Introduction |
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xiii | |
Emergence of CPS |
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xiv | |
CPS Drivers |
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xvi | |
Applications |
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xvi | |
Theoretical Foundations |
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xvii | |
Target Audience |
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xix | |
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PART I Cyber-Physical System Application Domains |
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1 | (130) |
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Chapter 1 Medical Cyber-Physical Systems |
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3 | (58) |
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1.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 System Description and Operational Scenarios |
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5 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Virtual Medical Devices |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3 Key Design Drivers and Quality Attributes |
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9 | (39) |
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9 | (3) |
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1.3.2 Quality Attributes and Challenges of the MCPS Domain |
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12 | (2) |
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1.3.3 High-Confidence Development of MCPS |
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14 | (7) |
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1.3.4 On-Demand Medical Devices and Assured Safety |
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21 | (7) |
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1.3.5 Smart Alarms and Clinical Decision Support Systems |
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28 | (6) |
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34 | (6) |
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40 | (8) |
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1.4 Practitioners' Implications |
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48 | (4) |
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1.4.1 MCPS Developer Perspective |
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49 | (1) |
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1.4.2 MCPS Administrator Perspective |
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50 | (1) |
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1.4.3 MCPS User Perspective |
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50 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Patient Perspective |
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51 | (1) |
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1.4.5 MCPS Regulatory Perspective |
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51 | (1) |
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1.5 Summary and Open Challenges |
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52 | (9) |
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53 | (8) |
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Chapter 2 Energy Cyber-Physical Systems |
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61 | (42) |
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2.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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62 | (1) |
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2.2 System Description and Operational Scenarios |
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63 | (2) |
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2.3 Key Design Drivers and Quality Attributes |
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65 | (14) |
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2.3.1 Key Systems Principles |
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67 | (6) |
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2.3.2 Architecture 1 Performance Objectives |
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73 | (5) |
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2.3.3 A Possible Way Forward |
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78 | (1) |
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2.4 Cyber Paradigm for Sustainable SEES |
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79 | (17) |
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2.4.1 Physics-Based Composition of CPS for an SEES |
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82 | (4) |
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2.4.2 DyMonDS-Based Standards for CPS of an SEES |
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86 | (8) |
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2.4.3 Interaction Variable--Based Automated Modeling and Control |
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94 | (2) |
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2.5 Practitioners' Implications |
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96 | (1) |
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2.5.1 IT-Enabled Evolution of Performance Objectives |
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96 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Distributed Optimization |
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96 | (1) |
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2.6 Summary and Open Challenges |
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97 | (6) |
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100 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Cyber-Physical Systems Built on Wireless Sensor Networks |
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103 | (28) |
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3.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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104 | (1) |
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3.2 System Description and Operational Scenarios |
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105 | (10) |
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3.2.1 Medium Access Control |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Clock Synchronization |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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3.3 Key Design Drivers and Quality Attributes |
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115 | (7) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Runtime Validation Aware |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (2) |
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3.4 Practitioners' Implications |
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122 | (2) |
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3.5 Summary and Open Challenges |
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124 | (7) |
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125 | (6) |
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131 | (230) |
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Chapter 4 Symbolic Synthesis for Cyber-Physical Systems |
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133 | (32) |
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4.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (17) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (9) |
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4.2.3 Solving the Synthesis Problem |
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144 | (4) |
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4.2.4 Construction of Symbolic Models |
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148 | (4) |
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152 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Construction of Symbolic Models |
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154 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Continuous-Time Controllers |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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4.4 Summary and Open Challenges |
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158 | (7) |
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159 | (6) |
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Chapter 5 Software and Platform Issues in Feedback Control Systems |
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165 | (32) |
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5.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (4) |
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167 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Control Design for Resource Efficiency |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (21) |
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5.3.1 Reducing the Computation Time |
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171 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Less Frequent Sampling |
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172 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Event-Based Control |
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173 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Controller Software Structures |
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174 | (2) |
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5.3.5 Sharing of Computing Resources |
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176 | (2) |
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5.3.6 Analysis and Simulation of Feedback Control Systems |
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178 | (14) |
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5.4 Summary and Open Challenges |
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192 | (5) |
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193 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 Logical Correctness for Hybrid Systems |
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197 | (40) |
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6.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (21) |
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6.2.1 Discrete Verification |
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200 | (21) |
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221 | (10) |
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6.3.1 Real-Time Verification |
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221 | (6) |
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6.3.2 Hybrid Verification |
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227 | (4) |
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6.4 Summary and Open Challenges |
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231 | (6) |
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232 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 Security of Cyber-Physical Systems |
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237 | (22) |
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7.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Cyber Security Requirements |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (5) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (8) |
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7.3.1 System Theoretic Approaches |
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248 | (8) |
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7.4 Summary and Open Challenges |
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256 | (3) |
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256 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Synchronization in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems |
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259 | (30) |
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8.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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259 | (3) |
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8.1.1 Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems |
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261 | (1) |
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8.1.2 A Complexity-Reducing Technique for Synchronization |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Formal Software Engineering |
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263 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Distributed Consensus Algorithms |
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264 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Synchronous Lockstep Executions |
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266 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Time-Triggered Architecture |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (12) |
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8.3.1 Physically Asynchronous, Logically Synchronous Systems |
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270 | (12) |
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8.4 Summary and Open Challenges |
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282 | (7) |
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283 | (6) |
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Chapter 9 Real-Time Scheduling for Cyber-Physical Systems |
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289 | (42) |
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9.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (10) |
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9.2.1 Scheduling with Fixed Timing Parameters |
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291 | (9) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (24) |
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9.3.1 Multiprocessor/Multicore Scheduling |
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301 | (12) |
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9.3.2 Accommodating Variability and Uncertainty |
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313 | (5) |
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9.3.3 Managing Other Resources |
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318 | (5) |
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9.3.4 Rhythmic Tasks Scheduling |
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323 | (2) |
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9.4 Summary and Open Challenges |
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325 | (6) |
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325 | (6) |
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Chapter 10 Model Integration in Cyber-Physical Systems |
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331 | (30) |
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10.1 Introduction and Motivation |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (5) |
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334 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Semantic Domains for Time |
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335 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Interaction Models for Computational Processes |
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336 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Semantics of CPS DSMLs |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (18) |
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339 | (3) |
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10.3.2 The Syntax of CyPhyML |
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342 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Formalization of Semantics |
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344 | (5) |
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10.3.4 Formalization of Language Integration |
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349 | (7) |
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10.4 Summary and Open Challenges |
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356 | (5) |
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357 | (4) |
About the Authors |
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361 | (2) |
About the Contributing Authors |
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363 | (8) |
Index |
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371 | |