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xv | |
Preface |
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xix | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction on Crystallization in Multiphase Polymer Systems |
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1 | (16) |
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1 Introduction to Polymer Crystallization |
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1 | (1) |
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2 Crystallization in Multiphase Polymer Systems |
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2 | (3) |
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2.1 Nucleation in Polymer Crystallization |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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3 Different Types of Polymer Crystallization in Multiphase Systems |
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5 | (5) |
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3.1 Fractionated Crystallization |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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3.3 Confined Crystallization |
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6 | (1) |
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3.4 Strain-Induced Crystallization |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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4 Crystallization in Block Copolymers |
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10 | (1) |
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5 Crystallization in Polymer Blends |
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10 | (1) |
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6 Crystallization in Composites and Nanocomposites |
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11 | (2) |
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7 Conclusion and Future Challenges |
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13 | (4) |
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13 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 Theoretical Aspects of Polymer Crystallization in Multiphase Systems |
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17 | (32) |
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17 | (1) |
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2 Crystallization Mechanisms in Multiphase Polymer Systems |
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17 | (1) |
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3 Crystallization Thermodynamics of Multiphase Polymer Systems |
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18 | (2) |
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4 Crystallization Kinetics of Multiphase Polymer Systems |
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20 | (13) |
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4.1 Isothermal Crystallization |
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20 | (7) |
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4.2 Nonisothermal Crystallization |
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27 | (6) |
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5 Crystallization Models of Multiphase Polymer Systems |
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33 | (2) |
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5.1 Breakout Crystallization |
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33 | (1) |
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5.2 Confined Crystallization |
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34 | (1) |
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6 Crystallization Morphology of Multiphase Polymer Systems |
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35 | (7) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (7) |
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43 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Experimental Techniques for Understanding Polymer Crystallization |
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49 | (24) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (4) |
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4.1 Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction |
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54 | (1) |
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4.2 Small-Angle Scattering |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (6) |
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5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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5.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
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61 | (2) |
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6 Mapping of Crystallinity |
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63 | (1) |
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7 Crystallization Kinetics |
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64 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (5) |
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69 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Effects of Mass Transport on Crystallization From Miscible Polymer Blends |
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73 | (20) |
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73 | (1) |
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2 Nucleation of Spherulites in Miscible Blends |
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73 | (7) |
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73 | (1) |
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2.2 Effect of the Transport of Substituents |
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74 | (4) |
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2.3 Effect of Concurrent Liquid Phase Separation |
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78 | (2) |
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3 Growth of Spherulites in Miscible Polymer Blends |
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80 | (8) |
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3.1 Introduction: Mass Transfer at the Growth Front---The Role of the Diffusion Length |
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80 | (3) |
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3.2 Growth at the Lamellar Level |
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83 | (3) |
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3.3 Growth at the Fibril (Growth Arm) Level |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (5) |
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89 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 Crystallization Behavior of Crystalline---Amorphous and Crystalline---Crystalline Block Copolymers Containing Poly(L-lactide) |
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93 | (30) |
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Vijayan Pillai Sivaprasad |
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93 | (1) |
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2 Morphological Development in Crystalline---Amorphous and Crystalline---Crystalline Block Copolymers |
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94 | (2) |
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3 Crystallization and Microphase Separation of Block Copolymers Containing PLLA Blocks |
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96 | (16) |
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3.1 Immiscible or Strongly Segregated Systems |
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96 | (1) |
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3.2 Poly(L-lactide)-fl/oc&-Polyethylene Block Copolymer (Tm of PLLA = Tm of PE) |
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96 | (1) |
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3.3 Poly(styrene)-Block-Poly(L-lactide) Diblock Copolymer [ Tc of PLLA < Tg of PS (Hard Confinement) and Tc of PLLA ≥ Tg of PS (Soft Confinement)] |
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97 | (1) |
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3.4 Poly(4-methyl-l-pentene)-Block-poly(L-lactide) Diblock Copolymer (Tg of sPMP = Tg of PLLA) |
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98 | (1) |
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3.5 Poly(L-lactide-b-dimethylsiloxane-b-L-lactide) Triblock Copolymer (Tg of PLLA > Tg or Tm of PDMS) |
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99 | (2) |
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3.6 Syndiotactic Poly(p-methyl styrene)-Block-poly(L-lactide) Block Copolymer (Tg of sPPMs > Tg of PLLA) |
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101 | (3) |
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3.7 Miscible or Weakly Segregated Systems |
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104 | (1) |
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3.8 Poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene Oxide) Diblock Copolymers and Poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene Oxide)-b-poly(L-lactide) Triblock Copolymers |
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105 | (4) |
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3.9 Poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) Block Copolymers |
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109 | (1) |
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3.10 Poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(vinylidene fluoride)-b-poly(L-lactide) Triblock Copolymers |
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109 | (1) |
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3.11 Poly(L-lactide-b-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymers and Poly(L-lactide-b-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-b-L-lactide) Triblock Copolymers |
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110 | (2) |
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4 Crystallization and Microphase Separation of Conducting Block Copolymers Containing PLLA Blocks |
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112 | (5) |
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4.1 Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(L-lactide) Diblock Copolymers |
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112 | (5) |
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5 Conclusions and Outlook |
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117 | (6) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 Crystallization and Morphology of Block Copolymers and Terpolymers With More Than One Crystallizable Block |
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123 | (58) |
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123 | (1) |
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2 Crystallization and Morphology of Double Crystalline AB and ABA Diblock and Triblock Copolymers |
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124 | (40) |
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2.1 Medium and Strongly Segregated Systems |
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124 | (17) |
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2.2 Miscible or Weakly Segregated Systems |
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141 | (23) |
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3 Crystallization and Morphology of Triple Crystalline ABC Triblock Terpolymers |
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164 | (6) |
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3.1 Block Terpolymers of Poly(Ethylene Oxide), Poly(ε-Caprolactone), and Poly(L-Lactide) |
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164 | (6) |
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170 | (11) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (10) |
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Chapter 7 Crystallization Behavior of Semicrystalline Immiscible Polymer Blends |
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181 | (32) |
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181 | (2) |
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2 Fractionated Crystallization |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (5) |
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193 | (5) |
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6 Cocontinuous Morphologies |
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198 | (3) |
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7 Blends in Thin and Ultrathin Films |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (9) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (6) |
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Chapter 8 Crystallization Behavior of Miscible Semicrystalline Polymer Blends |
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213 | (26) |
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213 | (1) |
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2 Crystallization Behavior of Miscible Crystalline/Amorphous Polymer Blends |
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214 | (9) |
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3 Crystallization Behavior of Miscible Crystalline/Crystalline Polymer Blends |
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223 | (11) |
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3.1 Systems With Small Melting Point Difference |
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224 | (6) |
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3.2 Systems With Large Melting Point Difference |
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230 | (4) |
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234 | (5) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Fractionated Crystallization in Polymer Blends |
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239 | (30) |
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239 | (1) |
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2 Droplet Dispersions in Liquid Media |
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240 | (2) |
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3 Fractionated Crystallization in Blends |
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242 | (6) |
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3.1 Fractionated Crystallization in Crystalline Polymer Matrices |
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247 | (1) |
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4 Blends From Nanolayer Films |
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248 | (10) |
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4.1 Additives, Catalyst Residues, and Substrates |
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250 | (2) |
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4.2 Origin of Heterogeneous Nucleation in Polypropylene |
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252 | (3) |
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4.3 Nature of Heterogeneous Nucleation: Effect of Nucleating Agents |
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255 | (1) |
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4.4 Probing Homogeneous Nucleation |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (1) |
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6 Droplets From Thin Films |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (2) |
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8 Fractionated Crystallization Using Templates |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (5) |
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265 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Crystallization Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites |
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269 | (44) |
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269 | (1) |
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2 Crystallization in Polymer Nanocomposites |
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269 | (36) |
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2.1 Polymer Nanolayered Nanocomposites |
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269 | (10) |
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2.2 Metal---Polymer Nanocomposites |
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279 | (3) |
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2.3 Carbon Nanotube---Based Nanocomposites |
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282 | (6) |
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2.4 Calcium Carbonate Nanocomposites |
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288 | (4) |
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2.5 Silica Nanocomposites |
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292 | (1) |
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2.6 Nanocellulose-Based Nanoparticles as Reinforcement in Polymer Nanocomposites |
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293 | (12) |
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305 | (8) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (7) |
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Chapter 11 Crystallization of Polymer Blend Nanocomposites |
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313 | (28) |
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313 | (1) |
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2 Fundamentals of Crystallization |
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314 | (2) |
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2.1 Polymer Crystallization |
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314 | (1) |
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2.2 Crystallization in Polymer Blends |
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314 | (1) |
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2.3 Crystallization in Polymer Blend Nanocomposites |
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315 | (1) |
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3 Crystallization in Polymer Blend Nanocomposites: Effect of Nanoreinforcement on the Crystallization Behavior of Polymer Blend |
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316 | (10) |
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3.1 Amorphous/Crystalline Blend Nanocomposites |
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316 | (2) |
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3.2 Crystalline/Crystalline Blend Nanocomposites |
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318 | (6) |
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3.3 Thermoplastic---Thermoset Polymer Blend Nanocomposites |
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324 | (2) |
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4 Crystallization Kinetics in Polymer Blend Nanocomposite |
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326 | (8) |
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334 | (7) |
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335 | (6) |
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Chapter 12 Transcrystallization in Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites |
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341 | (26) |
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341 | (1) |
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2 Materials and Preparation Techniques |
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341 | (7) |
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341 | (4) |
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2.2 Preparation Techniques and Apparatus |
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345 | (3) |
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348 | (10) |
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3.1 Morphology and Crystal Modification |
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348 | (3) |
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3.2 Lamellar Structures in Transcrystalline Region |
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351 | (3) |
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354 | (4) |
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4 Formation Mechanisms and Modeling |
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358 | (3) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (6) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (5) |
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Chapter 13 Crystallization of Polymers in Confined Space |
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367 | (66) |
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367 | (2) |
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2 Confined Crystallization in Block Copolymer |
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369 | (25) |
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2.1 Crystalline-Block-Amorphous Diblock Copolymers |
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370 | (20) |
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2.2 Crystalline-b-Crystalline Block Copolymer |
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390 | (4) |
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3 Confined Crystallization in Anodic Aluminum Oxide Nanoporous Membranes |
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394 | (12) |
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3.1 Crystallization Behavior in Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membranes |
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397 | (5) |
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3.2 Preferred Orientation of Crystallites in Anodic Aluminum Oxide |
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402 | (4) |
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4 Confined Crystallization in Electrospun Nanofibers |
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406 | (5) |
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5 Confined Crystallization in Some Other Systems |
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411 | (3) |
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5.1 Thin Films and Multilayers |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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6 Conclusions and Future Outlook |
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414 | (19) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (16) |
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Chapter 14 Crystallization Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymers in the Presence of Nucleation Agent |
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433 | (38) |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (3) |
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2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation |
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434 | (2) |
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436 | (1) |
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3 Crystallization Behavior and Nucleation Analysis of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) With a Multiamide Nucleating Agent |
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437 | (13) |
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3.1 Isothermal Crystallization Behavior |
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437 | (6) |
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3.2 Melting Behavior After Isothermal Crystallization |
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443 | (1) |
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3.3 Nucleation Efficiency and Nucleation Activity |
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444 | (5) |
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3.4 Spherulite Morphology |
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449 | (1) |
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4 Rapid Crystallization of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Induced by a Nanoscale Zinc Citrate Complex as Nucleating Agent |
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450 | (9) |
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4.1 Nonisothermal Crystallization and Melting Behavior |
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450 | (1) |
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4.2 Isothermal Crystallization Behavior |
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450 | (4) |
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4.3 Spherulite Morphology and Nucleation Mechanism |
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454 | (2) |
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4.4 Mechanical Properties |
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456 | (3) |
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5 Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene Nucleated With Individual and Compound Nucleating Agents |
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459 | (8) |
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5.1 Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics |
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459 | (3) |
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5.2 Nonisothermal Crystallization Behavior |
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462 | (1) |
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5.3 Nonisothermal Crystallization Activation Energy |
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463 | (2) |
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465 | (2) |
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467 | (4) |
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468 | (3) |
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Chapter 15 Strain-Induced Crystallization |
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471 | (38) |
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471 | (1) |
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2 Stress-Strain Relation During SIC |
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472 | (2) |
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3 Chain Relaxation, Kinetics, Morphology, Chain Conformation, and Effect of Processing Parameters |
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474 | (15) |
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474 | (1) |
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3.2 Crystallization Kinetics |
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475 | (3) |
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478 | (5) |
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3.4 Chain Conformation and Orientation |
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483 | (4) |
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3.5 Effect of Processing Parameters |
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487 | (2) |
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4 Applications and Properties |
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489 | (10) |
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489 | (2) |
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4.2 Mechanical Properties |
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491 | (3) |
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494 | (2) |
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496 | (3) |
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5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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499 | (10) |
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499 | (9) |
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508 | (1) |
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Chapter 16 Effect of Ionic Liquids on the Crystallization Kinetics of Various Polymers and Polymer Electrolytes |
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509 | (26) |
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509 | (1) |
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2 Polymer Crystallization: Some Basics |
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509 | (3) |
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3 Different Methods Used to Study Crystallization Kinetics of Polymer and Polymer Electrolytes |
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512 | (3) |
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3.1 Crystallization Kinetics by Isothermal Method |
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512 | (2) |
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3.2 Crystallization Kinetics by Nonisothermal Method |
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514 | (1) |
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3.3 Growth Rate of Crystallized Spherulites by Polarized Optical Microscopy |
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514 | (1) |
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3.4 Crystallization Kinetics Study Probed by Dielectric Spectroscopy |
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515 | (1) |
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4 Effect of Ionic Liquids on the Crystallization Kinetics of Different Polymers and Polymer Electrolytes |
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515 | (14) |
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4.1 Effect of IL on Crystallization Kinetic Behavior of Polymers/Polymer Electrolytes Probed Using Isothermal Method |
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517 | (4) |
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4.2 Effect of IL on Crystallization Kinetic Behavior of Polymers/Polymer Electrolytes Probed Using Nonisothermal Method |
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521 | (6) |
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4.3 Growth Rate of Crystallized Spherulites by Polarized Optical Microscopy |
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527 | (2) |
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529 | (6) |
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531 | (1) |
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531 | (4) |
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Chapter 17 Stereocomplex Crystallization of Polymers With Complementary Configurations |
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535 | (40) |
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535 | (2) |
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2 Stereocomplexable Polymers |
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537 | (14) |
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537 | (9) |
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2.2 Aliphatic Polycarbonate |
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546 | (2) |
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2.3 Polyamide and Poly(Amino Acid) |
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548 | (2) |
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550 | (1) |
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2.5 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) |
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550 | (1) |
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551 | (1) |
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3 Factors Influencing Stereocomplex Crystallization of Poly(Lactic Acid) |
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551 | (3) |
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551 | (1) |
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552 | (1) |
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553 | (1) |
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3.4 Crystallization Condition |
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553 | (1) |
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4 Promotion of Stereocomplex Formation in Poly(Lactic Acid) |
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554 | (10) |
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4.1 Stereoblock Copolymerization |
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554 | (2) |
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4.2 Incorporation of Noncovalent Bonding Units |
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556 | (1) |
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4.3 Change of Macromolecular Architecture |
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557 | (1) |
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558 | (2) |
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4.5 Use of Stretch or Shear Flow |
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560 | (1) |
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4.6 Use of Polymer Processing Additives |
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561 | (2) |
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563 | (1) |
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564 | (11) |
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564 | (1) |
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565 | (10) |
Index |
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575 | |