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E-raamat: Crystallization and Crystallizers

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(Engineer, Ecole Centrale de Paris, France)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: ISTE Press Ltd - Elsevier Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081017753
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Crystallization and CrystallizersSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: ISTE Press Ltd - Elsevier Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081017753
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Crystallization and Crystallizers, part of the Industrial Equipment for Chemical Engineering set, defines how to perform the selection and calculation of equipment needed in the basic operations of process engineering, offering reliable and simple methods, with this volume providing a comprehensive focus on crystallization and crystallizers.

Throughout these concise and easy-to-use books, the author uses his vast practical experience and precision knowledge of global research to present an in-depth study of a variety of aspects within the field of chemical engineering.

  • The formation of crystals (or nucleation) is studied in its theoretical and practical details
  • The author also provides methods needed for understanding the equipment used in applied thermodynamics
  • The chapters are complemented with appendices which provide additional information as well as any associated references

Muu info

In-depth study of a key discipline within the field of chemical engineering that focuses its attention on crystallization and crystallizers
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Various Properties of Crystals
1(38)
1.1 Structure
1(7)
1.1.1 Introduction: crystallization energy
1(4)
1.1.2 Attachment energy and layer energy
5(1)
1.1.3 Superficial and molecular energies
5(1)
1.1.4 Surface energy
6(1)
1.1.5 Periodic chain and nature of faces
7(1)
1.2 Form
8(9)
1.2.1 Crystal system and habit
8(2)
1.2.2 Non-sphericity index (form index)
10(3)
1.2.3 Nyvlt coefficients
13(1)
1.2.4 The importance of form: porosity
13(1)
1.2.5 Orthogonal rate and form development
14(1)
1.2.6 Form modifier additives
15(2)
1.3 Conclusions: crystal characteristics
17(14)
1.3.1 Form and specific surface
17(1)
1.3.2 Chemical composition: hygroscopicity
18(1)
1.3.3 Surface striations
19(1)
1.3.4 Surface roughness
19(1)
1.3.5 Attrition on drying: vitrification on grinding
20(1)
1.3.6 Surface concavity
21(1)
1.3.7 Color
21(1)
1.3.8 Flow behavior
21(1)
1.3.9 Purity
22(1)
1.3.10 Elasticity constants
22(3)
1.3.11 Hardness, deformation and fracture
25(2)
1.3.12 Fragility and ductility of crystals
27(1)
1.3.13 Agglomeration in suspension
28(3)
1.4 Attrition
31(3)
1.4.1 Crystal hardness
31(1)
1.4.2 Fracture resistance
32(1)
1.4.3 Attrition in a stirred vessel
33(1)
1.5 PSD measurement of a crystalline population
34(2)
1.5.1 Sifting
34(1)
1.5.2 The Coulter particle counter
34(1)
1.5.3 Sedimentation
35(1)
1.5.4 Image analysis
36(1)
1.6 Characteristics of a crystal population
36(3)
1.6.1 Analytic expressions of particle size distribution
36(2)
1.6.2 Mean size and solubility
38(1)
1.6.3 Coefficient of variation and attrition
38(1)
Chapter 2 Crystal Formation and Growth
39(40)
2.1 Crystal formation
39(21)
2.1.1 Primary nucleation
39(4)
2.1.2 Crystallizer crust formation
43(2)
2.1.3 Secondary nucleation
45(3)
2.1.4 Metastable zone: supersaturation established slowly
48(1)
2.1.5 Measurement of nucleation order n
48(3)
2.1.6 Parameters influencing ΔTmax
51(2)
2.1.7 Practical study of the metastable zone (cooling)
53(2)
2.1.8 Interpretation of latency time
55(3)
2.1.9 Nucleation by vaporization: a practical aspect
58(1)
2.1.10 Nucleation in a crystallizer (calculation)
59(1)
2.2 Energetic theory of face growth
60(3)
2.2.1 Hartmann and Bennema's theory (1980)
60(1)
2.2.2 The presence of a solvent
61(1)
2.2.3 Morphological importance and cleavage
61(2)
2.2.4 Energy aspect and kinetic perspective
63(1)
2.3 Kinetic growth theories
63(16)
2.3.1 General
63(1)
2.3.2 Diffusion layer theory
64(1)
2.3.3 Integration mechanisms
65(2)
2.3.4 Fundamental parameters
67(1)
2.3.5 Growth of a K face
68(2)
2.3.6 Bidimensional nucleation
70(1)
2.3.7 Spiral growth
70(3)
2.3.8 "Formation and spreading"
73(1)
2.3.9 Diffusion--integration combination
74(1)
2.3.10 Retrodiffusion of solvent
75(1)
2.3.11 Conclusions
76(2)
2.3.12 Drawing crystal shapes
78(1)
Chapter 3 Crystallization in a Sugar Refinery
79(14)
3.1 Theory of sugar crystallization
79(3)
3.1.1 Growth mechanisms
79(1)
3.1.2 Nucleation
80(1)
3.1.3 Sugar purity and weight ratio
81(1)
3.2 Orders of magnitude
82(3)
3.2.1 Boiling delay
82(1)
3.2.2 Diffusivity
83(1)
3.2.3 Viscosity
83(1)
3.2.4 Properties of crystallized sugar
84(1)
3.3 Crystallization kinetics
85(2)
3.3.1 Integration layer and diffusion layer combination
87(1)
3.4 Practice of sugar crystallization
87(6)
3.4.1 The three crystallization techniques
87(2)
3.4.2 Steps involved in industrial sugar crystallization
89(1)
3.4.3 Seed preparation
90(1)
3.4.4 Dewatering the massecuites
91(1)
3.4.5 Sugar refining
92(1)
3.4.6 Thermal exchange data
92(1)
Chapter 4 Crystallizers: Design and Dimensions
93(84)
4.1 Introduction
93(8)
4.1.1 Qualities of a crystallized product
93(1)
4.1.2 Crystallizers
93(1)
4.1.3 Overall balance of the crystallizer population
94(2)
4.1.4 Balance of population with attrition
96(1)
4.1.5 Continuous homogeneous crystallizer with attrition
97(1)
4.1.6 Batch with attrition
98(1)
4.1.7 Agitation
99(1)
4.1.8 Thermal exchange
100(1)
4.2 Continuous homogenous crystallizer (CHC)
101(24)
4.2.1 CHC definition
101(1)
4.2.2 Crystallizer with a draft tube and an internal exchanger
102(1)
4.2.3 Definition of draft tube
103(4)
4.2.4 Classification zone
107(2)
4.2.5 Purpose of classification
109(1)
4.2.6 Theory of CHC without attrition
110(1)
4.2.7 Other values
111(5)
4.2.8 Parameters to manage
116(1)
4.2.9 CHC series without attrition
116(2)
4.2.10 Operative relationship of a CHC without attrition
118(2)
4.2.11 Installation possibilities of a CHC (population density)
120(4)
4.2.12 Modulation of crystal content
124(1)
4.3 Continuous forced circulation crystallizer (CFCC)
125(3)
4.3.1 Description
125(2)
4.3.2 Residence time of crystals in the installation
127(1)
4.3.3 Entry level in a vaporization body
128(1)
4.4 Crystallizer with fluidized bed
128(8)
4.4.1 Presentation
128(1)
4.4.2 Suspension and nucleation power
129(1)
4.4.3 Calculation procedure
130(5)
4.4.4 Laboratory study of a fluidized bed
135(1)
4.5 Elutriation columns
136(6)
4.5.1 General
136(1)
4.5.2 Residence time of crystals in the column
137(1)
4.5.3 Calculation of different liquid flows
138(4)
4.6 Crystallizer piston with scraped walls
142(1)
4.6.1 Description
142(1)
4.6.2 Calculation elements
142(1)
4.7 Batch crystallizing: homogeneous vat
143(7)
4.7.1 Design of batch crystallizers
143(1)
4.7.2 Batch crystallization methods (presentation)
144(2)
4.7.3 Seeding
146(2)
4.7.4 Controlled supersaturation
148(2)
4.8 Vat population density
150(2)
4.8.1 Constant nucleation without growth
150(1)
4.8.2 Growth without nucleation
151(1)
4.8.3 Nucleation with growth
151(1)
4.9 Choice of crystallization
152(4)
4.9.1 Cooling or vaporization
152(1)
4.9.2 Continuous operation or batch operation
152(1)
4.9.3 Agitation and thermal exchange
153(1)
4.9.4 Fragile crystals
154(1)
4.9.5 Very thick slurry
154(1)
4.9.6 Granulometry spread
155(1)
4.9.7 Crystal purity
155(1)
4.9.8 Cascade of serial crystallizers
155(1)
4.9.9 Particles in the slurry
155(1)
4.9.10 Possible crystal dimensions
156(1)
4.10 Exploitation parameters
156(9)
4.10.1 Order of magnitude for parameters
156(1)
4.10.2 Residence time and supersaturation
157(1)
4.10.3 Crystal content in slurry
158(1)
4.10.4 Calculation of thermal transfer
159(1)
4.10.5 Agitation and attrition
159(1)
4.10.6 Incrustations
160(1)
4.10.7 Checking the crystallization
161(1)
4.10.8 Surface pollution
161(3)
4.10.9 Precipitation by chemical reaction
164(1)
4.11 Definition of a crystallization micropilot
165(5)
4.11.1 Use of the pilot
165(1)
4.11.2 Definition of pilot exchanger tubes: velocity in the tubes
166(1)
4.11.3 Velocity in the pilot tubes
166(1)
4.11.4 Friction on the tube wall
167(2)
4.11.5 How should the blockages in the pilot be avoided?
169(1)
4.11.6 Conclusion
170(1)
4.12 Crystallization at high temperature
170(2)
4.12.1 General aim
170(1)
4.12.2 The Verneuil method
171(1)
4.12.3 The Czochralski method
171(1)
4.12.4 The thermal gradient method
171(1)
4.12.5 Film production
172(1)
4.12.6 Crystals in the order of a millimeter
172(1)
4.13 Calculation for continuous crystallizers
172(5)
4.13.1 Cooling
172(1)
4.13.2 Solvent vaporization
173(1)
4.13.3 Establishing the thermal transfer parameters
174(3)
Appendices
177(8)
Appendix 1 Numerical Integration: The Fourth-order Runge--Kutta Method
179(2)
Appendix 2 Resolution of Equations of the Third and Fourth Degree Searching for Dimensionless Groups
181(4)
Bibliography 185(8)
Index 193
Jean-Paul Duroudier is an engineer from Ecole centrale de Paris, France. He has devoted his professional life to the study of materials in chemical engineering.
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