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E-raamat: Cultured Microalgae for the Food Industry: Current and Potential Applications

Edited by (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Almería, Spain), Edited by (Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almeria, Spain)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-May-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128210819
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-May-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128210819
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Cultured Microalgae for the Food Industry: Current and Potential Applications is a comprehensive reference that addresses the current applications and potential uses of microalgae and microalgae-derived compounds in the food industry. The book explores the different steps of the subject, from strain selection and cultivation steps, to the assessment of the public perception of microalgae consumption and the gastronomical potential of this innovative resource. Readers will find coverage of microalgae biology, common and uncommon algae species, cultivation strategies for food applications, novel extraction techniques, safety issues, regulatory issues, and current market opportunities and challenges.

This title also explores the gastronomic potential of microalgae and reviews current commercialized products along with consumer attitudes surrounding microalgae. Covering relevant, up-to-date research as assembled by a group of contributors who are experts in their respective fields, the book is an essential reading for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers in the microbiology, biotechnology, food science and technology fields.

  • Thoroughly explores the optimization, cultivation and extraction processes for increased bioactive compound yields
  • Includes industrial functionality, bio-accessibility and the bioavailability of the main compounds obtained from microalgae
  • Presents novel trends and the gastronomic potential of microalgae utilization in the food industry
List of contributors
xiii
1 Culturing of microalgae for food applications
Giuseppe Torzillo
C. Chini Zittelli
A.M. Silva Benavides
K. Ranglova
J. Masojidek
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Light
3(2)
1.3 Mixing
5(6)
1.3.1 Intermittent light
7(1)
1.3.2 Intermittent light application in the real world
8(3)
1.4 Optimal biomass concentration
11(2)
1.5 Culture depth
13(1)
1.6 Temperature
14(6)
1.7 Oxygen
20(4)
1.7.1 Oxygen stress at low light intensity
23(1)
1.8 Contamination
24(3)
1.9 Monitoring the physiological state of cultures through chlorophyll fluorescence
27(6)
1.10 Good manufacturing practices
33(5)
1.10.1 Best practices for the cultivation of microalgae of interest as food sources
33(2)
1.10.2 Safety and regulatory issues
35(3)
1.10.3 Cultivation of organic microalgae
38(1)
1.11 Concluding remarks
38(2)
References
40(9)
2 Unconventional microalgae species and potential for their use in the food industry
Juan Roberto Benavente-Valdes
Alejandro Mendez-Zavala
Israel Hernandez-Lopez
Berinka Araceli Carreon-Conzalez
Maria Elena Velazquez-Arellano
Lourdes Morales-Oyervides
Julio Cesar Montanez-Saenz
2.1 Introduction
49(1)
2.2 Microalgae as a food source
50(1)
2.3 Microalgae currently used in food
51(2)
2.4 Unconventional microalgae in food
53(1)
2.5 Potential uses of unconventional microalgae species in food: nutrimental and physical properties
54(11)
2.5.1 Proteins
54(3)
2.5.2 Lipids
57(2)
2.5.3 Carbohydrates
59(2)
2.5.4 Pigments
61(3)
2.5.5 Others
64(1)
2.6 Final remarks
65(1)
References
65(8)
3 Conventional and novel approaches to extract food ingredients and nutraceuticals from microalgae
Bhagya Yatipanthalawa
Gregory Martin
3.1 Introduction
73(1)
3.2 Algae harvesting and concentration
74(2)
3.2.1 Preconcentration
74(1)
3.2.2 Dewatering
75(1)
3.2.3 Drying
75(1)
3.3 Cell rupture
76(3)
3.3.1 Need for cell rupture
76(1)
3.3.2 High-pressure homogenization
77(1)
3.3.3 Enzymes and autolysis
77(1)
3.3.4 Ultrasound
78(1)
3.3.5 Pulsed electric fields
78(1)
3.3.6 Other methods
79(1)
3.4 Lipid and pigment extraction
79(5)
3.4.1 Recovery of triacylglycerides
80(2)
3.4.2 Recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids
82(1)
3.4.3 Pigment extraction
83(1)
3.5 Protein recovery
84(2)
3.6 Carbohydrate recovery
86(1)
3.7 Concluding discussion
87(2)
Acknowledgments
89(1)
References
89(8)
4 Potential applications of microalgae-derived proteins and peptides in the food industry
Caleb Acquah
Flora-Clad Ekezie
Chibuike C. Udenigwe
4.1 Introduction
97(2)
4.2 Microalgae protein extraction
99(4)
4.2.1 Microalgal cell disruption methods
99(2)
4.2.2 Nonconventional methods for microalgal protein extraction
101(2)
4.3 Technological approaches for microalgae peptide production
103(4)
4.3.1 Peptide production by enzymatic hydrolysis
103(2)
4.3.2 Peptide production by chemical methods
105(2)
4.4 Technofunctional properties of microalgae proteins and peptides
107(6)
4.4.1 Emulsifying properties
107(3)
4.4.2 Foaming properties
110(1)
4.4.3 Celling properties
111(1)
4.4.4 Water-holding capacity
112(1)
4.4.5 Fat absorption
112(1)
4.5 Application of microalgae proteins and peptides
113(4)
4.5.1 Human nutrition and health benefits
113(3)
4.5.2 Animal feed
116(1)
4.5.3 Other commercial applications
116(1)
4.6 Conclusion
117(1)
References
117(10)
5 Carbohydrates derived from microalgae in the food industry
Rajeev Ravindran
Caurav Rajauria
5.1 Introduction
127(3)
5.2 Microalgal carbohydrates
130(4)
5.2.1 Storage polysaccharides
131(2)
5.2.2 Cell wall-related polysaccharides
133(1)
5.3 Biochemical composition and physical properties of microalgal carbohydrates
134(1)
5.3.1 Structure
134(1)
5.3.2 Rheology
134(1)
5.4 Food applications of carbohydrates derived from microalgae
135(3)
5.5 Challenges and concluding remarks
138(2)
References
140(7)
6 Microalgae as source of edible lipids
Etiele C. Morais
Lisa Schiller
Hugo Pereira
Ines Maia
Katkam N. Gangadhar
Jorge A.V. Costa
Michele C. Morais
Joao Varela
Lufsa Barreira
6.1 Introduction
147(1)
6.2 Microalgal lipid composition
148(5)
6.3 Methods for increased lipid production
153(7)
6.3.1 Manipulation of cultivation conditions
153(4)
6.3.2 Strain improvement for increased lipid production
157(1)
6.3.3 Random mutagenesis and strain selection
157(1)
6.3.4 Genetic transformation
158(1)
6.3.5 Adaptive evolution
159(1)
6.4 Microalgal lipid industrial production
160(1)
6.5 Harvesting of microalgae for lipid extraction
161(2)
6.6 Microalgal lipids extraction and refining
163(1)
6.7 Marketed products
164(1)
6.8 Challenges and future perspectives
165(1)
Acknowledgments
165(1)
References
166(11)
7 Microalgae as a source of pigments for food applications
Marco Carda-Vaquero
Nigel Brunton
Tomas Lafarga
7.1 Introduction
177(2)
7.2 Carotenoids from microalgae
179(6)
7.3 Chlorophylls
185(4)
7.4 Phycobiliproteins
189(2)
7.4.1 Phycobiliproteins: more than just a colorant for the food industry
190(1)
7.5 Conclusions
191(1)
Acknowledgments
192(1)
References
192(7)
8 Current utilization of microalgae in the food industry beyond direct human consumption
Ana F. Esteves
Jose C.M. Pires
Ana L. Concalves
8.1 Introduction
199(2)
8.2 Microalgae in the treatment of food industry and agro-industrial effluents
201(13)
8.2.1 Characterization of food industry and agro-industrial effluents
201(3)
8.2.2 Role of microalgae and microalgal consortia in the treatment of food industry and agro-industrial effluents
204(10)
8.3 Microalgae in the improvement of agricultural practices
214(13)
8.3.1 Biofertilizers versus biostimulants
214(1)
8.3.2 Microalgal metabolites and phytohormones with potential interest for agriculture
215(5)
8.3.3 Role of algae and algal extracts in the improvement of agricultural practices
220(7)
8.4 Microalgae in the improvement of animal and animal-derived products
227(8)
8.4.1 Microalgal composition and beneficial effects
228(1)
8.4.2 Opportunities for microalgae as an ingredient in animal diets
229(6)
8.5 Challenges to the application of microalgae in these applications
235(1)
8.6 Conclusions
236(1)
Acknowledgments
237(1)
References
237(12)
9 Microalgae and cyanobacteria as food: Legislative and safety aspects
Ciorgos Markou
Imene Chentir
Ioannis Tzovenis
9.1 Introduction
249(2)
9.2 Regulatory framework and legislation in the European Union
251(2)
9.3 Risk and safety issues
253(6)
9.3.1 Inherent to biomass risks and safety issues
253(3)
9.3.2 Risks related to the cultivation process
256(3)
9.4 Conclusion
259(1)
References
260(5)
10 Microalgae as structuring ingredients in food
Tom M.M. Bernaerts
Ann M. Van Loey
10.1 Introduction
265(1)
10.2 Food products enriched with microalgal biomass: impact on food structure
265(5)
10.3 Rheological properties of microalgal biomass in aqueous model systems
270(7)
10.4 Food processing operations for targeted functionalization of microalgal biomass
277(3)
10.5 Conclusion
280(1)
Acknowledgments
281(1)
References
281(6)
11 Biological activities of natural products from microalgae
Joseph Samuel Palmer
Dolores Camacho Muhoz
Christine Edwards
11.1 Introduction
287(2)
11.1.1 What are bioactive compounds?
287(1)
11.1.2 Microalgae: a key resource for bioactives
288(1)
11.2 Lipids
289(5)
11.2.1 Polyunsaturated fatty acids
289(2)
11.2.2 Sterols
291(1)
11.2.3 Tocopherols and tocotrienols
292(2)
11.3 Pigments
294(9)
11.3.1 Carotenoids
294(3)
11.3.2 Phycobiliproteins
297(2)
11.3.3 Chlorophyll and derivatives
299(2)
11.3.4 Flavonoids
301(2)
11.4 Other health-promoting bioactive compounds
303(3)
11.4.1 Alkaloids
303(1)
11.4.2 Polysaccharides
304(2)
11.5 Microalgal toxins
306(9)
11.5.1 Hepatotoxins
306(7)
11.5.2 Cylindrospermopsins
313(1)
11.5.3 Neurotoxins
313(2)
11.6 Conclusions
315(1)
References
316(9)
12 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactive compounds delivered from microalgae
Maria Janeth Rodriguez-Roque
Rogelio Sanchez-Vega
Ingrid Aguild-Aguayo
Alan Eduardo Medina-Antillon
Mayra Cristina Soto-Caballero
Nora Aidee Salas-Salazar
Carlos Cuillermo Valdivia-Najar
12.1 Introduction
325(2)
12.2 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactive compounds from microalgae
327(1)
12.3 Vitamins
327(3)
12.4 Pigments
330(3)
12.4.1 Carotenoids
330(1)
12.4.2 Peridinin
331(2)
12.4.3 Phycocyanin
333(1)
12.5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids
333(1)
12.6 Peptides
334(1)
12.7 Phytosterols
335(1)
12.8 Other compounds
336(1)
12.9 Final remarks
337(1)
Acknowledgments
337(1)
References
338(5)
13 Sustainability of microalgae cultivation
Benoit Cuieysse
Maxence Plouviez
13.1 Introduction
343(8)
13.2 Life cycle assessment of microalgae cultivation
351(3)
13.3 Land use and location
354(2)
13.4 Energy use
356(1)
13.5 Freshwater use and freshwater footprint
357(2)
13.6 Carbon footprint
359(1)
13.6.1 N20 emissions
359(1)
13.6.2 CH4 emissions
360(1)
13.7 Nutrient use and eutrophication
360(1)
13.8 Conclusions
360(1)
Acknowledgment
361(1)
References
361(6)
14 Consumer acceptance and attitudes toward microalgae and microalgal-derived products as food
Silvia Villaro
Inmaculada Vinas
Tomas Lafarga
14.1 Introduction
367(2)
14.2 Cues affecting food acceptance and consumption
369(3)
14.3 Evolution of microalgae from a simple food to a top-trend ingredient
372(4)
14.4 Consumer acceptance and attitudes toward microalgae as food
376(5)
14.5 Conclusions
381(1)
Acknowledgments
382(1)
References
382(5)
15 Future perspectives of microalgae in the food industry
Alice Ferreira
Ines Cuerra
Margarida Costa
Joana Silva
Luisa Couveia
15.1 Introduction
387(3)
15.2 Microalgae application in foods (R&D)
390(16)
15.3 European market for microalgae-derived food products
406(7)
15.3.1 Novel food-approved microalgae
407(3)
15.3.2 Marketed microalgae-based food products
410(3)
15.4 Future trends in microalgae production and food application
413(7)
15.4.1 Thickening/foaming agents
414(1)
15.4.2 Edible coatings
415(1)
15.4.3 Microencapsulation
416(3)
15.4.4 Three-dimensional printing
419(1)
15.5 Conclusions
420(1)
Acknowledgments
421(1)
References
421(14)
Index 435
Tomás Lafarga: Following on from his Master in Chemical Engineering, degree specialization in Biotechnology and Food Science at the University of Almeria in Spain, Tomás Lafarga was awarded with a Teagasc Walsh Fellowship and completed a PhD in Agriculture and Food Science at University College Dublin, one of the leading research-intensive European universities and Teagasc, the Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority. Dr Lafarga has over 90 publications on varied aspects of food sustainability and waste management published in high impact factor journals and books and book chapters and over 50 contributions to national and international conferences. He has received several professional scholarships and awards including Juan de la Cierva and Ramón y Cajal fellowships awarded by the Spanish Gobernment and a Wang Shang Fellowship awarded by the International Society for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods on recognition for his outstanding performance in graduate studies and research on nutraceuticals and functional foods. After his PhD, Dr Lafarga worked as a Scientific Researcher in the Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA) in Lleida and the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Almería in Spain. His research lines include the development of novel safe, high-quality, and healthy foods using non-thermal and environmentally-friendly technologies and the revalorization of waste and food co-products to obtain novel ingredients and reduce the environmental impact of food processing. He is a member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Food Science and Technology and a scientific member of SOLABIAA and RENUWAL. Dr Lafarga co-edited the book Cultured Microalgae for the food industry”.

Francisco Gabriel Acién-Fernández: Dr Acién-Fernández successfully completed his Doctoral Thesis at the University of Almería in 1996. He is since 1999 a Full Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Almeria and instructs in Chemistry, Industrial Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, and Agricultural Engineering. Over the last decade, Prof Acién-Fernández has collaborated as a Lecturer at the Universities of Seville and Malaga, both in Spain, and was invited to instruct in numerous specialized courses at prestigious Universities including the Universities of Wageningen, Milan, Xalapa, and Medellin among others. He has also supervised more than 35 Bachelor and Master Projects and directed over 10 Ph.D. Theses. Over the past 20 years, Prof Acién-Fernandez has collaborated with leading groups in the field of microalgae cultivation for biofuel and food applications as well as microalgae-based wastewater treatment. His research lines include the optimization of microalgae cultivation strategies, revalorization of wastewater and food processing co-products, and production of high value-added compounds for food and nutraceutical applications. He has been actively involved as a collaborator, principal investigator, or coordinator in over 30 national and international research projects. Prof Acién published over 200 publications in high impact factor journals and co-authored more than 20 books or book chapters dealing with microalgae biomass cultivation. His research has been presented in over 100 national and international conferences and he is a Member of the Executive Board of prestigious international societies and associations including the International Society for Applied Phycology and the European Algae Biomass Association. He is a member of the Editorial Board of Algal Research and co-edited the book Cultured Microalgae for the food industry”