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E-raamat: Dawn Angiosperms: Uncovering the Origin of Flowering Plants

  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Springer Geology
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Aug-2017
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319583259
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Springer Geology
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Aug-2017
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319583259

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This book about fossil plants of prehistoric angiosperms offers the newest research on their origin. It emphasizes the early Cretaceous and Jurassic materials and integrates multiple techniques to study the morphology, anatomy and phylogeny of the fossils.

This book discusses the controversial and conflicting hypotheses on the origin of angiosperms, which was generally assumed to be restricted to the Cretaceous and later ages. Since publishing the first edition of “The Dawn of Angiosperms” in 2010, several important advances have been made in this field of science, namely 1) the discovery of new fossil angiosperms from the Jurassic; 2) European researchers discovering angiosperm-like pollen from the Triassic; and most importantly 3) the discovery of a perfect flower from the Jurassic. All of these findings are at odds with the currently widely accepted evolutionary theories, and thus call upon us to critically reassess botanical theory.

Accordingly, the new edition of this book not only includes more new fossil taxa, but also documents them in greater detail and corrects many commonly held misconceptions. In so doing, it makes related studies and teaching on the early history of angiosperms more realistic, concrete, and tangible, providing concrete fossil evidence as the basis for future research, and helping to distinguish the most accurate botanical hypotheses.

1 Introduction 1(8)
References
4(5)
2 Suggested Angiosperm Ancestors 9(20)
2.1 Gnetales
10(1)
2.2 Gigantopteriales
11(1)
2.3 Glossopteridales
12(2)
2.4 Sanmiguelia
14(1)
2.5 Leptostrobus
14(1)
2.6 Caytonia
15(2)
2.7 Bennettitales
17(1)
2.8 Umkomasia
18(1)
2.9 Problematospermum
19(1)
2.10 Dirhopalostachyaceae
19(1)
2.11 Ktalenia
20(1)
2.12 Pentoxylales
21(1)
2.13 Irania
22(1)
2.14 Summary
22(1)
References
22(7)
3 Angiosperms: Characters and Criteria 29(18)
3.1 Messy Definitions of Angiosperms
29(1)
3.2 Angiospermous Characters
30(8)
3.2.1 Leaf Venation
31(1)
3.2.2 Vessel Elements in the Xylem
32(1)
3.2.3 Closed Carpel, or Enclosed Seed
32(1)
3.2.4 Bitegmic Ovule
33(1)
3.2.5 Double Fertilization
34(1)
3.2.6 Tetrasporangiate Anther
34(1)
3.2.7 Pollen Tube
35(1)
3.2.8 Tectate-Columellate Pollen Grains
36(1)
3.2.9 Developmental Pattern
36(1)
3.2.10 Chemical Species
37(1)
3.3 Criterion for Criteria
38(1)
3.4 Criterion for Fossil Angiosperms
38(3)
References
41(6)
4 Background for the Plant Fossils 47(14)
4.1 Stratigraphy
47(5)
4.2 Faunas
52(2)
4.2.1 The Jiulongshan Fauna
52(1)
4.2.2 The Yixian Fauna
53(1)
4.3 Floras
54(1)
4.3.1 The Jiulongshan Flora
54(1)
4.3.2 The Yixian Flora
54(1)
References
54(7)
5 Flowers from the Early Cretaceous 61(90)
5.1 Chaoyangia
62(29)
5.1.1 Previous Studies
62(1)
5.1.2 Misunderstanding and Clarification
63(3)
5.1.3 New Information
66(13)
5.1.4 Emended Diagnosis
79(1)
5.1.5 Description
79(2)
5.1.6 Development
81(1)
5.1.7 Pollination
82(1)
5.1.8 Additional Points
82(1)
5.1.9 Affinity
83(7)
5.1.10 Problems Unsolved
90(1)
5.2 Archaefructus
91(8)
5.2.1 Archaefructus, a Great Discovery
91(3)
5.2.2 Controversies over Archaefructus
94(3)
5.2.3 Diagnosis After Emendation
97(1)
5.2.4 Ecology of Archaefructus
97(1)
5.2.5 The Discovery of Archaefructus
98(1)
5.3 Sinocarpus
99(2)
5.4 Callianthus
101(21)
5.4.1 Previous Studies
101(1)
5.4.2 Misunderstanding and Clarification
101(1)
5.4.3 New Information
101(6)
5.4.4 Diagnosis
107(1)
5.4.5 Description
107(9)
5.4.6 Development
116(2)
5.4.7 Pollination and Dispersal
118(1)
5.4.8 Affinity
118(4)
5.5 Liaoningfructus
122(3)
5.5.1 General Background
122(1)
5.5.2 Generic Diagnosis
122(1)
5.5.3 Liaoningfructus ascidiatus
122(2)
5.5.4 Discussions
124(1)
5.6 Baicarpus
125(10)
5.6.1 Diagnosis
127(1)
5.6.2 Baicarpus huangbanjigouensis
127(2)
5.6.3 Baicarpus gracilis
129(1)
5.6.4 Baicarpus robusta
130(1)
5.6.5 General Remarks
131(1)
5.6.6 Affinity
132(1)
5.6.7 Comparisons
133(1)
5.6.8 Implications on Style Evolution
134(1)
5.7 Nothodichocarpum
135(8)
5.7.1 Generic Diagnosis
135(1)
5.7.2 Nothodichocarpum lingyuanensis
135(3)
5.7.3 Remarks
138(1)
5.7.4 Affinity and Comparison
138(3)
5.7.5 Implications on Flower Forming
141(1)
5.7.6 Development
142(1)
5.7.7 Summary
143(1)
References
143(8)
6 Flower-Related Fossils from the Jurassic 151(108)
6.1 Schmeissneria
151(34)
6.1.1 Previous Studies
151(3)
6.1.2 Misunderstandings and Clarifications
154(3)
6.1.3 New Information
157(6)
6.1.4 Emended Diagnosis
163(1)
6.1.5 Description
164(15)
6.1.6 Development
179(2)
6.1.7 Pollination
181(1)
6.1.8 Fruit Dispersal
181(1)
6.1.9 Affinity
182(2)
6.1.10 Ecology and Environment
184(1)
6.1.11 Comparison with Other Relatives
184(1)
6.1.12 Summary
184(1)
6.2 Xingxueanthus
185(17)
6.2.1 Background
185(1)
6.2.2 Features of the Plant
185(11)
6.2.3 Description
196(2)
6.2.4 Affinity
198(2)
6.2.5 Evolutionary Implications
200(1)
6.2.6 Problems Unsolved
201(1)
6.2.7 Summary
201(1)
6.3 Solaranthus
202(19)
6.3.1 Possibly Related Previous Studies
202(1)
6.3.2 New Information and Implications
203(3)
6.3.3 Diagnosis and Description
206(6)
6.3.4 Affinity
212(5)
6.3.5 Implications for the Origin of Angiosperms
217(4)
6.4 Euanthus
221(9)
6.4.1 Generic Diagnosis
221(1)
6.4.2 Euanthus panii
221(6)
6.4.3 Discussions
227(3)
6.5 Yuhania
230(9)
6.5.1 Generic Diagnosis
230(1)
6.5.2 Yuhania daohugouensis
231(4)
6.5.3 Remarks
235(1)
6.5.4 Consistent Criterion for Angiosperm Recognition
235(1)
6.5.5 Female Parts and Implications
235(1)
6.5.6 Position of Ovule
236(1)
6.5.7 Jurassic Monocot?
236(2)
6.5.8 Leaf Structure and Habitat
238(1)
6.5.9 Origin of Angiosperms
238(1)
6.5.10 Conclusion
239(1)
6.6 Juraherba
239(10)
6.6.1 Description
240(5)
6.6.2 Discussions
245(4)
6.7 General Summary
249(1)
References
250(9)
7 Fossil Plants Possibly Related to Angiosperms 259(34)
7.1 Taxon A
259(3)
7.1.1 Diagnosis
259(3)
7.2 Pseudoephedra
262(8)
7.2.1 Pseudoephedra
263(1)
7.2.2 Pseudoephedra paradoxa
263(4)
7.2.3 Discussions
267(3)
7.2.4 Conclusions
270(1)
7.3 Problematospermum
270(9)
7.3.1 Problematospermum
271(1)
7.3.2 Problematospermum ovale
271(5)
7.3.3 Nomenclature and Structure
276(1)
7.3.4 Developmental Series
277(1)
7.3.5 Phylogenetic Relationships
277(2)
7.4 Nubilora
279(9)
7.4.1 Introduction
279(1)
7.4.2 Geological Background
279(1)
7.4.3 Nubilora
280(1)
7.4.4 Nubilora triassica gen. et sp. nov.
281(3)
7.4.5 Discussions
284(4)
References
288(5)
8 The Making of Flowers 293(82)
8.1 Major Events in the History of Plants
293(13)
8.1.1 Before the Landing
293(1)
8.1.2 The Landing
294(1)
8.1.3 After Landing
295(1)
8.1.4 Sexual Reproductive Cycle (SRC)
295(2)
8.1.5 Generation Alternation
297(1)
8.1.6 Sexual Modes
297(1)
8.1.7 Tissue Differentiation
298(1)
8.1.8 Organ Differentiation
298(2)
8.1.9 Leaf
300(1)
8.1.10 Heterospory
300(1)
8.1.11 Endospory
301(1)
8.1.12 Ovule
301(1)
8.1.13 Diverted Development
302(1)
8.1.14 Outer Integument
302(1)
8.1.15 Angio-Ovuly
303(1)
8.1.16 Vivipary
304(1)
8.1.17 Angio-Carpy
304(1)
8.1.18 Differentiation of Flowers in Inflorescence
304(2)
8.1.19 Stamens
306(1)
8.2 Basic Units of Reproductive Organs in Land Plants
306(22)
8.2.1 Early Land Plants
307(1)
8.2.2 Sphenopsida
307(1)
8.2.3 Lycophytales
308(2)
8.2.4 Ferns
310(1)
8.2.5 Archaeopteridales and Aneurophytales
311(1)
8.2.6 Cycadales
311(3)
8.2.7 Ginkgoales
314(2)
8.2.8 Cordaitales
316(2)
8.2.9 Coniferales
318(2)
8.2.10 Palissya
320(1)
8.2.11 Gnetales
321(1)
8.2.12 Caytoniales
321(1)
8.2.13 Peltaspermales
322(1)
8.2.14 Glossopteridales
322(1)
8.2.15 Bennettitales
322(1)
8.2.16 Pentoxylales
323(1)
8.2.17 Vojnovskales
323(1)
8.2.18 Caryophyllales
324(1)
8.2.19 Myrtaceae
324(1)
8.2.20 Actinidiaceae
325(1)
8.2.21 Amborella
325(1)
8.2.22 Magnoliaceae
325(1)
8.2.23 Brassicaeae
325(1)
8.2.24 Solanaceae
326(1)
8.2.25 Basellaceae
327(1)
8.3 Definition of a Carpel
328(8)
8.3.1 Defining a Carpel
328(1)
8.3.2 Converging on a New Definition
329(4)
8.3.3 Derivation of the Carpel
333(3)
8.4 Placenta
336(2)
8.4.1 Isolation of Placenta from Carpel Wall
336(2)
8.5 Origin of Placenta
338(4)
8.6 Spatial Relationship Between Ovule and Adjacent Parts in Gymnosperms
342(1)
8.7 Enclosing Ovules
343(4)
8.7.1 Spatial Relationship and Ways of Ovule-Enclosing in Angiosperms
343(3)
8.7.2 Parts Involving in Ovule-Enclosing
346(1)
8.8 Flower
347(1)
8.9 Favoring Evidence
348(2)
8.9.1 Extant Plants
348(1)
8.9.2 Fossil Plants
349(1)
8.10 Angiosperm Prototype and Its Relationship to Other Seed Plants
350(3)
8.11 Merits of the Unifying Theory
353(5)
8.11.1 Simplicity and Directness
353(1)
8.11.2 Support from Various Fields
353(1)
8.11.3 Difficulties Negotiated
354(3)
8.11.4 Wide Applicable Range
357(1)
8.11.5 Settling Controversies
357(1)
8.11.6 Goal to Reach
357(1)
8.12 General Regularities in Seed Plant Evolution
358(2)
8.12.1 Enclosure and Aggregation
358(1)
8.12.2 Differentiation, Overgrowth and Reduction
359(1)
8.12.3 Sterilization and Neofunctionalization
359(1)
8.12.4 Connation and Adnation
359(1)
8.12.5 Diverted Development
359(1)
8.12.6 Better Conditioning the Growth of Offsprings
360(1)
8.13 Problems Unsolved
360(1)
8.13.1 From Unisexual to Bisexual
360(1)
8.13.2 Boundary Between Gymnosperms and Angiospermae
361(1)
8.13.3 Prediction and Test
361(1)
8.14 Implications for Seed Plant Phylogeny
361(1)
8.15 Evolutionary Roadmap of Plants
362(1)
8.16 Disadvantages of the Classical Theories
362(4)
References
366(9)
9 General Conclusions 375(10)
9.1 Origins and Ancestors of Angiosperms
375(3)
9.1.1 Time of Origin
375(1)
9.1.2 Location and Habitat of Early Angiosperms
376(1)
9.1.3 Ancestors
377(1)
9.2 Monophyly or Polyphyly
378(1)
9.3 Animals and Plants
378(1)
9.4 Road to Success
379(1)
9.5 The Idiosyncrasy of Angiospermae or a Grade of Evolution?
380(1)
9.6 Digging Deeper
380(1)
References
381(4)
10 Appendix 385(20)
10.1 List of Morphological Characters Used for Cladistic Analysis
385(5)
10.2 Morphological Matrix
390(3)
10.3 List of Fauna Elements
393(5)
10.3.1 The Jiulongshan Fauna
393(2)
10.3.2 The Yixian Fauna
395(3)
10.4 List of Flora Elements
398(2)
10.4.1 The Jiulongshan Flora
398(1)
10.4.2 The Yixian Flora
399(1)
10.5 Morphological Matrix for Seed Plant Cladistics
400(1)
References
401(4)
Index 405