1)
Your toolkit for critical thinking
17(2)
What is critical thinking for?
19(1)
Summary
20(3)
PART I THE ART AND SCIENCE OF BEING REASONABLE
23(150)
1 Understanding the reasons behind things
25(24)
What is an argument? Persuasion through reasoning
27(3)
Spotting arguments by searching for a conclusion
30(2)
What isn't an argument? Information without reasoning
32(6)
Explanations: the business of reasoning backwards
38(5)
What isn't an argument? Persuasion without reasoning
43(4)
Summary
47(2)
2 Spelling out arguments and assumptions
49(28)
Premises and conclusions: the standard form
51(4)
Reconstructing extended arguments
55(3)
A step-by-step guide to reconstructing arguments
58(11)
A few further words about assumptions
69(2)
Putting it all together
71(4)
Summary
75(2)
3 Reasoning with logic and certainty
77(18)
Introducing deductive reasoning
79(2)
Valid and invalid arguments
81(3)
Necessary and sufficient conditions
84(2)
Two types of valid and invalid reasoning
86(3)
Sound and unsound arguments
89(3)
Summary
92(3)
4 Reasoning with observation and uncertainty
95(24)
Argument by induction
97(1)
Introducing inductive force
98(2)
Induction and everyday language
100(3)
Addressing uncertainty through probability
103(4)
Making use of samples
107(4)
The problem of induction
111(2)
Induction and falsification
113(2)
Summary
115(4)
5 Developing explanations and theories
119(24)
Introducing abduction
121(3)
Explanations, theories and hypotheses
124(2)
Moving towards better explanations
126(3)
Moving from evidence to proof
129(2)
Correlation and causation
131(5)
Conducting meaningful research
136(5)
Summary
141(2)
6 Assessing evidence and planning your reading strategy
143(30)
Engaging critically with primary and secondary sources
146(9)
Creating a strategy for critical reading
155(7)
Note-taking and critical engagement
162(8)
Summary
170(3)
PART II BEING REASONABLE IN AN UNREASONABLE WORLD
173(158)
7 Getting to grips with rhetoric
175(24)
The power of language and rhetoric
177(3)
Putting persuasion in context
180(2)
Analysing a message in detail: emotion and human stories
182(4)
Aiming for impartiality
186(4)
Rhetorical devices
190(6)
Summary
196(3)
8 Seeing through faulty reasoning
199(28)
Fallacious arguments and faulty reasoning
201(3)
Formal and informal fallacies
204(1)
Informal fallacies of relevance (red herrings)
205(5)
Informal fallacies of ambiguity (linguistic fallacies)
210(2)
Informal fallacies of presumption (material fallacies)
212(5)
Two formal fallacies: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent
217(1)
The undistributed middle: a formal fallacy
218(1)
Base rate neglect: another formal fallacy
219(1)
From base rate neglect to Bayes's theorem
220(5)
Summary
225(2)
9 Understanding cognitive bias
227(26)
Four types of heuristic
230(8)
When to trust heuristics and when to distrust them
238(2)
Biases based on how things are presented
240(3)
Biases born from over-simplification
243(5)
Biases born from a lack of insight
248(2)
Behavioural economics and the research context
250(1)
Summary
250(3)
10 Overcoming bias in yourself and others
253(26)
Attaching excessive significance to random events
255(8)
Failing to consider things that didn't happen
263(4)
Over-estimating regularity and predictability
267(6)
Humans: good at social situations, bad with numbers
273(3)
Summary
276(3)
11 Thinking critically about technology
279(32)
From data to knowledge via fake news
282(6)
Social proof and system bias
288(6)
Time, attention and other people
294(2)
Search, discovery and categories of knowledge
296(6)
Practical tips for search, discovery and beyond
302(6)
Summary
308(3)
12 Putting it all together: critical thinking in study, work and life
311(20)
Good writing in general
313(2)
Good academic writing in particular
315(4)
Writing and rewriting in practice
319(5)
Getting the work done: what is holding you back?
324(2)
Critical thinking and you
326(1)
Ten commandments for critical thinking
327(2)
Summary
329(2)
And finally... 331(2)
Reading guide 333(4)
Glossary 337(14)
Appendix: A synopsis of five valid forms of argument 351(4)
Endnotes 355(10)
Index 365
Dr Tom Chatfield is a British author, independent scholar and philosopher of technology. His textbooks for SAGE publishing include Critical Thinking, How To Think and Think Critically. Hes also the author of half a dozen non-fiction books exploring digital culture, published in over thirty territories and languages; of an award-winning thriller, This Is Gomorrah (Hodder); and of books and educational resources for audiences ranging from K12 to graduate and business schools. Tom took his doctorate at St Johns College, Oxford, and is a former Associate at the Oxford Internet Institute, guest faculty member at the Said Business School, and senior Associate at the interdisciplinary think-tank Perspectiva. A TED Global speaker, Non Executive Director and Advisor at a number of not-for-profits, he writes and broadcasts internationally on technology, ethics and education.