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E-raamat: Database Design Using Entity-Relationship Diagrams

(University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, USA),
  • Formaat: 388 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Auerbach
  • ISBN-13: 9781000642704
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Database Design Using Entity-Relationship DiagramsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 388 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Auerbach
  • ISBN-13: 9781000642704
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Essential to database design, entity-relationship (ER) diagrams are known for their usefulness in data modeling and mapping out clear database designs. They are also well-known for being difficult to master. With Database Design Using Entity-Relationship Diagrams, Third Edition, database designers, developers, and students preparing to enter the field can quickly learn the ins and outs of data modeling through ER diagramming.

Building on the success of the bestselling first and second editions, this accessible text includes a new chapter on the relational model and functional dependencies. It also includes expanded chapters on Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) diagrams and reverse mapping. It uses cutting-edge case studies and examples to help readers master database development basics and defines ER and EER diagramming in terms of requirements (end user requests) and specifications (designer feedback to those requests), facilitating agile database development. This book











Describes a step-by-step approach for producing an ER diagram and developing a relational database from it





Contains exercises, examples, case studies, bibliographies, and summaries in each chapter





Details the rules for mapping ER diagrams to relational databases





Explains how to reverse engineer a relational database back to an entity-relationship model





Includes grammar for the ER diagrams that can be presented back to the user, facilitating agile database development

The updated exercises and chapter summaries provide the real-world understanding needed to develop ER and EER diagrams, map them to relational databases, and test the resulting relational database. Complete with a wealth of additional exercises and examples throughout, this edition should be a basic component of any database course. Its comprehensive nature and easy-to-navigate structure make it a resource that students and professionals will turn to throughout their careers.
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
Authors xxv
Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 Data, Databases, and the Software Engineering Process
1(10)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Data
1(1)
1.3 Building a Database
2(1)
1.4 What Is the Software Engineering Process?
3(4)
1.5 Entity-Relationship Diagrams and the Software Engineering Life Cycle
7(2)
1.5.1 Phase 1: Get the Requirements for the Database
8(1)
1.5.2 Phase 2: Specify the Database
8(1)
1.5.3 Phase 3: Design the Database
9(1)
1.6
Chapter Summary
9(2)
Chapter 1 Exercises
10(1)
Bibliography
10(1)
Chapter 2 Data and Data Models
11(22)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Files, Records, and Data Items
11(3)
2.3 Moving From 3 × 5 Cards to Computers
14(5)
2.4 Database Models
19(9)
2.4.1 The Hierarchical Model
20(4)
2.4.1.1 The Hierarchical Model with a Linked List
24(2)
2.4.1.2 Relationship Terminology
26(1)
2.4.1.3 Drawbacks of the Hierarchical Model
27(1)
2.5 The Network Model
28(3)
2.6 The Relational Model
31(1)
2.7
Chapter Summary
32(1)
Bibliography
32(1)
Chapter 3 The Relational Model and Functional Dependencies
33(38)
3.1 Introduction
33(1)
3.2 Fundamentals of Relational Database
33(3)
3.3 Relational Database and Sets
36(2)
3.4 Functional Dependency
38(2)
3.5 Non-INF to INF
40(4)
3.6 The Second Normal Form
44(8)
3.6.1 Anomalies
48(1)
3.6.2 Non-2NF to 2NF
49(3)
3.7 The Third Normal Form
52(5)
3.8 The Equijoin Operation
57(2)
3.9 Some Functional Dependency Rules
59(6)
3.10 The Boyce--Codd Normal Form
65(3)
3.11
Chapter Summary
68(3)
Chapter 3 Exercises
68(1)
Bibliography
69(2)
Chapter 4 The Basic ER Diagram: A Data Modeling Schema
71(36)
4.1 Introduction
71(1)
4.2 What Is a Data Modeling Schema?
71(2)
4.2.1 What Is an Entity-Relationship Diagram?
72(1)
4.3 Defining a Database---Some Definitions: Entity, Relationship, and Attribute
73(3)
4.3.1 A Beginning Methodology
74(1)
4.3.2 ER Design Methodology
75(1)
4.4 A First "Entity-Only" ER Diagram: An Entity with Attributes
76(3)
4.5 More about Attributes
79(8)
4.5.1 The Simple or Atomic Attribute
79(1)
4.5.2 The Composite Attribute
80(1)
4.5.3 The Multivalued Attribute
81(1)
4.5.4 The Derived Attribute
82(1)
4.5.5 Keys
82(5)
4.6 English Description of the Entity
87(7)
4.6.1 The Method
87(1)
4.6.1.1 The Entity
87(1)
4.6.1.2 The Attributes
87(1)
4.6.1.3 The Keys
88(1)
4.6.2 ER Design Methodology
88(1)
4.6.3 Examples
88(1)
4.6.3.1 Figure 4.3 Example
89(1)
4.6.3.2 Figure 4.4 Example
90(1)
4.6.3.3 Figure 4.5a Example
91(1)
4.6.3.4 Figure 4.6 Example
91(1)
4.6.3.5 Figure 4.7 Example
92(2)
4.7 Mapping the Entity Diagram to a Relational Database
94(5)
4.8
Chapter Summary
99(8)
Chapter 4 Exercises
99(1)
Case Study
100(4)
Notes
104(1)
Bibliography
104(3)
Chapter 5 Beyond the First Entity Diagram
107(22)
5.1 Introduction
107(1)
5.2 Examining an Entity: Changing an Attribute to Be an Entity
108(1)
5.3 Defining a Relationship for Our New Entity
109(3)
5.3.1 ER Design Methodology
111(1)
5.4 A Preliminary Grammar for ER Diagrams
112(1)
5.4.1 The Relationship
112(1)
5.5 Defining a Second Entity
112(5)
5.6 Does a Relationship Exist?
117(1)
5.7 Attribute or Relationship?
117(2)
5.7.1 ER Design Methodology
118(1)
5.8
Chapter Summary
119(10)
Chapter 5 Exercises
119(1)
Case Study
120(8)
Bibliography
128(1)
Chapter 6 Extending Relationships/Structural Constraints
129(50)
6.1 Introduction
129(1)
6.2 The Cardinality Ratio of a Relationship
129(5)
6.2.1 One to One (1:1)
131(1)
6.2.2 Many to One (M:1)
131(1)
6.2.3 One to Many (1:M)
132(1)
6.2.4 Many to Many (M:N)
132(2)
6.3 Participation: Full/Partial
134(1)
6.4 English Descriptions
135(2)
6.5 Tighter English
137(10)
6.5.1 Pattern 1---x:y::k:1
139(1)
6.5.2 Pattern 2---x:y::k:1
139(1)
6.5.3 Pattern 3---x:y::k:M
140(1)
6.5.4 Pattern 4---x:y::k:M
140(1)
6.5.5 Summary of the Patterns and Relationships
141(1)
6.5.5.1 Pattern 1
141(1)
6.5.5.2 Pattern 1
141(1)
6.5.5.3 Pattern 2
142(1)
6.5.5.4 Pattern 2
143(1)
6.5.5.5 Pattern 3
143(1)
6.5.5.6 Pattern 3
143(1)
6.5.5.7 Pattern 4
144(1)
6.5.5.8 Pattern 4
145(1)
6.5.6 ER Design Methodology
146(1)
6.6 Some Examples of Other Relationships
147(6)
6.6.1 An Example of the One-to-Many Relationship (1:M)
147(1)
6.6.1.1 Pattern 4-1:M, From the 1 Side, Partial Participation
148(1)
6.6.1.2 Pattern 2---M(Partial):1, From M Side, Optional Participation
149(1)
6.6.2 An Example of the Many-to-One Relationship (M:1)
150(1)
6.6.2.1 Pattern 1---M:1, From the M Side, Full Participation
150(1)
6.6.2.2 Pattern 3-1:M, From the 1 Side, Full Participation
151(1)
6.6.3 An Example of the Many-to-Many Relationship (M:N)
151(1)
6.6.3.1 Pattern 3---M:N, From the M Side, Full Participation
152(1)
6.6.3.2 Pattern 4---N:M, From the N Side, Partial Participation
152(1)
6.7 One Final Example
153(6)
6.7.1 ER Design Methodology
154(1)
6.7.1.1 The Entity
155(1)
6.7.1.2 The Entity
156(2)
6.7.2 Pattern 1---M:1, From the M Side, Full Participation
158(1)
6.7.3 Pattern 3--1:M, From the 1 Side, Full Participation
159(1)
6.8 Mapping Relationships to a Relational Database
159(9)
6.8.1 Mapping Binary M:N Relationships
159(2)
6.8.2 Mapping Binary 1:1 Relationships
161(6)
6.8.3 Mapping Binary 1:N Relationships
167(1)
6.9
Chapter Summary
168(11)
Chapter 6 Exercises
168(4)
Case Study
172(6)
Note
178(1)
Bibliography
178(1)
Chapter 7 The Weak Entity
179(22)
7.1 Introduction
179(1)
7.2 Strong and Weak Entities
179(5)
7.3 Weak Entities and Structural Constraints
184(1)
7.4 Weak Entities and the Identifying Owner
184(2)
7.4.1 Another Example of a Weak Entity and the Identifying Owner
186(1)
7.5 Weak Entities Connected to Other Weak Entities
186(3)
7.6 Revisiting the Methodology
189(1)
7.7 Weak Entity Grammar
190(1)
7.7.1 The Keys
190(1)
7.8 Mapping Weak Entities to a Relational Database
191(2)
7.9
Chapter Summary
193(8)
Chapter 7 Exercises
194(1)
Case Study
194(6)
Bibliography
200(1)
Chapter 8 Further Extensions for ER Diagrams with Binary Relationships
201(38)
8.1 Introduction
201(1)
8.2 Attributes of Relationships
201(3)
8.2.1 The Attributes
203(1)
8.3 Relationships Developing into Entities: The M:N Relationship Revisited
204(2)
8.3.1 The Entity
205(1)
8.3.1.1 The Attributes?
206(1)
8.3.1.2 The Keys
206(1)
8.4 More Entities and Relationships
206(7)
8.4.1 More Than Two Entities
206(1)
8.4.1.1 Pattern 4--- x:y::1:M, From the 1 Side, Partial Participation
207(1)
8.4.1.2 Pattern 1---x:y::M:1, From the M Side, Full Participation
207(2)
8.4.2 Adding More Attributes That Evolve into Entities
209(4)
8.5 More Evolution of the Database
213(1)
8.6 Attributes That Evolve into Entities
213(3)
8.7 Recursive Relationships
216(6)
8.7.1 Recursive Relationships and Structural Constraints
219(1)
8.7.1.1 One-to-One Recursive Relationship (Partial Participation on Both Sides)
219(1)
8.7.1.2 One-to-Many Recursive Relationship (Partial Participation on Both Sides)
220(1)
8.7.1.3 Many-to-Many Recursive Relationship (Partial on Both Sides)
220(2)
8.8 Multiple Relationships
222(2)
8.9 The Derived or Redundant Relationship
224(4)
8.10 Optional: An Alternative ER Notation for Specifying Structural Constraints on Relationships
228(2)
8.11 Review of the Methodology
230(2)
8.11.1 ER Design Methodology
230(1)
8.11.2 The Entity
231(1)
8.11.2.1 The Attributes
231(1)
8.11.2.2 The Keys
232(1)
8.12 Mapping Rules for Recursive Relationships
232(2)
8.13
Chapter Summary
234(5)
Chapter 8 Exercises
234(1)
Case Study
235(3)
Bibliography
238(1)
Chapter 9 Ternary and Higher-Order ER Diagrams
239(26)
9.1 Introduction
239(1)
9.2 Binary or Ternary Relationship?
240(3)
9.3 Structural Constraints for Ternary Relationships
243(2)
9.3.1 Many to Many to Many (M1:M2:M3)
243(2)
9.4 An Example of an n-ary Relationship
245(1)
9.5 n-ary Relationships Do Not Preclude Binary Relationships
246(1)
9.6 Methodology and Grammar for the n-ary Relationship
247(5)
9.6.1 A More Exact Grammar
249(1)
9.6.1.1 Pattern 3---M:N, From the M Side, Full Participation
249(1)
9.6.1.2 Pattern 3---k:M, from the k Side, Full Participation (k = 1 or N)
249(1)
9.6.1.3 Pattern 5 (n-ary)--- x:y:z::a:b:c, From the a Side, Full/Partial Participation
250(1)
9.6.2 Grammar in a Partial Participation, Ternary Relationship with an M1:1:M2 Relationship
251(1)
9.7 Ternary Relationships From Relationship-Relationship Situations
252(2)
9.8 n-ary Relationships That May Be Resolved into Binary Relationships
254(5)
9.9 Mapping n-ary Relationships to a Relational Database
259(1)
9.10 Review of the Methodology
260(1)
9.10.1 ER Design Methodology
260(1)
9.11
Chapter Summary
261(4)
Chapter 9 Exercises
262(1)
Bibliography
263(2)
Chapter 10 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model
265(34)
10.1 Introduction
265(1)
10.2 What Is a Generalization or Specialization?
265(2)
10.3 Variants
267(1)
10.4 Examples of Generalizations or Specializations
268(6)
10.5 Methodology and Grammar for Generalization/Specialization Relationships
274(2)
10.6 Mapping Rules for Generalizations and Specializations
276(7)
10.6.1 Mapping Rule 15
277(3)
10.6.2 Mapping Rule 16
280(1)
10.6.3 Mapping Rule 17
281(1)
10.6.4 Mapping Rule 18
282(1)
10.7 Subclasses of Subclasses
283(3)
10.7.1 Mapping Rule 19
285(1)
10.8 Categories or Union Types
286(6)
10.8.1 Participation Ratios in Categories or Union Types
288(3)
10.8.2 Mapping Categories or Union Types When Superclasses Have the Same Primary Keys
291(1)
10.8.3 Mapping Categories or Union Types When Superclasses Have Different Primary Keys
291(1)
10.9 Final ER Design Methodology
292(2)
10.9.1 ER Design Methodology
293(1)
10.10
Chapter Summary
294(5)
Chapter 10 Exercises
294(1)
Case Study
295(3)
Bibliography
298(1)
Chapter 11 Relational Mapping and Reverse Engineering ER/EER Diagrams
299(26)
11.1 Introduction
299(1)
11.2 Steps Used to Map ER/EER Diagrams to Relational Databases
299(7)
11.3 Reverse Engineering
306(16)
11.3.1 Reverse Engineering Rule
1. Develop Strong Entities
307(1)
11.3.2 Reverse Engineering Rule
2. Look for 1:1 and 1:N (1:x) Relationships
308(3)
11.3.3 Reverse Engineering Rule 2a. Check for Attributes of the 1:x Relationship
311(1)
11.3.4 Reverse Engineering Rule
3. Look for Weak Entities and Multivalued Attributes
311(3)
11.3.5 Reverse Engineering Rule 3a. Checking for Weak Entities
314(1)
11.3.6 Reverse Engineering Rule 3b. Checking for Multivalued Attributes
314(2)
11.3.7 Reverse Engineering Rule
4. Check for M:N and n-ary Relationships
316(1)
11.3.8 Reverse Engineering Rule 4a. Check for the Binary Case
316(1)
11.3.9 Reverse Engineering Rule 4b. Check for the n-ary Case
316(2)
11.3.10 Reverse Engineering Rule
5. Check for Generalization/Specialization Relationships
318(1)
11.3.11 Reverse Engineering Rule 5a. Check for Generalization/Specialization Relationships with Disjoint or Overlap Relationships with Total or Partial Participation Constraints
319(1)
11.3.12 Reverse Engineering Rule 5b. Check for Disjoint Generalization/Specialization Relationships with Single-Predicate-Defined Attributes
320(1)
11.3.13 Reverse Engineering Rule 5c. Check for Overlap Generalization/Specialization Relationship with More Than One Flag
321(1)
11.3.14 Reverse Engineering Rule
6. Check for Shared Subclasses
321(1)
11.3.15 Reverse Engineering Rule
7. Check for Categories or Union Types
321(1)
11.4
Chapter Summary
322(3)
Chapter 11 Exercises
323(1)
Bibliography
324(1)
Chapter 12 A Brief Overview of the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
325(16)
12.1 Introduction
325(1)
12.2 A First "Entity-Only" ER Diagram: An Entity with Attributes
326(1)
12.3 Attributes in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
327(2)
12.3.1 Optional versus Mandatory Attributes
327(2)
12.4 Relationships in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
329(1)
12.5 Structural Constraints in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
329(3)
12.6 Dealing with the Concept of the Weak Entity in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
332(1)
12.7 Dealing with the Concept of Multivalued Attributes in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
333(3)
12.8 Treatment of Foreign Keys
336(1)
12.9 Recursive Relationships in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
336(1)
12.10 Mapping M:N Relationships
336(4)
12.11
Chapter Summary
340(1)
Chapter 12 Exercises
340(1)
Bibliography 341(2)
Glossary 343(4)
Index 347
Dr. Sikha Saha Bagui is an associate professor and interim associate chair in the Department of Computer Science at the University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida. She teaches a variety of computer science and database courses, and her research areas of concentration are database design, web databases, data mining and statistical computing. Dr. Bagui has published many journal articles and co-authored several books with Dr. Earp.

Dr. Richard Walsh Earp, Professor Emeritus, is a former chair of and former associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and former dean of the College of Science and Technology at the University of West Florida in Pensacola, Florida. Dr. Earp was also an instructor with Learning Tree International and worked for Computer Sciences Corporation at the Naval Air Station in Pensacola as a database consultant after his retirement from academia. He has co-authored several books with Dr. Bagui.
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