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E-raamat: Decommissioning Health Physics: A Handbook for MARSSIM Users, Second Edition

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(ORISE, Tennessee, USA)
  • Formaat: 696 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Oct-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466510548
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Decommissioning Health Physics: A Handbook for MARSSIM Users, Second EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 696 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Oct-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466510548
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"Preface This book is intended to serve as a valuable resource for decommissioning professionals, particularly those charged with planning and implementing radiological surveys in support of decommissioning. The book equips the reader with proven strategies for demonstrating to regulators and the stakeholder community that contaminated sites can be released for other beneficial uses. This goal is achieved through detailed derivations and discussion of technical bases, and illustrated through real-world examples. The book articulates clearly the technical issues that arise during decommissioning projects--including the application of statistics for survey design and data reduction, selection of survey instrumentation and detection sensitivity, final status survey procedures, and dose modeling to translate release criteria to measurable quantities--and presents solutions for navigating the complexity inherent in designing and implementing MARSSIM and MARSAME surveys. Case studies and worked examples are used extensively to clarify the technical concepts presented. Examples and problems are provided in many of the chapters, and detailed solutions are furnished in the appendix. Finally, the specific survey issues related to uranium, thorium, power reactor, and university/research facilities are discussed in detail, and include effective strategies for streamlining final status surveys. This second edition of Decommissioning Health Physics is an extensive revision of the first edition. Significant changes in this new edition include the following: - Chapter 3 on characterization was extensively revised to reflect the recent guidance in ANSI N13.59 on the use of DQOs for planning surveys"--Provided by publisher.

Experienced Guidance on the Technical Issues of Decommissioning Projects
Written by one of the original MARSSIM authors, Decommissioning Health Physics: A Handbook for MARSSIM Users, Second Edition is the only book to incorporate all of the requisite technical aspects of planning and executing radiological surveys in support of decommissioning. Extensively revised and updated, it covers survey instrumentation, detection sensitivity, statistics, dose modeling, survey procedures, and release criteria.

New to the Second Edition

  • Chapter on hot spot assessment that recognizes appropriate dosimetric significance of hot spots when designing surveys and includes a new approach for establishing hot spot limits
  • Chapter on the clearance or release of materials, highlighting aspects of the MARSAME manual
  • Revised chapter on characterization survey design to reflect guidance in ANSI N13.59 on the value of data quality objectives (DQOs)
  • Updated regulations and guidance documents throughout
  • Updated survey instrumentation used to support decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) surveys, including expanded coverage of in situ gamma spectrometers
  • Revised statistics chapter that includes an introduction to Bayesian statistics and additional double sampling and ranked set sampling statistical approaches
  • More case studies and examples throughout

Implement the Surveys Effectively and Avoid Common Pitfalls
With more than 20 years of experience as a practitioner in the decommissioning survey field, author Eric W. Abelquist prepares you for the technical challenges associated with planning and executing MARSSIM surveys. He discusses the application of statistics for survey design and data reduction and addresses the selection of survey instrumentation and detection sensitivity. He presents final status survey procedures and covers pathway modeling to translate release criteria to measurable quantities. He also offers solutions for navigating the complexity inherent in designing and implementing MARSSIM and MARSAME surveys. Detailed derivations, thorough discussions of technical bases, and real-world examples and case studies illustrate effective strategies for demonstrating to regulators and stakeholders that contaminated sites can be released for other beneficial uses.

Arvustused

"This layout makes the book useful for those with less experience at implementing the MARSS1M process and allows those with more experience to go directly to individual chapters to review specific information As with the first edition, this book is a valuable addition to the MARSSIM practitioner's libraryI recommend this book for all who are involved in the decommissioning process." James Reese in Health Physics

"This book is the most complete treatment of the topic Ive seenincluding chapters on virtually every aspect of MARSSIM as well as problems to solve and worked-out solutions for many of them in the back (making it a great textbook on the topic for anyone teaching a graduate class or short course on the topic). Its also a great reference since the chapters include equations, reference tables and plots, and a nice selection of case studies and examples. The second edition is not only updated to reflect the latest and greatest guidance, it also includes some new material. a tremendously useful book to have on your shelf. If you are actively involved in characterizing or remediating sites, I dare say its essential. But even if youre not engaged in this sort of work, its worth adding to your library for the chapters on counting and sampling statistics, for the discussion of developing survey plans, for the material on instruments, and for much more. Throughout, the writing is clear and easy to follow, and Eric does a great job of explaining concepts that are often not intuitive. Im glad to have it on my bookshelf, and I anticipate using it as a professional reference as well as for teaching in coming years." Health Physics News

Preface, xix
Acknowledgments, xxi
Author, xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction: Current Issues In Decommissioning And MARSSIM Overview 1(10)
1.1 Decommissioning Overview
2(2)
1.2 MARSSIM Overview
4(4)
1.3 Clearance Of Materials Overview
8(2)
Questions
10(1)
Suggested Reading
10(1)
Chapter 2 Decommissioning Project Overview And Regulatory Agency Interface 11(30)
2.1 Decommissioning Options
11(5)
2.2 Decommissioning Project Phases
16(2)
2.3 Radiological Surveys Performed During Decommissioning
18(3)
2.4 Regulatory Agency Interface When Designing MARSSIM Surveys
21(17)
2.4.1 NRC Standard Review Plans
22(3)
2.4.2 Verification Process
25(6)
2.4.2.1 Review Of Decommissioning Documentation
27(2)
2.4.2.2 Confirmatory Analysis Of Laboratory Samples
29(1)
2.4.2.3 IV Survey Activities
30(1)
2.4.3 Verification Program Experiences And Lessons Learned
31(7)
Questions
38(1)
Suggested Reading
39(2)
Chapter 3 Characterization Surveys And The DQO Process 41(26)
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 DQOS Process And Application To Characterization
42(10)
3.2.1 EPA's Dqos Process
43(2)
3.2.2 Example Application Of DQO Process: Use Default Or Site-Specific DCGL?
45(2)
3.2.3 Example Application Of DQO Process: Waste Disposal Characterization
47(5)
3.3 Decommissioning Objectives Of Characterization: Data Needed To Make Decisions
52(2)
3.4 Characterization Survey Design And Considerations
54(3)
3.5 Characterization Survey Activities
57(6)
3.5.1 Structure Surveys
58(1)
3.5.2 Land Area Surveys
59(2)
3.5.3 Other Measurements/sampling Locations
61(1)
3.5.4 Data Quality Assessment For Characterization
62(1)
3.6 Characterization Survey Results To Support MARSSIM FSS Design
63(2)
Questions And Problems
65(2)
Chapter 4 Guidelines And Dose-Based Release Criteria 67(18)
4.1 Historic Release Criteria And Guidance Documents
69(6)
4.2 Dose-Based Release Criteria And NRC's Decommissioning Rulemaking
75(8)
4.3 Clearance Of Materials And ANSI N13.12
83(1)
Questions And Problems
83(1)
Suggested Reading
84(1)
Chapter 5 Exposure Pathway Modeling: DCGLs And Hazard Assessments 85(50)
5.1 Screening Versus Site-Specific: When Is It Time To Go Beyond The Screening DCGLS?
87(2)
5.2 Exposure Pathway Modeling: Scenarios, Pathways, And Parameters
89(8)
5.2.1 NRC's Policy And Guidance Directive PG-8-08
90(2)
5.2.2 NUREG/CR-5512 And NUREG-1549
92(3)
5.2.3 Pathway Modeling Parameters
95(2)
5.3 Modeling Codes
97(6)
5.3.1 RESRAD And RESRAD-BUILD Models
98(2)
5.3.2 DandD Model
100(3)
5.4 Determination Of DCGLS And Area Factors
103(15)
5.4.1 Dose Modeling To Obtain DCGLS
103(11)
5.4.1.1 DCGLS Using The Dandd Model
104(6)
5.4.1.2 DCGLS Using The RESRAD-BUILD Model
110(1)
5.4.1.3 DCGLS Using The RESRAD Model
111(3)
5.4.2 Modeling To Obtain Area Factors
114(4)
5.5 Hazard Assessments: An Early Application Of Dose-Based Release Criteria?
118(15)
5.5.1 Hazard Assessment For Contaminated Roof Panels At Uranium Site
119(9)
5.5.1.1 Dose To Building Employee
121(1)
5.5.1:2 Dose To Demolition Worker
122(6)
5.5.2 Hazard Assessment For Contaminated Underground Pipes At Sealed Source Facility
128(10)
5.5.2.1 Inhalation Dose
130(1)
5.5.2.2 Ingestion Dose
131(1)
5.5.2.3 External Radiation Dose
132(1)
Questions And Problems
133(2)
Chapter 6 Preliminary Survey Design Concerns And Application Of DCGLS 135(26)
6.1 Direct Application Of DCGLS
136(2)
6.2 Use Of DCGLS For Sites With Multiple Radionuclides
138(20)
6.2.1 Use Of Surrogate Measurements
141(11)
6.2.1.1 Surrogates For Soil Concentrations
141(8)
6.2.1.2 Surrogates For Surface Activity
149(2)
6.2.1.3 Surrogates For Exposure Rate
151(1)
6.2.2 Gross Activity DCGLS For Surface Activity
152(4)
6.2.3 Use Of The Unity Rule
156(2)
Questions And Problems
158(3)
Chapter 7 Background Determination And Background Reference Areas 161(20)
7.1 Background Reference Areas And Related Considerations
162(3)
7.2 Surface Material Backgrounds
165(2)
7.3 Scenario B Survey Design: Indistinguishable From The Background
167(7)
7.4 Scenario A Versus Scenario B FSS Designs
174(5)
Questions And Problems
179(2)
Chapter 8 Survey Instrumentation Selection And Calibration 181(42)
8.1 Calibration For Surface Activity Measurement Instruments
182(2)
8.2 Overview Of Survey Instrumentation And Philosophy Of Instrument Selection
184(3)
8.3 Survey Instrumentation For Surface Activity Measurements And Scanning
187(21)
8.3.1 Overview Of Field Survey Instruments
187(2)
8.3.2 Conventional Survey Instrument Types
189(7)
8.3.2.1 ZnS Detector: Alpha Measurements
189(1)
8.3.2.2 GM Detector: Beta Measurements
190(1)
8.3.2.3 Plastic Detector: Beta And Gamma Measurements
191(1)
8.3.2.4 Dual Phosphor Detectors: Alpha And Beta Measurements
192(1)
8.3.2.5 Gas Proportional Detector: Alpha Or Beta Measurements
193(2)
8.3.2.6 NaI Scintillation Detectors: Gamma Radiation
195(1)
8.3.3 Advanced Survey Instrument Types
196(9)
8.3.3.1 In Situ Gamma Spectrometers: Gamma Radiation Measurements
197(6)
8.3.3.2 Automated Scanning And Measurement Systems
203(2)
8.3.4 Environmental Effects On Survey Instrument Operation
205(3)
8.4 Determination Of Instrument Efficiency For Surface Activity Measurements
208(7)
8.5 Survey Instrumentation For Exposure Rate Measurements
215(3)
8.5.1 Pressurized Ionization Chambers
216(1)
8.5.2 Micro-R And Micro-Rem Meters
216(2)
8.6 Laboratory Instrumentation
218(2)
Questions And Problems
220(3)
Chapter 9 Detection Sensitivity: Static And Scan MDCs 223(58)
9.1 Critical Level And Detection Limit
224(12)
9.2 Static MDC
236(3)
9.3 Scan MDC
239(38)
9.3.1 Signal Detection Theory For Scanning
239(2)
9.3.2 Decision Processes Of The Surveyor (Human Factors)
241(3)
9.3.3 Scan MDCs For Structure Surfaces
244(11)
9.3.3.1 Scan MDCs On Structure Surfaces For Alpha Radiation
245(5)
9.3.3.2 Scan MDCs On Structure Surfaces For Beta Radiation
250(5)
9.3.4 Scan MDCs For Land Areas
255(11)
9.3.5 Scan MDCs For Multiple Contaminants For Structure Surfaces And Land Areas
266(8)
9.3.6 Empirically Determined Scan MDCs
274(3)
Questions And Problems
277(4)
Chapter 10 Survey Procedures And Measurement Data Interpretation 281(24)
10.1 Surface-Activity Measurements
282(12)
10.1.1 Surface Efficiency (epsilons)
283(7)
10.1.2 Building Material-Specific Backgrounds
290(4)
10.2 Scanning Building Surfaces And Land Areas
294(4)
10.3 Gamma Spectrometry Analyses For Soil
298(5)
10.3.1 Calibration Standards And Geometries For Soil Analyses
298(1)
10.3.2 Interpreting Gamma Spectrometry Data
299(4)
Questions And Problems
303(2)
Chapter 11 Radiological Hot-Spot Survey Considerations 305(50)
11.1 Introduction: Current Hot-Spot Approach
305(1)
11.2 Hot-Spot Limits In Soil
306(29)
11.2.1 External Radiation Pathway
309(10)
11.2.1.1 RESRAD Calculation Of Area Factor
309(1)
11.2.1.2 Microshield Calculation Of Area Factor
310(1)
11.2.1.3 Receptor Located Some Distance From The Hot Spot
311(1)
11.2.1.4 A Realistic Hot-Spot Dose Assessment
312(3)
11.2.1.5 External Radiation Pathway Results
315(4)
11.2.2 Inhalation Exposure To Resuspended Soil Pathway
319(11)
11.2.2.1 RESRAD Area Factor Approach For Inhalation Exposure Pathway
319(4)
11.2.2.2 Calculation Of Inhalation Pathway Dose Based On First Principles
323(1)
11.2.2.3 Proposal To More Realistically Assess Hot-Spot Dose
324(2)
11.2.2.4 Inhalation Pathway Results
326(3)
11.2.2.5 Inhalation Pathway Conclusions
329(1)
11.2.3 Ingestion-Based Environmental Pathways
330(4)
11.2.3.1 Direction Ingestion Of Soil
330(1)
11.2.3.2 Ingestion Of Drinking Water
331(1)
11.2.3.3 Ingestion Of Plant Products Grown In Contaminated Soil
332(1)
11.2.3.4 Ingestion-Based Pathway Conclusions
333(1)
11.2.4 Conclusion: Hot-Spot Limits In Soil
334(1)
11.3 Hot-Spot Limits On Building Surfaces
335(8)
11.3.1 External Radiation Pathway
335(5)
11.3.1.1 RESRAD-BUILD Area Factor Approach For External Radiation Pathway
336(1)
11.3.1.2 Microshield Area Factor Calculation
337(1)
11.3.1.3 Receptor Location 1 m Distance From The Hot Spot
337(2)
11.3.1.4 External Radiation Pathway Conclusions
339(1)
11.3.2 Inhalation Pathway
340(1)
11.3.3 Ingestion Pathway
341(2)
11.3.4 Conclusion: Hot-Spot Limits On Building Surfaces
343(1)
11.4 Bayesian Statistical Approach To Assess Hot Spots
343(10)
11.4.1 Bayesian Statistical Approach
345(2)
11.4.2 Bayesian Hot-Spot Assessment Using Robust t Distribution
347(4)
11.4.3 Demonstrating Compliance With The Hot-Spot Limits
351(1)
11.4.4 Conclusions For Bayesian Statistical Approach
352(1)
Questions And Problems
353(2)
Chapter 12 Statistics And Hypothesis Testing 355(28)
12.1 Basic Population Statistics And Confidence Interval Testing
356(4)
12.1.1 Basic Statistics
356(3)
12.1.2 Confidence Interval Testing.
359(1)
12.2 Data Distributions
360(7)
12.2.1 Binomial Distribution
360(3)
12.2.2 Poisson Distribution
363(1)
12.2.3 Normal Distribution
364(2)
12.2.4 Student's t Distribution
366(1)
12.3 Hypothesis Testing
367(9)
12.3.1 Hypothesis Testing Fundamentals And Examples
368(5)
12.3.2 Chi-Square Test: A Hypothesis Test For Evaluating Instrument Performance
373(3)
12.4 Bayesian Statistics
376(5)
Questions And Problems
381(1)
Suggested Reading
382(1)
Chapter 13 MARSSIM Final Survey Design And Strategies 383(76)
13.1 FSS Protocols Prior To MARSSIM
384(8)
13.1.1 NUREG/CR-2082 Guidance
384(3)
13.1.2 NUREG/CR-5849 Guidance
387(5)
13.2 Overview Of MARSSIM Survey Design
392(17)
13.2.1 Sign Test Example: Co-60 In, Soil
393(9)
13.2.1.1 Derived Concentration Guideline Levels
393(1)
13.2.1.2 Sign Test: Determining Numbers Of Data Points
394(4)
13.2.1.3 Determining Data Points For Areas Of Elevated Activity
398(4)
13.2.2 WRS Test Example: Uranium And Thorium In Soil
402(7)
13.2.2.1 Derived Concentration Guideline Levels
403(1)
13.2.2.2 WRS Test: Determining Numbers Of Data Points
403(4)
13.2.2.3 Determining Data Points For Areas Of Elevated Activity
407(2)
13.3 Surface-Activity Measurements: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test Or Sign Test?
409(11)
13.3.1 Surface-Activity Measurements
410(1)
13.3.2 WRS Test For Surface-Activity Assessment
411(2)
13.3.3 Sign Test For Surface-Activity Assessment
413(6)
13.3.4 Simulation Study Conceptual Design
419(1)
13.4 Comparison Of MARSSIM And NUREG/CR-5849 FSSS For Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning Projects
420(5)
13.5 Annotated MARSSIM Examples
425(18)
13.5.1 Example 1: Class 1 Interior Survey Unit
425(4)
13.5.1.1 Survey Instrumentation
426(1)
13.5.1.2 WRS Test Sample Size Determination
427(2)
13.5.2 Example 2: Class 2 Interior Survey Unit
429(4)
13.5.2.1 Gross DCGLS
429(1)
13.5.2.2 Survey Instrumentation
430(1)
13.5.2.3 Sign Test Sample Size Determination
431(2)
13.5.3 Example 3: Class 1 Exterior Survey Unit
433(3)
13.5.3.1 Modified DCGL
434(1)
13.5.3.2 Sign Test Sample Size Determination
434(2)
13.5.4 Example 4: Class 1 Interior Survey Unit With Multiple Contaminants
436(24)
13.5.4.1 Gross Activity DCGLS And Area Factors
436(2)
13.5.4.2 Instrumentation, Static MDC, And Scan MDC
438(2)
13.5.4.3 Sample Size Determination
440(3)
13.6 MARSSIM FSS Design Strategies: Understanding The Power Curve
443(9)
13.7 Ranked Set Sampling
452(3)
Questions And Problems
455(4)
Chapter 14 MARSSIM Data Reduction 459(20)
14.1 Data Quality Assessment For The Sign Test For Co-60 In Soil
460(9)
14.1.1 Review Of The Dq0s
460(2)
14.1.2 Preliminary Data Review
462(2)
14.1.3 Selection Of Statistical Test
464(1)
14.1.4 Verification Of Statistical Test Assumptions
464(1)
14.1.5 Perform Statistical Test And Draw Conclusions From The Data
465(4)
14.2 Data Quality Assessment For The WRS Test For Uranium And Thorium In Soil
469(4)
14.3 What If The Survey Unit Fails?
473(4)
14.3.1 Why Survey Units Fail
473(1)
14.3.2 Double Sampling
474(3)
Questions And Problems
477(2)
Chapter 15 Clearance Of Materials 479(46)
15.1 Clearance: A Controversial History
480(2)
15.2 MARSAME And DQOS For The Release Of Materials
482(2)
15.3 Release Criteria, Process Knowledge, And Other Survey Design Considerations
484(15)
15.3.1 Solid Material Description And Survey Units
487(4)
15.3.2 Process Knowledge
491(1)
15.3.3 Inaccessible Areas
492(2)
15.3.4 Nature Of Contamination
494(1)
15.3.5 Material Classification
494(3)
15.3.5.1 Class 1 Solid Materials
496(1)
15.3.5.2 Class 2 Solid Materials
496(1)
15.3.5.3 Class 3 Solid Materials
497(1)
15.3.6 Application Of Release Guidelines
497(2)
15.4 Detection Limits For Material Release Surveys
499(8)
15.4.1 Static MDCs
501(2)
15.4.2 Scanning-Based MDCs
503(4)
15.4.2.1 Hand-Held Detector Scan MDCs
504(1)
15.4.2.2 Conveyor Survey Monitor Scan MDCs
505(2)
15.5 Clearance Survey Approaches
507(15)
15.5.1 Background Radiation Levels For Clearance Measurements
508(1)
15.5.2 Clearance Survey Activities: Measurement And Sampling Methods
509(1)
15.5.3 Marssim-Type Clearance Survey Design
510(4)
15.5.4 Scanning-Only Clearance Survey Design
514(4)
15.5.4.1 Scan-Only Using Conventional Survey Instrumentation
515(1)
15.5.4.2 Conveyor Survey Monitors
516(2)
15.5.5 In Toto Clearance Survey Design
518(8)
15.5.5.1 In Situ Gamma Spectrometry
519(2)
15.5.5.2 Volume Counters
521(1)
Questions And Problems
522(1)
Suggested Reading
523(2)
Chapter 16 Decommissioning Survey Applications At Various Facility Types 525(20)
16.1 Uranium Sites
526(6)
16.1.1 Nature Of The Contaminant
527(1)
16.1.2 Field Measurements
528(2)
16.1.3 Laboratory Measurements
530(2)
16.2 Thorium And Radium Sites
532(5)
16.2.1 Nature Of Contaminants
532(1)
16.2.2 Field Measurements
533(2)
16.2.3 Laboratory Measurements
535(2)
16.3 Power Reactor
537(2)
16.3.1 Nature Of Contaminants
537(1)
16.3.2 Field Measurements
538(1)
16.3.3 Laboratory Measurements
539(1)
6.4 University/Research Facilities
539(4)
16.4.1 Nature Of Contaminants
540(1)
16.4.2 Field Measurements
541(1)
16.4.3 Laboratory Measurements
542(1)
Questions And Problems
543(2)
Chapter 17 FSS Reports And Measurement Uncertainty 545(14)
17.1 FSS Report Content
546(4)
17.2 Reporting Survey Results: Measurement Of Uncertainties And Error Propagation
550(8)
17.2.1 Instrument Efficiency
556(1)
17.2.2 Surface Efficiency
557(1)
Questions And Problems
558(1)
Chapter 18 Practical Applications Of Statistics To Support Decommissioning Activities 559(36)
18.1 Tests For Data Normality
560(4)
18.1.1 Shapiro-Wilk (W Test)
560(2)
18.1.2 D'Agostino Test
562(2)
18.2 Applications Of Statistics In Decommissioning: Comparison Of Data Sets
564(11)
18.2.1 T Test With Unequal Variances: Evaluating Automated Soil Sorter Performance
566(3)
18.2.2 Pairwise T Test: Evaluating "Wet" Versus Processed Gamma Spectroscopy Results
569(3)
18.2.3 Confirmatory Analyses Using Nonparametric Statistics
572(3)
18.3 Case Study: Comparing Cs-137 Concentration In Class 3 Area With Background Reference Area Using Both t Test And WRS Test
575(19)
18.3.1 Two-Sample t Test
576(14)
18.3.1.1 Survey Design
577(5)
18.3.1.2 Survey Implementation And Data Reduction
582(3)
18.3.1.3 Survey Design With Different Null Hypothesis
585(5)
18.3.2 Mann-Whitney Test: Comparing Cs-137 Concentrations In A Class 3 Area With A Background Reference Area
590(4)
18.3.2.1 Survey Implementation And Data Reduction
592(2)
Questions And Problems
594(1)
Chapter 19 International Decommissioning Perspectives 595(4)
References, 599(8)
Solutions To Selected Questions And Problems, 607(22)
Appendix A: Radionuclide And Natural Decay Series Characteristics, 629(16)
Appendix B: MARSSIM WRS And Sign Test Sample Sizes (From The MARSSIM Tables 5.3 And 5.5), 645(4)
Appendix C: Example Decommissioning Inspection Plan For Final Status Survey Program, 649(8)
Index, 657
Eric W. Abelquist, PhD, CHP, is the executive vice president of Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) and deputy director of the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE). He helps oversee organizational best practices, program and business unit leadership, and community relations. He also works directly with the president/CEO to formulate organizational strategic objectives, manage key strategic initiatives, and advise on scientific and engineering issues that advance research and education opportunities. He was previously the associate director for Independent Environmental Assessment and Verification (IEAV) at ORAU, where he contributed to the development and implementation of the Multiagency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM). He received a Ph.D. in nuclear engineering from the University of Tennessee.
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