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E-raamat: Customs and Trade Laws of the European Community: Customs and Trade Laws of the European Community

Stefano Inama, Edwin Vermulst

Formaat: 384 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-1999
Kirjastus: Kluwer Law International
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9789041176233

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Formaat: 384 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-1999
Kirjastus: Kluwer Law International
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9789041176233

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This book offers a detailed, practical overview of the market of the European Community (EC) and its main instruments in commercial policy and trade. It focuses on the practical aspects and application of those laws regarding the EC's major trading partners. The book contains references to European Court of Justice (ECJ) rulings and to the legislation regulating market access conditions.

Chapter coverage includes:

an overview of the determinants of EC trade policy and its constitutional framework;

an examination of the EC's various preferential and non-preferential trade regimes for third world countries;

a look at customs laws, emphasizing preferential rules of origin;

a discussion of specific trade laws, such as the anti-subsidy law and the `commercial policy instrument';

an analysis of the ECs most important trade protection law, the anti-dumping law; and

an overview of remedies available to private parties.

This work is of value as a straightforward picture of EC trade policy. It provides the necessary tools and knowledge for entering into and improving bilateral or multilateral trade relations with the EC. As a result, practitioners, in-house counsels, government officials, and academics will find this a practical handbook for grasping the scope and breadth of the EC's common commercial policy.

List of Tables

xiii

(2)

Table of Legislation

(38)

Preface

liii

(2)

Acknowledgements

(2)

List of Abbreviations

lvii

1. The European Community's Trade Policy and Its Determinants

(45)

Introduction

(1)

1.1 The European Community in the Field of Trade

(2)

1.2 The Voting System for Matters of Common Commercial Policy

(2)

1.3 The Determinants of EC Trade Policy

(10)

1.3.1 The customs union

(1)

1.3.2 The internal market: free circulation of goods originating in EC Member States

(3)

1.3.3 The internal market: free circulation of goods originating in third countries put into free circulation in the Community

(2)

1.3.4 The external dimension of the customs union: the Common Commercial Policy

(2)

1.3.5 Goods originating in third countries put into free circulation in the Community: the need for an effective Common Commercial Policy

(2)

1.4 Instruments and Secondary Legislation Regulating the Common Commercial Policy: Autonomous Regime

(31)

1.4.1 Non-preferential tariffs

(3)

1.4.2 The import regime

(1)

1.4.2.1 Common rules for imports

(8)

1.4.2.2 Imports from state-trading countries and China

(5)

1.4.2.3 Imports of textile products

(15)

2. Trade Agreements

(90)

Introduction

(7)

2.1 The Europe Agreements, and Partnership and Cooperation Agreements with CIS countries

(11)

2.1.1 The Europe Agreements

(1)

2.1.2 Free movement of goods

(2)

2.1.3 Movement of workers, establishment and supply of services

(1)

2.1.3.1 Movement of workers

(1)

2.1.3.2 Establishment

(1)

2.1.3.3 Supply of services

(1)

2.1.4 Competition

(1)

2.1.4.1 The Partnership and Cooperation Agreements with the CIS countries

(2)

2.2 The Mediterranean Agreements

(3)

2.2.1 The general framework of the Agreements

(1)

2.2.2 Major common amendments to the Mediterranean Agreements (1978-1994)

(1)

2.3 The New European Union Mediterranean Policy

(1)

2.4 The Framework of the New Partnership

(6)

2.4.1 General

(1)

2.4.2 The standard format

(1)

2.4.2.1 Industrial products

(1)

2.4.2.2 Agricultural products

(1)

2.4.2.3 Safeguard clause and common provisions

(1)

2.4.2.4 The Association Council

(1)

2.4.2.5 Services

(2)

2.5 The Lome IV Convention

(13)

2.5.1 Institutions

(1)

2.5.2 Trade provisions

(1)

2.5.2.1 Agricultural products

(1)

2.5.2.2 Depth of tariff cut for products covered by the Common Agricultural Policy

(1)

2.5.2.3 Products not covered by the Common Agricultural Policy

(1)

2.5.2.4 Industrial products

(1)

2.5.2.5 Safeguards and a priori limitations, and their mechanisms

(1)

2.5.2.6 The protocols

(2)

2.5.3 Recent negotiations

(1)

2.5.4 The future of the Lome Convention IV in the WTO context

(3)

2.5.4.1 First option (status quo)

(1)

2.5.4.2 Second option (GSP of the EC)

(1)

2.5.4.3 Third option (uniform reciprocity)

(1)

2.5.4.4 Fourth option (differentiated reciprocity)

(1)

2.5.4.5 Fifth option (differentiation under a single framework)

(1)

2.5.4.6 Sixth option (differentiation leading to a variety of arrangements)

(1)

2.5.5 Conclusion

(1)

2.6 The EC GSP: the Unilateral Approach

(6)

2.6.1 The EC's new GSP scheme

(5)

2.7 EC Rules of Origin under Trade Agreements with Third Countries and the EC GSP

(8)

2.7.1 General

(2)

2.7.2 Origin criterion

(1)

2.7.2.1 Products wholly obtained

(1)

2.7.2.2 Products manufactured wholly or partly from imported materials, parts or components

(1)

2.7.2.3 Insufficient working or processing

(1)

2.7.3 Consignment conditions

(1)

2.7.4 Documentary evidence

(1)

2.7.4.1 Retrospective EUR. 1 form

(1)

2.7.4.2 Duplicate EUR. 1 form

100

(1)

2.7.4.3 Validity of form EUR. 1

100

(1)

2.7.4.4 Exemptions from proof of origin

100

(1)

2.7.4.5 Verifications of movement certificate EUR 1

100

(1)

2.8 Differences in the Specific Requirements of the Working or Processing to Confer Originating Status on Non-originating Inputs among the Various Trade Agreements

101

(8)

2.9 Differences in Cumulative Rules of Origin Granted under the Different Trade Arrangements

109

(27)

2.9.1 The GSP rules of origin for regional cumulation

110

(1)

2.9.2 Lome IV Convention

111

(3)

2.9.3 The derogation procedure under the Lome Convention and the GSP scheme

114

(6)

2.9.4 Regional cumulation in the first and second generation of Mediterranean Agreements and in the European Agreements, including changes introduced by the pan-European rules of origin

120

(2)

2.9.5 Differences in explanatory notes, issuance of certificate of origin and methods of administrative cooperation

122

(1)

2.9.5.1 Explanatory notes

122

(1)

2.9.5.2 Issuance of certificate of origin and methods of administrative cooperation

123

(1)

2.9.5.3 Issuance of certificate of origin for cumulation

124

(3)

2.9.5.4 Simplified procedures for issuance of the certificate of origin

127

(1)

2.9.5.5 The new EC policy on preferential rules of origin: the progress of the pan-European rules of origin

128

(8)

3. Major Customs Laws

136

(57)

Introduction

136

(1)

3.1 Customs Classification

136

(30)

3.1.1 Combined nomenclature

137

(1)

3.1.2 TARIC

138

(1)

3.1.3 General rules for interpretation of the CN

139

(1)

3.1.3.1 Rule 1 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN

139

(1)

3.1.3.2 Taste; visibility to the naked eye

140

(1)

3.1.3.3 (Intended) use

140

(2)

3.1.3.4 Method of production

142

(1)

3.1.3.5 Precedence of rule 1 over other rules

143

(1)

3.1.3.6 Objective criteria

143

(4)

3.1.3.7 Subjective and indeterminate criteria

147

(1)

3.1.3.8 Technological or similar developments

148

(1)

3.1.3.9 Heading involving duty-free importation

149

(1)

3.1.3.10
Chapter 99 exemptions

149

(1)

3.1.3.11 Temporary duty suspensions

149

(1)

3.1.3.12 GSP

150

(1)

3.1.3.13 Rule 2 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN

150

(6)

3.1.3.14 Rule 3 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN

156

(6)

3.1.3.15 Rule 4 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN

162

(1)

3.1.3.16 Rule 5 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN

162

(1)

3.1.3.17 Rule 6 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN

163

(1)

3.1.3.18 Advance ruling procedure

163

(3)

3.2 Customs Valuation

166

(5)

3.2.1 Transaction value

167

(3)

3.2.2 Rejection of transaction value

170

(1)

3.2.3 Alternative methods

170

(1)

3.3 Declaration of Particulars

171

(1)

3.4 Transfer Pricing

172

(2)

3.5 Non-preferential Rules of Origin

174

(12)

3.5.1 Non-preferential Origin Rules

175

(2)

3.5.1.1 Assembly products

177

(8)

3.5.2 Textiles

185

(1)

3.6 Preferential Rules of Origin (GSP)

186

(1)

3.7 GSP and Non-preferential Origin Compared

187

(1)

3.8 Advance Ruling Procedure

188

(2)

3.9 Sanctions for Violations of Customs Laws

190

(3)

4. EC Contingency Protection Laws: TBR and Countervailing Duties

193

(18)

Introduction

193

(1)

4.1 Trade Barriers Regulation

194

(4)

4.2 Anti-subsidy Action

198

(13)

4.2.1 Definition of a subsidy

199

(1)

4.2.2 Specificity and countervailability

200

(2)

4.2.3 Green light subsidies

202

(2)

4.2.4 Calculation of the amount of countervailable subsidy

204

(2)

4.2.5 Slightly different procedures

206

(1)

4.2.6 Developing countries

206

(2)

4.2.7 EC practice

208

(1)

4.2.8 SCM Agreement

209

(2)

5. Anti-dumping

211

(79)

Introduction

211

(1)

5.1 Procedural Anti-dumping Law

211

(3)

5.1.1 Administering authorities

211

(1)

5.1.1.1 Commission

212

(1)

5.1.1.2 Advisory Committee

212

(1)

5.1.1.3 Council of Ministers

213

(1)

5.2 Complaint and Initiation

214

(5)

5.2.1 On behalf of a Community industry/standing

215

5.2.1.1 Complaint

214

5.2.1.2 Community industry

215

(1)

5.2.1.3 Standing determination

216

(1)

5.2.2 Confidentiality of the complaint

216

(1)

5.2.3 Initiation

216

(1)

5.2.4 Self-initiation

217

(1)

5.2.5 Proceeding versus investigation

217

(1)

5.2.6 Deadlines

217

(1)

5.3 Investigation Techniques

219

(9)

5.3.1 Interested parties

219

(1)

5.3.2 Questionnaires

219

(2)

5.3.2.1 Non-confidential version of the questionnaire response

221

(1)

5.3.2.2 Deadline for the questionnaire response

221

(1)

5.3.2.3 Related parties

221

(1)

5.3.3 Investigation periods

222

(1)

5.3.4 Verifications

223

(1)

5.3.5 Best information available

224

(1)

5.3.6 Procedural safeguards

224

(1)

5.3.6.1 Confidentiality of information

225

(1)

5.3.6.2 Access to the file and possibility of commenting

225

(1)

5.3.6.3 Hearings

226

(1)

5.3.6.4 Confrontation meetings

226

(1)

5.3.6.5 Explanation of essential facts and considerations: pre-disclosure, provisional disclosure and final disclosure

227

(1)

5.3.7 Sampling of producers

228

(1)

5.4 No Protective Action

228

(1)

5.5 Community Interests

229

(2)

5.5.1 Suspension of protective measures

230

(1)

5.6 Review Possibilities

231

(3)

5.6.1 Interim review

232

(1)

5.6.2 Newcomer review

232

(1)

5.6.3 Expiry review

233

(1)

5.7 Refunds

234

(1)

5.8 Determination of Dumping

235

(18)

5.8.1 Export price

235

(1)

5.8.1.1 Middlemen/trading houses

236

(1)

5.8.1.2 Construction of the export price

237

(1)

5.8.1.3 When will the export price be constructed?

237

(1)

5.8.1.4 Which costs will be deducted?

238

(1)

5.8.1.5 Which profit will be deducted?

239

(1)

5.8.2 Normal value

239

(1)

5.8.2.1 Home market sales

239

(4)

5.8.3 No, insufficient or unreliable sales in the home market

243

(1)

5.8.3.1 Third country exports

243

(1)

5.8.3.2 Constructed value

244

(4)

5.8.4 Sales below cost of production

248

(1)

5.8.4.1 Conditions

248

(1)

5.8.4.2 Calculation of normal value

249

(1)

5.8.5 NME normal value

249

(3)

5.8.5.1 NME one country-one duty rule

252

(1)

5.9 Adjustments (netting back)

253

(7)

5.9.1 Differences in physical characteristics

255

(1)

5.9.2 Import charges and indirect taxes

255

(1)

5.9.3 Discounts, rebates and quantities

256

(1)

5.9.4 Level of trade

256

(1)

5.9.4.1 Original equipment manufacturer sales

257

(1)

5.9.5 Transport, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary costs

258

(1)

5.9.6 Packing

259

(1)

5.9.7 Credit

259

(1)

5.9.8 After-sales costs

259

(1)

5.9.9 Commissions

260

(1)

5.9.10 Other factors

260

(1)

5.10 Comparison

260

(3)

5.10.1 Currency conversions

261

(1)

5.10.2 Negative dumping

262

(1)

5.10.3 Sale and date of sale

262

(1)

5.11 Dumping Margin

263

(2)

5.11.1 Examples of dumping margin calculations

263

(2)

5.12 Sampling of Types of Products or Transactions

265

(1)

5.13 The Determination of Injury

266

(1)

5.13.1 Like product

266

(1)

5.13.2 Domestic industry

267

(1)

5.13.2.1 The standard situation

267

(1)

5.14 Material injury

267

(3)

5.14.1 Material injury sensu stricto

268

(1)

5.14.1.1 Volume of dumped imports

268

(1)

5.14.1.2 Prices of dumped imports

268

(1)

5.14.1.3 Impact of dumped imports on the Community industry

269

(1)

5.14.2 Threat of material injury

269

(1)

5.15 Causation

270

(1)

5.15.1 General

270

(1)

5.15.2 Cumulation

271

(1)

5.15.3 Decumulation

271

(1)

5.16 Injury Margins

271

(3)

5.16.1 Price undercutting method

272

(1)

5.16.2 Price underselling method: target prices

272

(1)

5.16.3 Which cost of production?

272

(1)

5.16.4 Which profit?

273

(1)

5.16.5 Global, individual or semi-individual injury margins

274

(1)

5.17 Protective Measures

274

(4)

5.17.1 Undertakings

274

(1)

5.17.1.1 General

274

(2)

5.17.1.2 Refusal to accept undertakings

276

(1)

5.17.2 Main contents of price undertakings

276

(1)

5.17.3 Quantitative restrictions

277

(1)

5.17.4 Other forms of export restraints

277

(1)

5.17.5 Newcomers

277

(1)

5.17.6 Violation of or withdrawal from undertakings

278

(1)

5.18 Anti-dumping Duties

278

(5)

5.18.1 General

278

(1)

5.18.2 Scope; product definition

279

(1)

5.18.3 Cumulation, anti-dumping duties and quantitative restrictions

280

(1)

5.18.4 Form of the duty

280

(1)

5.18.5 Residual duty

281

(1)

5.18.6 Collection of anti-dumping duties

281

(1)

5.18.7 Inward processing

282

(1)

5.18.8 Product exclusion after publication

282

(1)

5.18.9 Provisional anti-dumping duties

282

(1)

5.18.10 Definitive anti-dumping duties

283

(1)

5.18.11 Definitive collection of provisional duties

283

(1)

5.19 Retroactive Application of Anti-dumping Duties; Registration Procedure

283

(1)

5.20 Anti-circumvention Rules

284

(3)

5.20.1 Importing and third country circumvention

285

(1)

5.20.1.1 Procedure

286

(1)

5.20.1.2 Substantive concepts

287

(1)

5.21 Input Dumping

287

(1)

5.22 Slightly Altered Merchandise

288

(1)

5.23 Obligation to Pass on Anti-dumping Duties to Consumers; Anti-absorption Duties

288

(2)

6. Judicial Review Available to Private Parties

290

(23)

Introduction

290

(1)

6.1 Action Available to Importers

290

(5)

6.2 Direct Imports

295

(6)

6.2.1 Actions brought under EC Treaty provisions

296

(2)

6.2.2 Actions relying on multilateral and bilateral agreements

298

(3)

6.3 Intra-Community Trade

301

(3)

6.4 Customs Classification

304

(1)

6.5 Customs Valuation

305

(1)

6.6 Rules of Origin

306

(4)

6.7 Action on Import Licence

310

(3)

Index

313

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