Preface |
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ix | |
Contributors |
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xi | |
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1 Introduction to Cross-Laminated Timber |
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1 | (6) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Hygrothermal Performance of CLT Assemblies: Recommendations for Design, Construction, and Maintenance |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.7 Environmental Aspects of Wood as a Construction Material |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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2 Product Standard for Cross-Laminated Timber |
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7 | (28) |
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7 | (2) |
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2.1 Scope of ANSI/APAPRG 320 |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (6) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (12) |
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2.3.1 Dimensions and Dimensional Tolerances |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (6) |
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23 | (5) |
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2.3.4 Appearance Classification |
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28 | (1) |
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2.4 CLT Manufacturing Process |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4.1 CLT Online Quality Control, Surface Sanding, and Cutting |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Product Certification, Marking, Packaging, and Shipping |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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3 Structural Behavior, Analysis, and Design of Cross-Laminated Timber |
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35 | (36) |
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35 | (1) |
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3.1 Introduction to Structural Analysis of CLT |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (17) |
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3.2.1 Structural Analysis |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Serviceability Check and Deflection Calculations |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (5) |
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3.2.7 Axial Forces in the Plane of the Plate---Forces Nx and Ny (nx and ny) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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3.5 Analytical Methods and Design Procedures for CLT Members |
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53 | (14) |
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3.5.1 Mechanical Properties of CLT Elements |
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54 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Rolling Shear Modulus and Shear Deformation---Loads Perpendicular to the Plane |
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54 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Shear Deformation Due to Loads Perpendicular to Plane |
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55 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Analytical Design Methods for CLT Elements Used in Floor Systems |
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56 | (11) |
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3.6 Mechanically Jointed Columns Theory (Eurocode 5) |
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67 | (1) |
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3.7 Design Procedures for CLT Elements Used as Beams and Lintels |
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68 | (1) |
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3.7.1 Bending Strength Calculations for In-Plane Loads |
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68 | (1) |
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3.8 Creep Behavior of CLT in Bending |
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68 | (1) |
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3.9 Vibration of CLT Floors |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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4 Structural Design---Connections |
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71 | (74) |
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4.1 General Overview of Connections |
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71 | (8) |
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4.1.1 Cross-Laminated Timber and Modern Connection Technology |
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71 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Overview of Connection Design |
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72 | (3) |
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4.1.3 Connection Design for CLT |
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75 | (4) |
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4.2 Introduction to Self-Tapping Wood Screws and Types Available |
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79 | (9) |
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4.2.1 Features and Advantages of Self-Tapping Screws |
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79 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Partially Threaded Screws |
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81 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Fully Threaded Screws |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Installation, Safety, and Reliability |
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84 | (4) |
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4.3 Review of Connection Concepts, Failure Modes, and Testing |
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88 | (33) |
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88 | (5) |
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93 | (7) |
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100 | (7) |
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107 | (5) |
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4.3.5 Ductile Connections in CLT |
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112 | (6) |
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4.3.6 Reinforcement of CLT |
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118 | (2) |
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4.3.7 Dynamic Performance of CLT Connections for Seismic Design |
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120 | (1) |
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4.4 Review of Connection Types |
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121 | (5) |
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121 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Surface Spline Joints |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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4.4.5 Panel-to-Beam Connections |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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4.4.7 Pre-Engineered Connections |
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125 | (1) |
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4.5 Connection Design Examples |
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126 | (9) |
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Example 1 Surface Spline with 90° Shear Screws in Three-Ply CLT |
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126 | (2) |
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Example 2 Lap Joint with 90° Shear Screws in Three-Ply CLT |
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128 | (2) |
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Example 3 Butt Joint with 45° Shear Screws in Three-Ply CLT |
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130 | (2) |
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Example 4 Butt Joint with Double Angle Screw Crosses |
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132 | (2) |
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Example 5 Screw Cross; CLT to Glulam Beam |
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134 | (1) |
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4.6 Brittle and Ductile Connection (45° + 90° Screws) |
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135 | (5) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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4.7 Compression Reinforcement Example |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (4) |
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5 Hygrothermal Performance of CLT Assemblies: Recommendations for Design, Construction, and Maintenance |
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145 | (44) |
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145 | (2) |
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5.1 Hygrothermal Behavior of Wood and CLT: Fundamentals |
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147 | (5) |
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5.1.1 Characteristics of CLT Panels Affecting the Hygrothermal Behavior |
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150 | (2) |
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5.2 Control of Moisture, Air, and Heat Flows in CLT Assemblies: Design Principles |
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152 | (20) |
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153 | (7) |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (4) |
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5.2.4 Vapor Diffusion Control and Relationship of Air, Vapor, and Thermal Control |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (4) |
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5.3 Accounting for Building Movement |
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172 | (1) |
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5.4 Durability of CLT Buildings: A Holistic Approach |
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173 | (8) |
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5.5 Hygrothermal Performance of CLT Buildings: Control and Maintenance |
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181 | (3) |
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5.5.1 Maintenance and Inspection Plan |
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181 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Wood MC Measurement |
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181 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Water Leak and Condensation Detection |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (4) |
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Recommended Readings and Additional Resources |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (22) |
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6.1 Acoustics in Buildings |
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189 | (8) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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6.1.4 Footfall/Impact Noise Isolation |
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195 | (1) |
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6.1.5 Mechanical Noise and Vibration Control (HVAC) |
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196 | (1) |
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6.2 Acoustic Code Requirements |
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197 | (1) |
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6.3 Acoustics for CLT Projects |
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198 | (11) |
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6.3.1 Comparing CLT with Other Structural Systems |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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6.3.3 CLT Compared with Other Mass Timber Systems |
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200 | (1) |
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6.3.4 CLT Floor/Ceiling Constructions |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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6.3.7 Lab Tests and Other Analysis Methods |
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206 | (3) |
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6.3.8 Resources for Acoustic Test Data |
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209 | (1) |
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6.4 Future Research and Development |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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6.7 A Note from the Authors |
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210 | (1) |
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7 Fire Safety for CLT Projects |
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211 | (28) |
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7.1 Basics of Timber Reaction to Fire |
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211 | (3) |
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7.1.1 Wood Structure and Chemistry |
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211 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Wood Pyrolysis and Combustion |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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7.2 Building Stability during Fire |
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214 | (1) |
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7.2.1 Expected Building Performance When Exposed to Fire |
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214 | (1) |
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7.2.2 High-Rise Structure Fire Resistance |
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214 | (1) |
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7.2.3 High-Rise Mass Timber Buildings |
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214 | (1) |
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7.3 CLT Fire Resistance Rating |
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215 | (3) |
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7.3.1 CLT Manufacturer Compliance Fire Testing |
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215 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Methodology for Calculating a Panel FRR |
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216 | (2) |
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7.4 Interior Finish and Flammability |
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218 | (1) |
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7.4.1 Test Methods and Results |
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218 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Methods to Control Flammability and Smoke Development |
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218 | (1) |
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7.5 CLT Behavior under Fire Exposure |
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219 | (3) |
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7.5.1 CLT Panel Reaction to Fire |
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219 | (2) |
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7.5.2 Reaction of CLT Adhesives in Fire |
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221 | (1) |
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7.6 Influence of Exposed CLT on a Compartment Fire |
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222 | (4) |
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7.6.1 Why Carry Out Natural Fire Tests on CLT Compartments? |
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222 | (1) |
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7.6.2 CLT Compartment Fire Tests---Results and Discussion |
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222 | (3) |
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7.6.3 Summary of Outcomes from the Reviewed Fire Tests |
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225 | (1) |
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7.7 Building Design with Mass Timber and CLT |
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226 | (4) |
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7.7.1 Exposed CLT for Low - and Medium-Rise Construction |
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226 | (1) |
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7.7.2 CLT for High-Rise Construction |
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227 | (3) |
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7.8 CLT Panel-to-Panel Connections |
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230 | (1) |
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7.8.1 CLT Floor-to-Wall Connections |
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231 | (1) |
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7.9 CLT Protection Methods and Limitations |
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231 | (1) |
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7.10 Fire Protection of CLT Through Penetrations and Joints |
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232 | (1) |
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7.11 Use of CLT within Exterior Walls |
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233 | (1) |
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7.11.1 Fire Spread Fundamentals |
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233 | (1) |
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7.11.2 Fire Spread between Floors |
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233 | (1) |
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7.11.3 Building with CLT Exterior Walls |
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234 | (1) |
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7.12 Construction Fire Safety |
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234 | (1) |
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7.12.1 Methods of Hazard Reduction |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (4) |
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8 Environmental Aspects of Wood as a Construction Material |
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239 | (28) |
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239 | (1) |
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8.2 Environmental Impacts of Construction Materials |
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239 | (17) |
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8.2.1 Determination of Impacts |
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239 | (2) |
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What LCA Reveals about Relative Impacts of Building Materials |
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241 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Environmental Assessment of Whole Buildings |
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243 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Environmental Impacts of Concrete versus Wood Construction |
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244 | (8) |
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8.2.4 Energy and Related Differences between Wood and Steel Framing Systems |
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252 | (4) |
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8.2.5 Wood and Environment---Additional Considerations |
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256 | (1) |
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8.3 The Renewability of Wood---An Underappreciated Reality |
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256 | (1) |
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8.4 Wood---More Than Enough |
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257 | (5) |
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257 | (3) |
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8.4.2 Potential for Expanded Wood Use |
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260 | (2) |
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8.5 Longevity of Wood Structures |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (3) |
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9 Sustainability Related to CLT |
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267 | (22) |
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267 | (1) |
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9.1 Defining Sustainability |
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267 | (6) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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9.2 Understanding Forest Sustainability |
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273 | (10) |
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9.2.1 Historic Conditions, Global Forestry, and North American Forests |
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277 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Modern Methods for Forest Protection, Management, and Restoration |
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280 | (3) |
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9.2.3 Current Concerns with Forest Health, Carbon Storage, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Multiple Benefits |
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283 | (1) |
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9.3 How CLT Contributes to Sustainability Goals |
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283 | (4) |
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9.3.1 Innovation and High-Quality Design |
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284 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Utilization of Materials, Improved Forest Health, and Carbon Storage |
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285 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Job Creation and Rural/Urban Connections |
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286 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Working Collaboratively |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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9.4.1 Needs and Opportunities for Supporting CLT and Ensuring Goals for Sustainability Are Addressed |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
Index |
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