1 Introduction |
|
1 | (8) |
|
|
4 | (5) |
2 Suggested Angiosperm Ancestors |
|
9 | (20) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2.10 Dirhopalostachyaceae |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (7) |
3 Angiosperms: Characters and Criteria |
|
29 | (18) |
|
3.1 Messy Definitions of Angiosperms |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
3.2 Angiospermous Characters |
|
|
30 | (8) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Vessel Elements in the Xylem |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
3.2.3 Closed Carpel, or Enclosed Seed |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
3.2.5 Double Fertilization |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
3.2.6 Tetrasporangiate Anther |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
3.2.8 Tectate-Columellate Pollen Grains |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
3.2.9 Developmental Pattern |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
3.3 Criterion for Criteria |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
3.4 Criterion for Fossil Angiosperms |
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
|
41 | (6) |
4 Background for the Plant Fossils |
|
47 | (14) |
|
|
47 | (5) |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
4.2.1 The Jiulongshan Fauna |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
4.3.1 The Jiulongshan Flora |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (7) |
5 Flowers from the Early Cretaceous |
|
61 | (90) |
|
|
62 | (29) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
5.1.2 Misunderstanding and Clarification |
|
|
63 | (3) |
|
|
66 | (13) |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
83 | (7) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (8) |
|
5.2.1 Archaefructus, a Great Discovery |
|
|
91 | (3) |
|
5.2.2 Controversies over Archaefructus |
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
5.2.3 Diagnosis After Emendation |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
5.2.4 Ecology of Archaefructus |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
5.2.5 The Discovery of Archaefructus |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
|
101 | (21) |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
5.4.2 Misunderstanding and Clarification |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
101 | (6) |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
107 | (9) |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
5.4.7 Pollination and Dispersal |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
118 | (4) |
|
|
122 | (3) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
5.5.3 Liaoningfructus ascidiatus |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (10) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
5.6.2 Baicarpus huangbanjigouensis |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
5.6.8 Implications on Style Evolution |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (8) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
5.7.2 Nothodichocarpum lingyuanensis |
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
5.7.4 Affinity and Comparison |
|
|
138 | (3) |
|
5.7.5 Implications on Flower Forming |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (8) |
6 Flower-Related Fossils from the Jurassic |
|
151 | (108) |
|
|
151 | (34) |
|
|
151 | (3) |
|
6.1.2 Misunderstandings and Clarifications |
|
|
154 | (3) |
|
|
157 | (6) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
164 | (15) |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
6.1.10 Ecology and Environment |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
6.1.11 Comparison with Other Relatives |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (17) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Features of the Plant |
|
|
185 | (11) |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
6.2.5 Evolutionary Implications |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (19) |
|
6.3.1 Possibly Related Previous Studies |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
6.3.2 New Information and Implications |
|
|
203 | (3) |
|
6.3.3 Diagnosis and Description |
|
|
206 | (6) |
|
|
212 | (5) |
|
6.3.5 Implications for the Origin of Angiosperms |
|
|
217 | (4) |
|
|
221 | (9) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (6) |
|
|
227 | (3) |
|
|
230 | (9) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
6.5.2 Yuhania daohugouensis |
|
|
231 | (4) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
6.5.4 Consistent Criterion for Angiosperm Recognition |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
6.5.5 Female Parts and Implications |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
6.5.8 Leaf Structure and Habitat |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
6.5.9 Origin of Angiosperms |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (10) |
|
|
240 | (5) |
|
|
245 | (4) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (9) |
7 Fossil Plants Possibly Related to Angiosperms |
|
259 | (34) |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
|
262 | (8) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Pseudoephedra paradoxa |
|
|
263 | (4) |
|
|
267 | (3) |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (9) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
7.3.2 Problematospermum ovale |
|
|
271 | (5) |
|
7.3.3 Nomenclature and Structure |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
7.3.4 Developmental Series |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
7.3.5 Phylogenetic Relationships |
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
|
279 | (9) |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
7.4.2 Geological Background |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
7.4.4 Nubilora triassica gen. et sp. nov. |
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
|
284 | (4) |
|
|
288 | (5) |
8 The Making of Flowers |
|
293 | (82) |
|
8.1 Major Events in the History of Plants |
|
|
293 | (13) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
8.1.4 Sexual Reproductive Cycle (SRC) |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
8.1.5 Generation Alternation |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
8.1.7 Tissue Differentiation |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
8.1.8 Organ Differentiation |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
8.1.13 Diverted Development |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
8.1.18 Differentiation of Flowers in Inflorescence |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
8.2 Basic Units of Reproductive Organs in Land Plants |
|
|
306 | (22) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
8.2.5 Archaeopteridales and Aneurophytales |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
8.3 Definition of a Carpel |
|
|
328 | (8) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
8.3.2 Converging on a New Definition |
|
|
329 | (4) |
|
8.3.3 Derivation of the Carpel |
|
|
333 | (3) |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
8.4.1 Isolation of Placenta from Carpel Wall |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
338 | (4) |
|
8.6 Spatial Relationship Between Ovule and Adjacent Parts in Gymnosperms |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
8.7.1 Spatial Relationship and Ways of Ovule-Enclosing in Angiosperms |
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
8.7.2 Parts Involving in Ovule-Enclosing |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
8.10 Angiosperm Prototype and Its Relationship to Other Seed Plants |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
8.11 Merits of the Unifying Theory |
|
|
353 | (5) |
|
8.11.1 Simplicity and Directness |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
8.11.2 Support from Various Fields |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
8.11.3 Difficulties Negotiated |
|
|
354 | (3) |
|
8.11.4 Wide Applicable Range |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
8.11.5 Settling Controversies |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
8.12 General Regularities in Seed Plant Evolution |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
8.12.1 Enclosure and Aggregation |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
8.12.2 Differentiation, Overgrowth and Reduction |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
8.12.3 Sterilization and Neofunctionalization |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
8.12.4 Connation and Adnation |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
8.12.5 Diverted Development |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
8.12.6 Better Conditioning the Growth of Offsprings |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
8.13.1 From Unisexual to Bisexual |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
8.13.2 Boundary Between Gymnosperms and Angiospermae |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
8.13.3 Prediction and Test |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
8.14 Implications for Seed Plant Phylogeny |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
8.15 Evolutionary Roadmap of Plants |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
8.16 Disadvantages of the Classical Theories |
|
|
362 | (4) |
|
|
366 | (9) |
9 General Conclusions |
|
375 | (10) |
|
9.1 Origins and Ancestors of Angiosperms |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
9.1.2 Location and Habitat of Early Angiosperms |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
9.2 Monophyly or Polyphyly |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
9.5 The Idiosyncrasy of Angiospermae or a Grade of Evolution? |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (4) |
10 Appendix |
|
385 | (20) |
|
10.1 List of Morphological Characters Used for Cladistic Analysis |
|
|
385 | (5) |
|
10.2 Morphological Matrix |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
10.3 List of Fauna Elements |
|
|
393 | (5) |
|
10.3.1 The Jiulongshan Fauna |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
10.4 List of Flora Elements |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
10.4.1 The Jiulongshan Flora |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
10.5 Morphological Matrix for Seed Plant Cladistics |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (4) |
Index |
|
405 | |